Ngaba silahlekelwe indlela yethu kwimfazwe?

NguDavid Swanson, Septemba 21, 2017, Masilinge iNdemokhrasi.

Iingxoxo zokuvula iYunivesithi yasePennsylvania ngoSeptemba 21, i-2017, kwisiphakamiso esilandelayo: "Ngaba iimfazwe zaseMerika e-Syria nase-Afghanistan zifanelekileyo kwaye ziyimfuneko okanye siye salahleka indlela yethu ekusebenziseni impi yamagosa, kuquka i-drone weaponry, ekuqhubeni i-US nkqubo wangaphandle?

Wow, sele ndifumene ihlombe ngaphezu kweTrump ngenkulumo yakhe yonke kwi-UN.

Iimfazwe zase-US kunye neembombo zebhomu e-Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, eSomalia nasePhilippines, kunye nosongelo kwiNorth Korea azikho sikweni, zingadingekile, ziziphatha kakubi, zingekho mthethweni, zibiza ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye zingabalulekanga ngokwabo.

Ingcamango yemfazwe eyiyo ihla kuthi kuthi ngaphezu kweminye iminyaka eyi-1600 kubantu abavela kwilizwe lethu esingababelanga ngayo. Imigaqo yemfazwe nje ivela kwiintlobo ezintathu: ezingezizo zombuso, ezingenakwenzeka, kunye nokuziphatha.

Iimpawu ezingezobuGcisa: Imfazwe eyiyo imele ukuba inenjongo efanelekileyo, isizathu esilungileyo kunye nokulingana. Kodwa ezi zixhobo zeengxelo. Xa urhulumente wakho uthi ibhomu isakhiwo apho i-ISIS ibetha imali iqinisekisa ukubulala abantu be-50, akukho nto ivumelwene ngayo, indlela yokumisela ukuphendula Cha, kuphela i-49, okanye i-6 kuphela, okanye i-4,097 yabantu inokubulawa. Ukuchonga injongo ka rhu lumente akude kulula, kwaye ukubethelela isizathu esifanelekileyo sokuphela kobukhoboka kwimfazwe akubanga oko kubangelwa kule mpi. Ubukhoboka buya kugqitywa ngeendlela ezininzi, ngelixa kungekho mfazwe eye yalwa ngenxa yesizathu esinye. Ukuba iMyanmar yayinamafutha amaninzi esiya kukuva malunga nokuthintela uhlanga njengesizathu esilungileyo sokuhlasela, kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo siba nzima, ingxaki.

Iimpawu ezingenakwenzeka: Imfazwe eyiyo imele ibe yinto yokugqibela, inokuba nethemba elifanelekileyo lokuphumelela, ugcine ukungabikho nxamnye nomzimba ekuhlaselweni, ukuhlonela amajoni otshaba njengabantu, nokuphatha imikhosi yemfazwe njengabantu abangabambisani. Akukho nanye kwezi zinto kunokwenzeka. Ukubiza into "yokugqibela isenzo" yinyani nje ukufuna ukuba yiyona nto ingcono kakhulu kuphela ngcamango onayo. Kukho ncamanye iimbono apho ubani unokucinga ngako. Njalo xa sifuna ngokukhawuleza ukuqhubhisa i-Iran okanye sonke siza kufa, kwaye asiyiyo, kwaye asiyikuthi, ukuphuthuma kwemfuno elandelayo ukubetha i-Iran ilahlekelwe yinto ethile yokukhanya kunye nezinye iindlela ezingapheliyo izinto ezenzayo zibe lula ukuzibona. Ukuba imfazwe yayiyiyo kuphela ngcamango onayo, awuyi kuba neengxoxo zokuziphatha, uya kuba usebenza kwiCongress.

Kuthiwani ngokuhlonela umntu ngelixa uzama ukumbulala okanye yena? Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuhlonela umntu, kodwa akukho namnye ongabakho ngokufanayo kunye nokuzama ukumbulala lowo mntu. Khumbula ukuba iMfundiso yeMfazwe kuphela yaqala nabantu ababekholelwa ekubulaweni komnye babenomdla. Ababambisene nabo baninzi kwintlekele kwiimfazwe zanamhlanje, ngoko abanako ukugcina bekhuselekile, kodwa abavalelwe emagumbini, ngoko ke amabanjwa akakwazi ukuphathwa njengabantu abangabambiswanga xa bevalelwe entolongweni.

Imilinganiselo ye-Amoral: Imfazwe kuphela kufuneka ivakaliswe esidlangalaleni ize ibanjwe ngabaphathi abanegunya. Ezi zinto azikhathazi ngokuziphatha. Kumazwe apho sasinamagunya asemthethweni nefanelekileyo, abayi kuyenza imfazwe nangaphezulu.

Ngoku, sinokuhlola naluphi na inani leemfazwe ezithile, kwaye baninzi babo kumcimbi weemzuzu zifika kwisigqibo sokuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, le mpi ayilona nje kuphela kodwa enye imfazwe. Urhulumente wase-Afghanistan wayekulungele ukuguqula u-Osama bin Laden phezu kwelizwe lesithathu ukuba abekwe ityala. I-US ikhethe imfazwe. Uninzi lwabantu base-Afghanistan aluzange lube nalo nantoni na i-9 / 11 kodwa lungazange live ngako kuze kube namhlanje. Ukuba ucwangciso lwe-9 / 11 e-Afghanistan lwaluyiminyaka ye-16 yeminyaka yokubhubhisa i-Afghanistan, kutheni kungabikho bhomu eYurophu? Kutheni kungekho bhomu eFlorida? Okanye ehotele eMalleni kufuphi ne-NSA? Kukho intsomi eyaziwayo yokuba i-UN ivume ukuba ihlasele i-Afghanistan. Azange. Emva kweminyaka eyi-16 yokubulala nokuhlambalaza nokubhubhisa, i-Afghanistan ihluphekile kwaye ibudlova, kwaye iUnited States iyayithandwa.

ISiriya yayiseluhlu lwaburhulumente ukuba lihluthwe yi-US iminyaka emininzi, kwaye i-US isebenzayo kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo. I-ISIS yaphuma kwimfazwe e-US ekhokelwa yi-Iraq, leyo (kunye neemfazwe kwiYemen neSiriya, kunye nemibutho emininzi yokubeka ityala) kufuneka iphakame phezulu kwiluhlu lolwaphulo-mthetho kule nkulungwane. I-ISIS yavumela i-US ukuba yandise indima yayo eSiriya, kodwa emacaleni amabini emfazwe efanayo. Siye saqeqesha i-Pentagon kwaye imikhosi enezixhobo ezilwa nabaqeqeshiweyo nabaxhotyiswe yiCIA. Sifundile kule ENew York Times ukuba urhulumente wase-Israel akakhethi ukuphumelela kwinqanaba. Sibukele i-US inqaba imizamo emininzi yoxolo kwiminyaka, ikhetha imfazwe. Kwaye kungaphaya kokubulala, ukulimala, ukutshatyalaliswa, indlala, kunye nezifo ezibangelwa yimingcipheko yintoni eyokubonisa ngayo?

INyakatho Korea yayizimisele ukwenza izivumelwano kwaye ihlale i-20 kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye, ngokuchasene nolunye udaba lwe-US, luvulele iingxoxo ngoku. Abantu baseMzantsi Korea banqwenela ukuba iUnited States ivume ukuthetha. Indoda enye yazitshisa ekufeni ngoLwesibili ngokuchasene nezinye izixhobo zase-US eMzantsi Korea. Kodwa urhulumente waseUnited States uye wachaza ukudibanisa ukungenakwenzeka ukwenzela ukuba usongele ukukhetha kwakhe "okokugqibela." I-Trump yatsho i-UN ngoLwesibili ukuba ukuba iNorth Korea iphosakele, "Asinakukhetha kodwa ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo eNyakatho yeKorea" - kungekhona nje imfazwe kodwa ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezigidi zabantu eziyi-25. Izwi likaYohn McCain likhethiwa "ukutshabalalisa." Kwimizuzu eyi-60, uTumpump waqhubeka efuna inyathelo ngokumelene ne-Irani ngenxa yokuba i-Iran ithathwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngokubulala abantu abaninzi.

Ezinye iimfazwe aziyi kufana nala mazwi okuvula. Ndingathanda ukuvunyelwa ubuncinane imizuzu yonke ye-5 eRwanda, i-10 kwi-American Revolution okanye iMfazwe yombutho, kunye ne-30 kwiMfazwe yehlabathi yesi-II, e-efanelekileyo-mhlawumbi yonke idla iiyure ezingama-propaganda. Okanye, kungcono kunathi sonke, ndingavala kwaye unokufunda nje iincwadi zam.

Kodwa xa uvumelene ukuba ezininzi iimfazwe azinjalo nje, xa wazi kakuhle malunga nendlela iimfazwe ziqalwe ngayo kwaye uxolo luya kugwenywa kwimigudu enkulu ukuze uhlekise okanye mhlawumbi ulile kwibango likaKen Burns ukuba oko kubizwa yiVietnam Imfazwe yaseMelika yaqala "ukholo oluhle," kuba nzima ukubiza ukuba nayiphina iminye imfazwe ilungile, kwanaye uqala ukucinga ngaloo ndlela. Nasi isizathu.

IMfazwe liziko, eyona nto inkulu kakhulu, eyona ixabiso kakhulu. I-US ibeka i-$ 1 trillion ngonyaka kwimfazwe, ngokulinganayo ilingana nehlabathi lonke elidibeneyo - kwaye ininzi yehlabathi lonke i-United States kunye nezixhobo zokuthenga ukuba i-US iqaphele ukuba ichithe ngaphezulu. Iingamashumi ezigidi zeebhiliyoni zinokuphelisa indlala, ukungabi namanzi ahlambulukileyo, okanye izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo emhlabeni jikelele. Imali nje yokuba iCongress isanda kwandisa imali yokusetyenziswa kwezempi kule iveki inokusombulula iingxaki ezinjalo zehlabathi, kwaye, njengobhonasi, yenza iikholeji e-United States. Amakhulu amabhiliyoni angasinika ithuba lokulwa nokutshintshwa kwemozulu xa kulungiswa. Indlela ephezulu apho imfazwe ibulala kukukhupha izibonelelo. Imfazwe (kwaye ndiyisebenzisa eli gama njengento emfutshane yokulungiselela imfazwe kunye nokulungiswa kwemfazwe, kunye neyokugqibela iyona nto ixabisa kakhulu ngeendlela ezininzi) ngumonakalisi omkhulu kummandla wendalo, imbangela enkulu yamapolisa amachiza kunye namalungelo aphuhliweyo, i-generator enkulu ye-bigotry kunye nokulungelelaniswa noorhulumente wobungcali kunye nobumfihlo. Yaye kunye nemali yokulwa iza zonke iimfazwe ezingenabulungisa.

Ngoko imfazwe eyiyo, ukulungelelanisa ukuba khona kweziko lemfazwe, kwakuza kuphucula umonakalo wokuphambukiswa kwezibonelelo kude nemisebenzi emihle, iindleko zemali ezongezelelweyo zamathuba alahlekileyo, iiligidi ezigidi zeedola ekutshatyalaliswa kwempahla ezibangelwa yimfazwe, ukungalungi kweemfazwe ezingenabulungisa, umngcipheko we-apocalypse enyukliya, umonakalo ongqongileyo, umonakalo karhulumente, kunye nomonakalo woluntu lweenkcubeko zemfazwe. Ayikho imfazwe ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo, akuyiyo imfazwe elwa nelifa lemfazwe lehlabathi. IUnited States ingaqalisa iqela elincinane lezandla ngokulula. Ngamanyathelo esiya kusondela kwihlabathi apho abantu bakuthola kulula ukuqonda intsingiselo yeempumelelo ezingekho mthethweni. Injongo yale mpu melelo yiyo: awuyidingi imfazwe ukuzikhusela. Ungasebenzisa izixhobo zokuchasana okungenasilonda, ukungabikho komsebenzi, ukuziphatha kunye noqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kunye namagunya okugweba kunye noonxibelelwano.

Kodwa inkolelo yokuba uyayidinga imfazwe, kwaye loo mazwe anotyebileyo eoli anento enokuyenza ngokukhusela abantu ihamba ixesha elide kukubeka engozini. Ukuvota kweGallup kufumana urhulumente wase-United States okholelwa yizona zikhulu kwihlabathi jikelele ukuba zibe yingcipheko yokuthula emhlabeni. Kwamanye amazwe, masithi iCanada, ukuvelisa amanqanawa angqubana neentambo zobuphekula eCanada e-US, kuya kufuneka ibhombe kwaye ibulale kwaye ihlale inabantu abaninzi. Kodwa xa kwenzeka, inzuzo yayiza kuba yinto enkulu, kuba ingayichazela ezo ntshaba zeCanada njengesizathu sokufumana izixhobo ezikhudlwana kunye nezikhankaso zokuvelisa izitha ezininzi, njalo njalo. Ezi ntshaba ziya kuba zizinto eziyinyaniso, kwaye izenzo zabo ziziphatha kakubi, kodwa ukugcina umjikelo onobuqhetseba ngesantya esifanelekileyo kuya kuxhomekeka ekugqibeleni ukongamela kwabo.

Ukuba iU.SA yayiza kujoyina izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, zibandakanye ukungasebenzi, zibonelele ngeengxube zezinga elinikezela ngayo ukulwa kwemfazwe, kwaye zilandele iindlela zokudibanisa uxolo, ihlabathi aliyi kuba yiparadesi kusasa, kodwa isantya sethu siphezulu i-cliff esondelayo iya kuphuza kakhulu.

Enye yeendlela ezininzi ezibangela ukuba imfazwe sibuhlungu kukuba kukulimaza umthetho. Kuyimfihlo egcinwe ngokucophelela, kodwa ihlabathi livalwe yonke imfazwe kwi-1928 kwisivumelwano esasetyenziselwa ukutshutshisa abalahlekelwa yiMfazwe yehlabathi II kwaye kusekho kwiincwadi. I-Kellogg-Briand Pact, njengoko ivanyiwe ngokutsha nguScott Shapiro kunye no-Oona Hathaway, yatshintsha ihlabathi. Imfazwe yasemthethweni kwi-1927. Amacala omabini emfazwe asemthethweni. Ubundlobongela obwenziwe ngexesha leemfazwe bekuphantse kusemthethweni. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwintsimi kwakusemthethweni. Ukutshisa nokuphanga nokuphanga kwakusemthethweni. Imfazwe, ngokwenene, yayingekho nje yomthetho; kwaye kwaqondwa ukuba yinyanzeliso yomthetho. Imfazwe ingasetyenziselwa ukuzama ukulungisa nawuphi na ubulungisa obonakalayo. Ukuthatyathwa kwezinye iintlanga njengeenkoloni zasemthethweni. Isizathu sokuba amaKoloni azame ukuzikhulula ngokwawo ayebuthathaka ngenxa yokuba babenokuthi bathathwe lulunye uhlanga ukuba bahlule kwi-oppressor yabo yangoku. Ubuninzi bezonqoba ukususela ngo-1928 zenziwe ngokusekelwe kwimida ye-1928. Iintlanga ezincinci ezincinane ezingenakwesaba ukunqoba ziye zanda. I-Charter ye-UN ye-1945 imiselwe ngokusemthethweni imfa ukuba ibhalwe ngokuzikhusela okanye i-UN igunya. Iimfazwe zamanje zase-US azivunyelwanga yi-UN, kwaye ukuba nayiphi na imfazwe ayikuzikhuseli koko iimfazwe kumazwe amancinci ahlwempuzekileyo phakathi kwehlabathi kufuneka zibe kulolo hlobo.

Kodwa, ukususela ngo-1945, imfazwe ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa ngokungekho mthethweni ngaphandle kokuba i-United States yenza oko. Ekubeni iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngexesha leemfundo ezininzi zase-United States zibiza ngokuba yinto enokuthula engaphenduliyo, imikhosi yase-United States iye yabulala abantu abayi-20 yezigidi, yachithwa ubuncinane oorhulumente be-36, yaphazamisa ubuncinane ukhetho lwangaphandle lwe-82, lwazama ukubulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-50 zangaphandle. , kwaye wehla amabhomu kubantu abangaphezu kwe-30 kumazwe. Ngamabutho ase-US kwii-175 iintlanga ngokubhengezwa kwezemidlalo zase-US, umongameli wase-United States waya e-UN ngoLwesibili waza wafuna ukuhlonipha iintlanga ezizimeleyo, wathi i-UN ayizange iphumelele uxolo, isongela imfazwe ngokuphula umthetho we-UN Charter, yaye ihlekisa i-UN ukubeka i-Saudi Arabia kwibhunga lamalungelo akhe oluntu ngenkqubela ngokucacileyo ngendima yase-US ekuncediseni i-Saudi Arabia ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu baseYemen. Kunyaka odlulileyo umongameli weengxoxo wabuza abaviwa baka-US ukuba ngaba bazimisele ukubulala amawaka kunye namawaka abantwana abangenacala njengenxalenye yemisebenzi yabo eyintloko. Amanye amazwe awuyibuze loo mbuzo kwaye aya kudemonika ukuba ayenjalo. Ngoko, sinenkinga yemigangatho ephindwe kabini, ngokuqinisekileyo oko uRobert Jackson athi eNuremberg kwakungayi kuba njalo.

Akukho Nkomfa okanye umongameli unamandla okwenza nayiphi na imfazwe yomthetho. Ibhomu elinye lenyukliya lingasifaka sonke ngempembelelo yemozulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iCongress igunyazisile. Iimfazwe zase-US ziphulaphula iPix Peace of 1928, Charter ye-UN kunye noMgaqo-siseko wase-US. Ukugunyazwa okungaqondakaliyo ukusebenzisa i-Military Force kuphulaphula uMgaqo-siseko. Kodwa ke xa amalungu eNdlu kulo nyaka ezama ukuvota ukuchithwa kwe-AUMF, oko kuthiwa inkokheli akavumelanga ukuvota. Xa i-Senate ibanjelwe ivoti, nje ngaphezu kwesithathu se-Senate ivotelwe ukutshitshiswa, kwaye ininzi yabo kuba befuna ukudala i-AUMF entsha endaweni yoko.

Andizange ndithethe kakhulu ngeedrones, kuba ndicinga ukuba ingxaki ebalulekileyo yokubulala isigwebo ayiyona ingxaki yeteknoloji. Kodwa yiyiphi i-drones, kunye nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe, ezenza kube lula ukubulala, kulula ukukwenza ngasese, kulula ukukwenza ngokukhawuleza, kulula ukukwenza kwiindawo ezininzi. Ukuziqhenya kukaMongameli Obama kunye neefilimu zeepagagasi ezisekelwe empini Iliso kwiZulwini ukuba i-drones isetyenziselwa ukubulala abo bangenako ukuthunjwa, abo banetyala lohlobo oluthile lolwaphulo-mthetho, abo basengozini ngokukhawuleza kwi-US ye-A, abo bangabulawa bengengozini yokubulala omnye umntu kwinkqubo - Yonke ipakethe yokubonakalisa amanga. Uninzi lwabantu abajoliswe kulo alubonakalwanga ngamagama, akukho namnye kubo abahlawuliswe ulwaphulaphulo-mthetho, kwimeko engekho into eyaziwayo abanokuthi bangabanjwa, kwiimeko ezininzi bebanokubanjwa ngokukhawuleza, abantu abangenacala babulawa ngamawaka , nokuba iHollywood ayikwazanga ukuyikrokra i-United States ingozi, kwaye iimfazwe ze-drone ziphakamileyo zendalo. Omnye akanakuva u-Obama edumisa imfazwe yakhe ephumelelayo eYemen kakhulu kule mihla.

Kodwa ukuba asiyi kukhetha amadoda, amabhinqa, kunye nabantwana ngeLwesibini ekubulaleni ngeemfono ezivela kwiidrones ngoko ke kufuneka senze ntoni endaweni?

Ungakhethi amadoda, amabhinqa kunye nabantwana ngeLwesibini ukubulala kunye neentonga ezivela kwiidrones.

Kwakhona, zibandakanya kwaye zixhase iindibano zezizwe ngezizwe, amalungelo omntwana, izixhobo zokugweba izixhobo, umyalelo omtsha wokuba uvinjelwe i-nukes (isizwe esisodwa sinamavoti ukuvota ukuqala inkqubo enjalo, kodwa awuyi kukholwa ukuba ndiyibiza ), ujoyine i-International Criminal Court, uyeke ukuthengisa izixhobo kwiintshaba ezizayo, ukuyeka ukuthengisa izixhobo kubakhohlisi, ukuyeka ukunika izixhobo kude, uyeke ukuthenga izixhobo ezingenayo injongo yokuzikhusela, ukuguquka kwi-economic prosperity economy.

Imizekelo yeendlela ezinokuthula zifumaneka kwiindawo zonke, kuquka ePennsylvania. Umhlobo wam, uJohan Reuwer, ubhekisela ePennsylvania njengomzekelo kwabanye. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba i-1683 eya kwi-1755 yase-Yurophu yaseMelika yayingenayo imfazwe enkulu kunye neentlanga zendalo, ngokungafani nakwezinye iikoloni zaseBrithani. IPennsylvania yayinobukhoboka, yayinemali enkulu kunye nezinye izijeziso eziyingozi, yayinobudlova. Kodwa wakhetha ukuba angayisebenzisi imfazwe, kungekhona ukuthabatha umhlaba ngaphandle kokufuneka ukuba ube ngumvuzo kuphela, kwaye ungabi nxinxela kubantu abemi bomthonyama ngendlela eyayiqhutyelwa ngayo iChina kunye nezibhamu kunye neeplani ngoku ziqhutywe kwiidela . Kwi-1710, iTuscaroras yaseNorth Carolina yathumela izithunywa ePennsylvania zicela imvume yokuhlala apho. Yonke imali eyayingasetyenziselwa amabutho, iinqaba, kunye neentonga zifumaneke, zibe ngcono okanye zibi, ukwakha iPhiladelphia (khumbula ukuba igama lithetha ntoni) kwaye uhlakulele i-koloni. Ikholoni yayinabantu abangama-4,000 kwiminyaka ye-3, kwaye i-1776 Philadelphia idlulile eBoston naseNew York ngobukhulu. Ngako ke, ngelixa iindawo eziphambili zosuku zilwa nokulawula ilizwekazi, elinye iqela labantu laligatya ingcamango yokuba imfazwe iyimfuneko, kwaye yaphumelela ngokukhawuleza kunabo bonke abavakalisi babo ababenokuthi babekho.

Ngoku, emva kweminyaka eyi-230 yokwenza imfazwe engaphendulwanga, kunye nokusekwa kwemikhosi ebiza kakhulu neyandileyo eyabonwa ngaphambili, uTump uxelela i-UN ukuba uMthetho-siseko wase-US ufanelwe inkolelo yokudala uxolo. Mhlawumbi ukuba bavumele iiQuaker zibhale into eyenene ngokwenene.