Ngu Lawrence S. Wittner, PeaceVoice
Okwangoku, kubonakala ngathi ukupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kuphelile. Izizwe ezisithoba zinenani lilonke I-15,500 imfazwe yamandla enyukliya kwiindawo zabo zezixhobo, kuquka ezingama-7,300 7,100 zaseRashiya nezingama-XNUMX XNUMX zaseUnited States. Isivumelwano saseRussia-Amerika sokunciphisa ngakumbi amandla abo enyukliya kube nzima ukusikhusela ngenxa yokungabi namdla kweRussia kunye nokuchasa iRiphabhlikhi.
Ukanti ukupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kuhlala kubalulekile, kuba, logama nje zikho izixhobo zenyukliya, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ziya kusetyenziswa. Iimfazwe bezisiliwa kangangamawaka eminyaka, ngezona zixhobo zinamandla zidla ngokusetyenziswa. Izixhobo zenyukliya zasetyenziswa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ngurhulumente waseUnited States ngowe-1945 yaye, nangona zingazange ziqeshwe emfazweni ukususela ngoko, sinokulindela ixesha elingakanani ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa ukuba zisebenze kwakhona ngoorhulumente abanobutshaba?
Ngaphezu koko, kwanokuba oorhulumente bayakuphepha ukuzisebenzisa emfazweni, isekho ingozi yokudubula kwazo ngabanqolobi abanenzondelelo yempambano okanye nje ngempazamo. Engaphezulu kwe iingozi eziliwaka ezibandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya zaseMelika zenzeka phakathi kowe-1950 nowe-1968 kuphela. Ezininzi zazingabalulekanga, kodwa ezinye zazinokuba yintlekele. Nangona kungekho nanye yeebhombu zenyukliya eziphehlelelwe ngengozi, imijukujelwa, kunye neentloko zemfazwe-ezinye zazo ezingazange zifunyanwe-ziqhushumba, sisenokungabi nethamsanqa kwixesha elizayo.
Kwakhona, iinkqubo zezixhobo zenyukliya zibiza imali eninzi gqitha. Okwangoku, urhulumente wase-US uceba ukuchitha $ 1 zezigidi kule minyaka ingama-30 izayo ukuze kuhlaziywe zonke izixhobo zenyukliya zase-US. Ngaba oku kuyafikeleleka ngokwenene? Ngenxa yokuba inkcitho yasemkhosini sele ihlafuna 54 ekhulwini kwinkcitho karhulumente ngokubona kwakhe, i-1 yetriliyoni eyongezelelekileyo yezixhobo zenyukliya "izinto zanamhlanje" ibonakala ngathi inokuphuma kuyo nantoni na eseleyo yenkxaso-mali yemfundo yoluntu, impilo yoluntu, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zasekhaya.
Ukongezelela, ukwanda kwezixhobo zenyukliya kumazwe amaninzi kuseyingozi eqhubekayo. ISivumelwano sokuNgenisa iNyukliya se-Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ka-1968 yayisisivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe angeyiyo eyenyukliya kunye namazwe axhobe ngenyukliya, kunye nophuhliso lwangaphambili lwezixhobo zenyukliya eziye zayeka uphuhliso lwezixhobo zenyukliya ngeli lixa ezi zamva zazisusa izixhobo zazo zenyukliya. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwamagunya enyukliya kwizixhobo zenyukliya kuphelisa ukukulungela kwamanye amazwe ukuthobela esi sivumelwano.
Ngokwahlukileyo, okunye ukuchithwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kuya kukhokelela kwiinzuzo zokwenyani eUnited States. Ukuncipha okubonakalayo kwi-2,000 yezixhobo zenyukliya zase-US ezisasazwe kwihlabathi liphela kunganciphisa iingozi zenyukliya kwaye konge urhulumente wase-US imali eninzi enokuxhasa iinkqubo zasekhaya okanye ibuyiselwe kubahlawuli berhafu abonwabileyo. Kwakhona, ngokubonisa intlonipho kwizivumelwano ezenziwe phantsi kwe-NPT, amazwe angeyiyo eyenyukliya ebengayi kutyekela kangako ekuqaliseni iinkqubo zezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukunciphisa inyukliya e-US ehlangeneyo kuya kudala uxinzelelo lokulandela ukukhokela kwe-US. Ukuba urhulumente wase-US ubhengeze ukucuthwa kwezixhobo zakhe zenyukliya, ngelixa ecela umngeni kwi-Kremlin ukuba yenze okufanayo, oko kuya kuhlazisa urhulumente waseRussia phambi koluvo loluntu lwehlabathi, oorhulumente bezinye izizwe, kunye noluntu lwabo. Ekugqibeleni, kuninzi okufumanayo kunye nokuncinci okufumanayo ngokubandakanyeka kunciphiso lwenyukliya, i-Kremlin inokuqala ukuzenza nayo.
Abachasi bokuncitshiswa kwenyukliya bathi izixhobo zenyukliya zimele zigcinwe, kuba zisebenza “njengesithintelo.” Kodwa ngaba uthintelo lwenyukliya luyasebenza ngokwenene? URonald Reagan, omnye wabona mongameli baseMerika abathanda ukulwa, ngokuphindaphindiweyo wawakhaba ngaw’ omane into yokuba izixhobo zenyukliya zaseU. Kwakhona, amazwe angeyiyo eyenyukliya aye alwa iimfazwe ezininzi namagunya enyukliya (kuquka iUnited States neSoviet Union) ukususela ngowe-1945. Kwakutheni ukuze angathinteli?
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukucinga okuninzi kokuthintela kugxile kukhuseleko olusuka nyukliya uhlaselo ekutyholwa ukuba lubonelele ngezixhobo zenyukliya. Kodwa, eneneni, amagosa karhulumente wase-US, ngaphandle kwezixhobo zabo zenyukliya ezinkulu, akabonakali ekhuselekile. Yiyiphi enye indlela esinokuluchaza ngayo utyalo-mali lwabo olukhulu lwezemali kwinkqubo yokukhusela imijukujelwa? Kwakhona, kutheni bexhalabile malunga norhulumente wase-Iranian ukufumana izixhobo zenyukliya? Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, urhulumente wase-US ukuba namawakawaka ezixhobo zenyukliya kufuneka abaqinisekise ukuba mabangakhathali ngokufunyanwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya yi-Iran okanye nasiphi na esinye isizwe.
Ngaphaya koko, nokuba luthintelo lwenyukliya ntoni umsebenzi, kutheni iWashington ifuna izixhobo zenyukliya ezifakwe kwi-2,000 ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo? A Ucwaningo lwe-2002 wagqiba kwelokuba, ukuba nje izixhobo zenyukliya ezingama-300 zase-US zisetyenziselwe ukuhlasela iithagethi zaseRashiya, izigidi ezingama-90 zaseRashiya (kubantu abazizigidi ezili-144) ziya kufa kwisiqingatha sokuqala seyure. Ngaphezu koko, kwiinyanga ezilandelayo, umonakalo omkhulu oveliswe luhlaselo wawuya kubangela ukufa kwenkoliso yabantu abasindileyo ngamanxeba, izifo, ukuchanabeka nendlala. Ngokuqinisekileyo akukho rhulumente waseRashiya okanye omnye urhulumente onokusifumana esi sisiphumo esamkelekileyo.
Esi sikhundla sokugqithisa mhlawumbi sichaza ukuba kutheni IiNtloko zaBasebenzi eziManyeneyo zase-US cinga ukuba i-1,000 lezixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenzisiweyo zanele ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwelizwe lase-US. Isenokuchaza nokuba kutheni kungekho nalinye kwamanye asixhenxe amagunya enyukliya (iBritani, iFransi, iTshayina, i-Israel, i-Indiya, iPakistan, noMntla Korea) elizixakekisa ngokugcina ngaphezulu kwe Izixhobo zenyukliya ze-300.
Nangona inyathelo elixhasa icala elinye lokunciphisa iingozi zenyukliya lisenokuvakala ngathi liyoyikisa, liye lathatyathwa izihlandlo ezininzi kungekho miphumo mibi. Urhulumente waseSoviet eyedwa wakumisa ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ngowe-1958 waza, kwakhona ngowe-1985. Ukususela ngowe-1989, waqalisa nokususa imijukujelwa yakhe yobuchule yenyukliya eMpuma Yurophu. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente wase-US, ngexesha lolawulo lukamongameli wase-US uGeorge HW Bush, wasebenza unilaterally ukususa zonke izixhobo zenyukliya zomgama omfutshane wase-US, eziziswe emhlabeni ukusuka eYurophu nase-Asiya, kunye nazo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya zomgama omfutshane kwiinqanawa zoMkhosi wase-US kwihlabathi liphela-ukusikwa kwamawaka aliqela eemfazwe zenyukliya.
Ngokucacileyo, ukuthethathethana ngesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esavala satshabalalisa zonke izixhobo zenyukliya kuya kuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphelisa iingozi zenyukliya. Kodwa oko akufuneki kuthintele amanye amanyathelo aluncedo ekuthathweni endleleni.
