Ubuchule beNgingqi boThintelo kunye noKwala iNgqungquthela enoBundlobongela

By I-Science Science Digest, UDisemba 2, 2022

Olu hlalutyo lushwankathela kwaye lubonakalisa olu phando lulandelayo: Saulich, C., & Werthes, S. (2020). Ukuphonononga izinto ezinokwenzeka ekuhlaleni zoxolo: Amacebo okugcina uxolo ngamaxesha emfazwe. Ukwakha uxolo, 8 (1), 32-53.

Amaphuzu okuthetha

• Ubukho bemibutho enoxolo, imimandla yoxolo (ZoPs), kunye noluntu olungalwiyo lubonisa ukuba uluntu lunokhetho kunye ne-arhente nakwimeko ebanzi yobundlobongela bexesha lemfazwe, ukuba kukho iindlela ezingezizo zokhuseleko, kwaye akukho nto ingenakuphepheka malunga nokutsalwa. kwimijikelo yobundlobongela nangona umtsalane wabo onamandla.
• Ukuqaphela "indawo enokwenzeka yoxolo" ityhila ubukho babadlali bendawo-ngaphaya kwabenzi bobubi okanye amaxhoba-kunye nezicwangciso ezintsha zokuthintela ungquzulwano, ukutyebisa uluhlu lweendlela zokuthintela ungquzulwano ezikhoyo.
• Abathathi-nxaxheba bangaphandle bothintelo longquzulwano banokuzuza kulwazi oluthe kratya kuluntu olungalwiyo okanye ii-ZoPs kwimimandla echatshazelwe yimfazwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuba “abenzi bubi” kula manyathelo ngongenelelo lwabo, olunokuthi ngenye indlela lushenxise okanye lube buthathaka amandla asekuhlaleni.
• Amaqhinga angundoqo asetyenziswa ngabantu abangalwiyo anokwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokuthintela ungquzulwano, enjengokuqinisa ukuzazi okuhlangeneyo okungaphaya kokwahluka kwabantu ngexesha lemfazwe, ukubandakanyeka ngokuqhubekayo nabadlali abaxhobileyo, okanye ukwakha ukuthembela koluntu kumandla alo ukuthintela okanye ukwala ukubandakanyeka kungquzulwano lwezixhobo.
• Ukusasaza ulwazi loluntu oluphumeleleyo olungalwiyo kummandla obanzi lunokunceda ekwakhiweni koxolo emva kongquzulwano ngokukhuthaza uphuhliso lolunye uluntu olungalwiyo, okwenza ukuba ummandla uphelele ngakumbi kwingxabano.

Ukuqonda okuPhambili kwiNdlela yokwazisae

• Nangona iindawo zokuhlala ezingezizo iimfazwe zihlala zixoxwa kumxholo wemimandla yemfazwe esebenzayo, imeko yezopolitiko e-United States icebisa ukuba abantu baseMelika baseMelika kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo ngakumbi amaqhinga oluntu olungalwi kwiinzame zethu zokuthintela ungquzulwano-ingakumbi ukwakha nokugcina ubudlelwane kulo lonke. izazisi ezicandekileyo kunye nokomeleza iinkcukacha ezinqamlezileyo ezilandula ubundlobongela.

isishwankathelo

Ngaphandle kokunyuka kwamva nje komdla kulwakhiwo loxolo lwasekhaya, abadlali bamazwe ngamazwe bahlala bezigcinela eyona arhente iphambili ekuyileni nasekuyilweni kwezi nkqubo. Abadlali bendawo bahlala bethathwa "njengabamkeli" okanye "abaxhamli" bemigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe, kunokuba babe ngabameli abazimeleyo bokwakha uxolo ngokwabo. UChristina Saulich kunye noSascha Werthes endaweni yoko banqwenela ukujonga into abayibiza ngokuba “amathuba oxolo asekuhlaleni,” ebonisa ukuba ehlabathini lonke kukho uluntu nemibutho engafuniyo ukuba nenxaxheba kungquzulwano olunogonyamelo, kwanabo balungqongileyo ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kwempembelelo yangaphandle. Ababhali banomdla wokuphonononga ukuba ingqwalasela engaphezulu kangakanani na kwizinto ezinokwenzeka zasekhaya zoxolo, ngakumbi uluntu olungenamfazwe, inokwazisa iindlela ezintsha zokuthintela ungquzulwano.

Ababhali baqala ngokuchaza iindidi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezinokwenzeka ekuhlaleni zoxolo. Uluntu olunoxolo Ibandakanya utshintsho lwexesha elide lwenkcubeko olusingise eluxolweni, ngokuchaseneyo noluntu olungalwiyo kunye iindawo zoxolo, eziziimpendulo ezikhawulezayo kungquzulwano olunobundlobongela obusebenzayo. Ibutho labantu elinoxolo “likhetha ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwimvumelwano” kwaye lamkele “imilinganiselo yenkcubeko neembono zehlabathi [ezilugatyayo ngokusisiseko ugonyamelo (lomzimba) nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunoxolo.” Abazibandakanyi kubundlobongela obuhlangeneyo ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle, abanapolisa okanye emkhosini, kwaye bafumana ubundlobongela phakathi kwabantu. Izifundiswa ezifunda ngentlalo yoxolo zikwaqaphela ukuba uluntu luyatshintsha ngokusabela kwiimfuno zamalungu alo, okuthetha ukuba uluntu olwalungenaluxolo ngaphambili lunokuba njalo ngokwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhlakulela izithethe kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezintsha.

Iizowuni zoxolo (ZoPs) zisekelwe kwingqikelelo yendawo engcwele, apho iindawo ezithile okanye amaqela athathwa njengendawo ekhuselekileyo kubundlobongela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ii-ZoPs luluntu olubotshelelwe ngokwemimandla olubhengezwe ngexesha lemfazwe okanye inkqubo yoxolo eyalandelayo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zibotshelelwa kumaqela athile abantu (njengabantwana). Abaphengululi abafunda ii-ZoPs bachonge izinto ezibangela impumelelo yabo, kuquka “umanyano lwangaphakathi olomeleleyo, ubunkokeli obuhlangeneyo, impatho engenamkhethe kumaqela alwayo, [ ] izithethe eziqhelekileyo,” imida ecacileyo, ukunqongophala kwesisongelo kubantu bangaphandle, kunye nokungabikho kwempahla yexabiso ngaphakathi kwiZoP. (enokuthi ikhuthaze uhlaselo). Amaqela esithathu ahlala edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni iindawo zoxolo, ngakumbi ngesilumkiso kwangethuba okanye iinzame zokuxhobisa uluntu.

Okokugqibela, uluntu olungalwiyo luyafana nee-ZoPs ngokuba luvela ngokuphendula kungquzulwano olunobundlobongela kwaye lunqwenela ukugcina ukuzimela kwalo kubadlali abaxhobileyo macala onke, kodwa mhlawumbi lunepragmatic ngakumbi ekuziqhelaniseni, kugxininiso oluncinci kwisazisi se-pacifist kunye nezithethe. . Ukwenziwa kwesazisi esinqamlezileyo ngaphandle kwesazisi esakha impixano kubalulekile ekuveleni nasekugcinweni koluntu olungalwi kwaye lunceda ekomelezeni umanyano lwangaphakathi kwaye lumele uluntu njengolumi ngaphandle kongquzulwano. Olu phawu lubalaseleyo lutsalela “kumaxabiso afanayo, amava, imigaqo, kunye neemeko zembali njengabanxibelelanisi abanobuchule abaqhelekileyo kunye nendalo eluntwini kodwa engeyonxalenye yeempawu zamaqela alwayo.” Uluntu olungalwiyo lukwagcina iinkonzo zoluntu ngaphakathi, luziqhelanisa nezicwangciso eziliqili zokhuseleko (ezifana nokuvalwa kwezixhobo), phuhlisa ubunkokeli obuthatha inxaxheba, obuqukayo, nobuphendulayo kunye nemibutho yokuthatha izigqibo, kunye “nokubandakanyeka ngokuqhubekayo nawo onke amaqela kungquzulwano,” kubandakanywa uthethathethwano namaqela axhobileyo. , ngoxa bezimela ukuzimela geqe kubo. Ngaphaya koko, i-scholarship icebisa ukuba inkxaso yomntu wesithathu isenokungabalulekanga kangako kuluntu olungalwiyo kunokuba injalo kwii-ZoPs (nangona ababhali bevuma ukuba lo mahluko kunye nabanye phakathi kwe-ZoPs kunye noluntu olungalwiyo lunokuba gqithi, njengoko enyanisweni kukho ukudibana okubalulekileyo phakathi iimeko zokwenyani zombini).

Ubukho bezinto ezinokuthi zibekho zoxolo zibonisa ukuba uluntu lunokhetho kunye ne-arhente nakwimeko ebanzi yobundlobongela bexesha lemfazwe, ukuba kukho iindlela ezingenabugorha zokukhusela, kwaye, nangona amandla e-belligerent polarization, akukho nto ingenakuphepheka malunga nokutsalwa. kwimijikelo yobundlobongela.

Okokugqibela, ababhali bayabuza: Inokuthi njani ingqiqo evela kumandla asekhaya oxolo, ngakumbi uluntu olungalwiyo, lwazisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthintela ungquzulwano kunye nokusebenza-ingakumbi njengeendlela ezisezantsi zokuthintela ungquzulwano eziphunyezwe yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe zidla ngokujolisa ngokugqithisileyo kwiindlela zorhulumente kunye nokuphoswa. okanye ukunciphisa amandla engingqi? Ababhali bachonga izifundo ezine kwiinzame ezibanzi zokuthintela ungquzulwano. Okokuqala, ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu okunokwenzeka kwendawo yoxolo kubonisa ubukho babadlali bendawo-ngaphaya kwabenzi bobubi okanye amaxhoba kuphela-kunye nezicwangciso ezintsha zokuthintela ungquzulwano kunye nokuphucula i-repertoire yamanyathelo okuthintela ungquzulwano ekucingelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka. Okwesibini, abathathi-nxaxheba bokuthintela ungquzulwano lwangaphandle banokuxhamla ekuqondeni kwabo uluntu olungalwiyo okanye ii-ZoPs kwimimandla echatshazelwe yimfazwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuba “abenzi bubi” kula manyathelo ngongenelelo lwabo, olunokuthi ngenye indlela lususe okanye ludodobalise amandla asekuhlaleni. Okwesithathu, amacebo angundoqo asetyenziswa ngabantu abangalwiyo anokwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo yothintelo yokwenene, enjengokomeleza iimpawu zobuntu ezidityanisiweyo ezikhabayo nezodlulayo iiyantlukwano zexesha lemfazwe, “ukuqinisa umanyano lwangaphakathi loluntu nokunceda ukunxibelelana ngaphandle kokungalwi”; ukuzibandakanya ngokuqhubekayo nabadlali abaxhobileyo; okanye ukwakha ukuthembela koluntu kumandla alo ukuthintela okanye ukwala ukuthatha inxaxheba kungquzulwano lwezixhobo. Okwesine, ukusasaza ulwazi loluntu oluphumeleleyo olungalwiyo kummandla obanzi lunokunceda ekwakhiweni koxolo emva kongquzulwano ngokukhuthaza uphuhliso lolunye uluntu olungalwiyo, lwenza ummandla uwonke unyamezele ungquzulwano.

Ulwazi lokuziqhelanisa

Nangona iindawo zokuhlala ezingezizo iimfazwe zidla ngokuxoxwa kumxholo wemimandla yemfazwe esebenzayo, imeko yezopolitiko eUnited States icebisa ukuba abantu baseMelika baseMelika kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo ngakumbi amaqhinga oluntu olungalwi kwiinzame zethu zokuthintela ungquzulwano. Ngokukodwa, ngokunyuka kwe-polarization kunye ne-extremism enobundlobongela e-US, ngamnye wethu kufuneka abuze: ingaba yintoni enokuyenza my uluntu lomelele kwimijikelo yobundlobongela? Ngokusekwe kolu vavanyo lwamathuba oxolo asekuhlaleni, iimbono ezimbalwa zifika engqondweni.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba abantu baqonde ukuba banenkululeko yokuzikhethela—ukuba kukho ezinye iindlela abanokukhetha kuzo—kwanakwiimeko zongquzulwano olunogonyamelo apho kusenokuvakala ngathi kuncinane kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba imvakalelo ye-arhente yayiyenye yeempawu eziphambili ezahlula abantu abahlangula abantu bamaYuda ngexesha lokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo kwabo bangenzanga nto okanye abo benza ububi. Isifundo sikaKristin Renwick Monroe yabahlanguli bamaDatshi, abantu ababebukele, nabasebenzisana namaNazi. Ukuziva umntu esebenza ngempumelelo linyathelo lokuqala elibaluleke kakhulu ekwenziweni-kunye nokuxhathisa ubundlobongela.

Okwesibini, amalungu oluntu kufuneka achonge isazisi esicacileyo, esicacileyo esilahlayo kwaye sigqithise i-polarized identities yengxabano enobundlobongela ngelixa bedweba kwimimiselo okanye iimbali ezinentsingiselo kuloo ndawo-ubuntu obunokumanyanisa uluntu ngelixa lunxibelelana ukugatya kwayo impixano enobundlobongela ngokwayo. Nokuba oku kusenokuba sisazisi sesixeko esibanzi (njengoko kwakunjalo kwiTuzla yeenkcubeko ezininzi ngexesha leMfazwe yaseBosnia) okanye isazisi senkolo esinokuthi sinqumle iiyantlukwano zezopolitiko okanye olunye uhlobo lwesazisi lunokuxhomekeka kwisikali olukhoyo olu luntu kunye nokuba yeyiphi indawo. izazisi ziyafumaneka.

Okwesithathu, ingcinga enzulu kufuneka inikezelwe ekuphuhliseni ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ezibandakanyayo neziphendulayo kunye nemibutho yobunkokeli kuluntu eya kuthi izuze ukuthenjwa kunye nokuthengwa kwamalungu oluntu awohlukeneyo.

Okokugqibela, amalungu oluntu kufuneka acinge ngobuchule malunga nothungelwano lwabo olwalukho ngaphambili kunye neendawo zabo zokufikelela kumaqela alwayo/abadlali abaxhobileyo ukuze bazibandakanye nabo, becacisa ukuzimela kwabo ngapha nangapha-kodwa basebenzise ubudlelwane babo kunye nesazisi esikhulu kunxibelelwano lwabo. naba badlali bexhobile.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uninzi lwale miba luxhomekeke ekwakhiweni kobudlelwane-ulwakhiwo oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamalungu oluntu awohlukeneyo ukuze isazisi esifanayo (esinqumla isazisi esicandekileyo) sivakale siyinene kwaye abantu babelane ngemvo yomanyano xa besenza izigqibo. Ngaphaya koko, okukhona unxibelelwano lomelele kwimigca yesazisi ecandekileyo, kokukhona kuya kubakho iindawo zofikelelo kubadlali abaxhobileyo kuwo omabini/kumacala onke ongquzulwano. Kwi olunye uphando, ebonakala ngathi i-germane apha, u-Ashutosh Varshney uqaphela ukubaluleka kungekhona nje ukwakha ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kodwa "iindlela ezidibeneyo zokuzibandakanya" kuzo zonke i-polarized identities-kunye nendlela le ndlela yokubandakanya iziko, i-cross-cutting engagement yinto enokwenza uluntu lukwazi ukumelana nobundlobongela. . Njengesenzo esincinci njengoko sinokubonakala, ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo nabani na kuthi anokuyenza ngoku ukunqanda ubundlobongela bezopolitiko e-US inokuba kukwandisa uthungelwano lwethu kunye nokuhlakulela ingcamango kunye nezinye iindlela zokwahlukana kwiindawo zethu zenkolo, izikolo zethu, iindawo zethu zengqesho, iimanyano zethu, imibutho yethu yezemidlalo, iindawo zethu zamavolontiya. Ke, ukuba kuthe kwakho imfuneko ukuvuselela obu budlelwane bunqamlezileyo ebusweni bobundlobongela, baya kuba lapho.

Imibuzo iphakanyisiwe

• Abadlali bezizwe ngezizwe bokwakha uxolo banokubonelela njani ngenkxaso kuluntu olungalwiyo kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubakho zoxolo zasekhaya, xa ziceliwe, ngaphandle kokudala ukuxhomekeka okunokuthi ekugqibeleni kube buthathaka le migudu?
• Ngawaphi amathuba onokuthi uwachonge kwindawo ohlala kuyo ukuze wakhe ubudlelwane phakathi kwezazisi ezicandekileyo kwaye uhlakulele isazisi esongamileyo esichasa ubundlobongela kwaye sinqumle iyantlukwano?

Ukuqhubeka kokufunda

Anderson, MB, & Wallace, M. (2013). Ukuphuma emfazweni: Amacebo okuthintela impixano enobundlobongela. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. https://mars.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/12809/Anderson.Opting%20CC%20Lic.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

McWilliams, A. (2022). Indlela yokwakha ubudlelwane phakathi kweeyantlukwano. Psychology Namhlanje. Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 9, 2022, ukusuka https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-awesome-career/202207/how-build-relationships-across-differences

Varshney, A. (2001). Ingxabano yobuhlanga kunye nemibutho yoluntu. EzoPolitiko zeHlabathi, 53, 362-398. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/egm/paper/Ashutosh%20Varshney.pdf

Monroe, KR (2011). Iindlela zokuziphatha kwixesha lobugrogrisi kunye nokubulawa kwabantu: Isazisi kunye nokhetho lokuziphatha. I-Princeton, NJ: I-Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691151434/ethics-in-an-age-of-terror-and-genocide

I-Science Science Digest. (2022). Umba okhethekileyo: Iindlela ezingenabundlobongela kukhuseleko. Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 16, 2022, ukusuka https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/

Peace Science Digest. (2019). Iindawo zoxolo zaseNtshona Afrika kunye namanyathelo okudala uxolo. Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 16, 2022, ukusuka https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/west-african-zones-of-peace-and-local-peacebuilding-initiatives/

Imibutho

IiNcoko kwiGumbi lokuHlala: https://livingroomconversations.org/

Nyanga iPDX: https://cure-pdx.org

Amagama abalulekileyo: iindawo zokuhlala ezingezizo iimfazwe, imimandla yoxolo, ibutho elinoxolo, ukuthintela ugonyamelo, ukuthintela ungquzulwano, ukwakha uxolo