Ngo-Alan Knight, Matshi 15, 2019
Ukususela kwi-1899 ukuya kwi-1902, uEllen La Motte waqeqeshwa njengomongikazi ku-Johns Hopkins eBaltimore. Ukususela kwi-1914 ukuya kwi-1916, wayekhathalele amasosha aseFransi awonakele kwaye afa, okokuqala kwisibhedlele eParis kwaye emva kwesibhedlele saseburhulumenteni i-10 iikhilomitha ukusuka kwi-Ypres kunye neengcambu zamanzi eziphambili ze-WWI. Kwi-1916 yapapasha I-Backwash yeMfazwe, Iimpawu ezilishumi elinesithathu zobomi phakathi kwabalimalayo nokufa watyhila isithsaba sokuthanda izwe esasidlwengula nesidumbu saloo mfazwe.
Iimandarins zemfazwe zazingenanto. Umatshini wafuna ukuba umgaqo-mgangatho ugcinwe kwaye ukuqashwa kwenyuka. Kwaye ke le ncwadi yavalwa ngokukhawuleza kwiFransi naseNgilani. Kwaye emva kwe-1918, emva kokuba i-US ijoyine imfazwe, Backwash Kwaye kwavinjelwa eMelika, ukubulawa kwe-1917 Espionage Act, eyenzelwe, phakathi kwezinye iinjongo, ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kokubanjwa komkhosi.
Kwakungekho i-1919, unyaka emva kokuphela kwemfazwe ukuphelisa zonke iimfazwe, ukuba le ncwadi yashicilelwa kwaye yenziwa ngokukhululekile. Kodwa yafumana abaphulaphuli abancinci. Umzuzu walo udlule. Ihlabathi lalinokuthula. Imfazwe yaphumelela. Kwakuyisikhathi sokucinga ngekamva kwaye asikho indlela esifikile ngayo ngoku.
Uhlobo luka-Cynthia Wachtell olusandul I-Backwash yeMfazwe, ezayo njengoko yenza i-100 iminyaka emva kwenguqu ye-1919, isikhumbuzo esiyamkelekileyo, ngeli xesha lemfazwe engapheliyo, ukuba kufuneka sicinge ngendlela esifikile ngayo ngoku, kwaye malunga neenyaniso esizifihlayo kwaye singazihoxisi xa sisula tape kwaye ngokukhawuleza phambili kwixesha elizayo.
Olu shicilelo olutsha luyongeza isingeniso esiluncedo kunye ne-biography emfutshane kwiimpawu zokuqala ze-13, kwakunye neengcingo ze-3 kwimfazwe ebhaliweyo ngexesha elifanayo kunye nekhredithi eyongeziweyo kamva. Ukongeza lo mxholo wongeziweyo ukwandisa ububanzi bokuxabisa kwethu iLa Motte, ukusuka kwikhankaso yokuphakanyiswa kweglasi yezigulana ezichithwe kunye nezigxoba ezixutywe ngaphakathi kwimizuzu yemfazwe, kwintsholongwane elahlekileyo eyayilandelayo.
U-Ellen La Motte wayengaphezulu nje nje ngomongikazi oye wafumana iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Emva kokuqeqeshwa kuYohn Hopkins, waba ngummeli wezempilo kawonkewonke kunye nomlawuli kwaye wanyuka waya kumgangatho woMlawuli weSigqeba soTyhusezi kwiSebe lezeMpilo laseBaltimore. Wayeyindoda eyaziwayo ene-suffragist owayenegalelo ekuhambeni kwi-US nakwi-UK. Kwaye wayengumbhali wencwadi kunye nomlobi obhale amanqaku amaninzi onesiko kunye neencwadi zokunesi.
Kwiminyaka yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 wayehlala kwaye esebenza eItali, eFransi nase-UK. EFransi wayebe ngumhlobo osondelene nomlobi wezilingo uGertrude Stein. U-Stein naye waya kwi-Johns Hopkins (1897-1901), nangona nje ngugqirha (ushiywe ngaphambi kokuthatha i-degree), kungekhona umongikazi. UWachtell ubonisa ukuba uStein unempembelelo ebhaliweyo likaLa Motte. Kwaye nangona babhala abahlukeneyo, kubonakala ukuba babone impembelelo kaStein kwiLizwi likaMotte, elingabonakaliyo nelingenakuphucula. Backwash, kunye nesitayela sakhe esilungileyo kunye nesicatshulwa.
Omnye umbhali owaphazamiseka nguStein ngexa elifanayo nguErnest Hemingway, owathi ngaphambi kokuba i-US ingene empini, yachitha ixesha kwi-Italy ngaphambili njengomqhubi we-ambulensi yokuzithandela. Naye wabhala malunga nemfazwe kunye nesimo sayo emva kwesimo esithe ngqo. Kwaye kwincwadi yakhe ye-1926 Ilanga libuye libuye, uvale isangqa xa esebenzisa i-epigraph "nonke unesizukulwana esilahlekileyo," ibinzana elibhekiselele kuGertrude Stein.
Isizukulwana esilahlekileyo sisizukulwana esakhula sahlala kwimfazwe. Babone ukufa okungenangqondo kwizinga elikhulu. Badidekile, badidekile, bajonge, baqondanga. Baye balahlekelwa ukholo kwiimpawu zenkcubeko ezifana nesibindi nokuthanda ubutyebi. Baye baphazamiseka, bengenanjongo, kwaye bajolise kwizinto eziphathekayo-isizukulwana seGatsby kaFitzgerald.
La Motte I-Backwash yeMfazwe ibonisa apho kwaye imbewu yendawo yokudakalisa ihlwayelwe ngayo. Njengoko iWachtell ibonisa, uLa Motte akazange akholelwe ukuba iWWI yayiyimfazwe yokuphelisa zonke iimfazwe. Wayeyazi ukuba kwakuya kubakho enye imfazwe kunye nemfazwe. Isizukulwana esilahlekileyo siya kuzalisa esinye isizukulwana esilahlekileyo, kunye nesinye.
Wayengalunganga. Yiyo imeko esiyiyo ngoku, umjikelo wemfazwe engunaphakade. Ukufunda iLa Motte kwenza ndicinga ngeminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe yokugqibela. Undenza ndicinge ngoMninimandla uDanny Sjursen, igosa laseMelika laseJusten elisemhlala-phantsi, owayengumfundisi wembali eWest Point, owakhonza iinqwelo ngeenqununu zokuhlonipha e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Uyingxenye yesizukulwana esilahlekileyo esikhoyo. Ungomnye wabambalwa abazama ukuphula umjikelezo. Kodwa akulula.
UDanny Sjursen wabuya ebudeni beemfazwe kunye nesifo sengxaki yokuxinzezeleka kwengxaki (PTSD). Wabuya, njengoko echaza ngawo kwinqaku lwakutshanje kwi-Truthdig, "Kuluntu olungasilungele nakakhulu kunalo [thina]." Uyaqhubeka:
"Umkhosi uthatha la bantwana, uqeqeshe iinyanga ezimbalwa, aze abathumele emfazweni engenakunokwenzeka. . . . [T] ngezinye amaxesha abulawe okanye aphethwe, kodwa kaninzi kunokuba abahluphekanga i-PTSD kunye nokulimala kokuziphatha kwizinto abazibonayo nabenzileyo. Emva koko baya ekhaya, bakhululwe kwintlango yeedolophu ezisemagqabini. "
Izizukulwana ezikhoyo ezikhoyo kunye nezizayo aziyazi ukuba zisebenza njani ngoxolo. Baqeqeshelwe imfazwe. Ukujongana nokuphazamiseka, "i-vet iqala ukunyanga; utywala luqhelekileyo, kodwa i-opiates, kwaye ekugqibeleni i-heroin, ixhaphakile "uSjursen uyaqhubeka. Xa uSjursen wayefumana unyango lwe-PTSD, i-25 ekhulwini lezilwanyana ezithatha unyango kunye naye wayezame ukuzama ukuzibulala. Amashumi amabini anamabini eemfazwe ngosuku bayazibulala.
Xa uEllen La Motte wabhala Backwash Ngo-1916, wacinga ukuba kuyakubakho enye iminyaka eyi-100 yemfazwe kwaye emva koko kubekho uxolo olude. Sele kudlule iminyaka elikhulu. Imfazwe isenathi. Ngokwe-Veterans Administration, kungoku nje zingama-20 ezigidi amagqala emikhosi yaseMelika asaphilayo, abaphantse babe zizigidi ezi-4 kubo abakhubazekileyo. Kwaye ngeli xesha amagqala omlo akhubazekileyo nabakhubazekileyo u-Ellen La Motte angqina angasekho nathi, njengoko uDanny Sjursen ebhala, "nokuba iimfazwe ziphelile ngomso (ngekhe, ngendlela), uluntu lwaseMelika lunesiqingatha kwinkulungwane ngaphambi kwayo, ithwele umthwalo wala magqala akhubazekileyo. Ayinakuphepheka. ”
Lo mthwalo wezizukulwana ezingapheliyo ziza kuba nathi ixesha elide. Ukuba sizakuphelisa imfazwe kufuneka sifumane iindlela zokuvuselela ezi zizukulwana ezilahlekileyo. Iinyaniso ezichazwe ngu-Ellen La Motte, njengamabali atyunjwe namhlanje ngamalungu oMkhosi weZizwe zoxolo, iyisiqalo.
U-Alan Knight, ngesinye isikhathi semfundo, kwicandelo labucala le-VP, uMlawuli weSizwe we-ON NGO kunye nabaphathi abakhulu kwiziko lophando, ngumlobi ozimeleyo kunye nevolontiya kunye World BEYOND War.
