by UDavid Swanson, Septemba 10, 2018.
Njengorhulumente wase-US ngaxeshanye Esongelayo INkundla yamatyala olwaphulomthetho ngenxa yokwenza isenzo sokutshutshisa i-United States ngolwaphulo-mthetho e-Afghanistan (isihloko "esaphandwa" iminyaka ngoku, ngelixa i-ICC ingekatshutshisi namnye umntu ongengowase-Afrika ngayo nantoni na) kwaye (ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokucacileyo) setyenziso isimangalo esingaqondakaliyo sokuba urhulumente waseSyria angaphula umthetho njengesizathu sokugrogrisa ngokuphula umthetho wamazwe aphakamileyo (ukuba ngokuchasene nemfazwe) ngokwanda ukubulawa eSyria, ukhetho phakathi kwemfazwe nomthetho alunakuba yinto ebukhali okanye egxekayo.
Lo mbuzo uza kuthathwa ngabantu abaninzi abanetalente izithethi kunye nabaququzeleli bendibano e #NoWar2018 kamva kule nyanga eToronto. Le nkomfa iya kugxila ekubekeni endaweni yokubulawa kwabantu ngabantu abaninzi ngokungathinteleki kunye nokusonjululwa kweembambano. Abathathi-nxaxheba banokulindeleka ukuba bavumelane kokunye nangaphezulu.
Ngaba umthetho usetyenziselwe imfazwe ngakumbi okanye uxolo kude kube ngoku? Ngaba ikwenzile ingozi okanye ilungile? Ngaba kufanelekile ukuba kugxilwe kubume boxolo? Ngaba kufanele kugxilwe kwimithetho yasekhaya, kwimithetho kwinqanaba lesizwe, ekubambeni amaziko asele ekhona, ekuzimiseleni ngokwentando yamaziko anjalo, ekudaleni umanyano lomanyano lwehlabathi okanye urhulumente, okanye ukuqhubela phambili ukuchasana ngezixhobo kunye nezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu? Akukho mvumelwano yendawo yonke, okanye nantoni na esondeleyo kuyo, ekhoyo kula manqaku.
Kodwa ukuvumelana kuya kubakho kwaye kuya kufumaneka, ndiyakholelwa, kwiiprojekthi ezithile (nokuba kukho okanye akukho sivumelwano malunga nokubekwa phambili) kwaye ziya kufumaneka-kwaye ziya kuba luncedo kakhulu ukuba zifunyenwe - kwimigaqo ebanzi xa kuxoxwa ngokucokisekileyo nangokucacileyo.
Ndisandul 'ukufunda incwadi kaJames' Ranney, Uxolo Lwehlabathi NgoMthetho. Ndizifumana ekungavumelani okukhulu njengesivumelwano neenkcukacha zaso, kodwa kwisivumelwano esikhulu ngakumbi kunokuba sikwimo yokuma kwengqondo eqhelekileyo yaseNtshona. Ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuba sicinge kwezinye iinkcukacha, kwaye sicofe phambili kunye njengoko sikwazi, nokuba siyavuma kuyo yonke into.
URanney uphakamisa umbono "ophakathi" ohlala kufutshane kwi-utopia ye-federalism yehlabathi. Echaza ezi ngcebiso, ngoku zineminyaka ubudala, zikaJeremy Bentham, uRanney ubhala ukuba "amathemba okumkelwa kwesicelo sikaBentham 'sehlabathi ngomthetho' aphantse abe mkhulu ngokungaphaya komanyano lwehlabathi lwamkelwe nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala.”
Kodwa kwakungekho ukulamla, njengoko kucetywayo nguBentham, wabekwa emthethweni ngaphezulu kwe-100 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo? Ewe, uhlobo. Nantsi indlela uRanney athetha ngayo kuludwe lwemithetho edlulileyo: "Ingqungquthela yesiBini seHague (igwebela imfazwe ukuqokelela ityala; yamkela 'umgaqo' wokunyanzeliswa, kodwa ngaphandle koomatshini abasebenzayo). kungabikho kukuswela "koomatshini" kodwa ukungabikho kokufuna nantoni na. Ukuba umntu ebenokuhamba ngesicatshulwa salo mthetho kwaye acime "ukusebenzisa ezona nzame zabo" kwaye "kangangoko iimeko zivuma", amabinzana afanayo, ubuya kuba nomthetho ofuna ukuba izizwe zisombulule ukungavisisani - umthetho obandakanya Inkcazo ecacileyo yenkqubo yokusombulula
URanney ngokufanayo, kodwa ngaphandle kwesiseko esincinci, ugxotha umthetho owabekwa kwi-21 kwiminyaka kamva: "I-Kellogg-Briand Pact (umgaqo-siseko ogwebayo wemfazwe, kodwa kungekho ndlela yokunyanzeliswa). Nangona kunjalo, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ayibandakanyi amagama e-hedge afumaneka kwi-Second Hague Convention, okanye nantoni na emalunga nemigaqo-siseko eqhelekileyo. Ifuna ukusonjululwa kwembambano ngaphandle kobubi, ukuma ngokupheleleyo. Ngapha koko "umgaqo oqhelekileyo wokulwa imfazwe" -kufundwe ngokwalo mbhalo walo mthetho-kukukhutshwa kwemfazwe kwaye ayikho enye into. Akukho nto ichanekileyo inokwaziswa ngegama elithi "umgaqo oqhelekileyo." Imfuneko "yoomatshini," ukuba ayisiyi "kunyanzeliso" (igama elinengxaki, njengoko siza kubona emzuzwini) sisidingo sokwenyani. Kodwa amaziko okusombulula impikiswano anokongezwa kwisibhengezo semfazwe ekhoyo kwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact ngaphandle kokucinga ukuba isibhengezo eso asikho (nokuba ngaba umntu uyayamkela na loo misebenzi ivulwe nguMgaqo-siseko we-UN).
Nanga la manyathelo mathathu uRanney acetyisa ukutshintsha imfazwe ngomthetho:
"(1) ukuncitshiswa kwezixhobo-ubukhulu becala ukupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kuncitshiso olufana naloo mikhosi eqhelekileyo;"
Kuyavunywa!
"(2) inkqubo yamanqanaba amane yesisombululo sempikiswano yehlabathi (ADR), isebenzisa umthetho nobulungisa;" ("ukunyanzeliswa kothethwano, ukulamla okunyanzelekileyo, ukulamla okunyanzelekileyo, kunye nokugweba okunyanzelekileyo kweNkundla yeHlabathi")
Kuyavunywa!
"(3) iindlela ezifanelekileyo zonyanzeliso, kubandakanywa noMkhosi woXolo weUN." ("Hayi pacifism")
Apha kukho ukungangqinelani okukhulu. Umkhosi woXolo weZizwe eziManyeneyo, nangona ungayalelwanga ngokufanelekileyo nguGeneral George Orwell, ukhona kwaye usilela ngendlela emangalisayo ukusungulwa kwempi yaseKorea. Ukucaphula kukaRanney, ngokucacileyo kuyathandeka, omnye umbhali ucebisa ukuba le kopi yehlabathi lonke ihlome ngezixhobo zenyukliya. Ke, loo mbono isengqondweni intsha. URanney ukwathanda okubizwa ngokuba “luxanduva lokukhusela” (i-R2P) ilizwe ekulweni ubuhlanga ngokulwa (ngaphandle, njengoko kusenzeka njalo, ecacisa into eyahlula omnye komnye). Ngaphandle kokungahloniphi ngokwesiko komthetho ocacileyo njenge-Kellogg-Briand Pact, uRanney ubonelela ngembeko nge-R2P nangona ingengawo umthetho konke konke: Khusela 'ukungenelela kokugunyazisa okuqhelekileyo. ”ayigunyazi nantoni na.
Ngaba le nkolelo yokwenza imfazwe ye-UN ngesizathu soxolo isithatha phi? Iindawo ezinje (inkolelo yezindlu ezingekho mthethweni): “Ngaphandle kwenkcaso yomongameli wakutshanje waseMelika, ukusebenzisa amajoni e-UN ukuncedisa ukwakha isizwe yinto ekufanele ukuba yenzekile ngaphambili e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, exabisa i-US Izigidi ngezigidi zeedola, amawaka abantu, kwaye asifumananga nto ngaphandle kokudelwa kwenxalenye enkulu yehlabathi. ”Ukuchongwa kuka" nathi "ngurhulumente wase-US yeyona ngxaki inzulu apha. Uluvo lokuba ezi mfazwe zokulwa ubuhlanga zibeke iindleko kwi-United States kufanelekile ukuba ziyikhankanye xa kuthelekiswa neendleko kumaxhoba emfazwe yeyona ngxaki imbi kakhulu apha - umbi usesemxholweni wephepha acebisa ukusebenzisa iimfazwe ezininzi “ukunqanda ukubulawa kohlanga. "
Ngobulungisa, uRanney uthanda uManyano lweManyano, olunokucebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yalo kungajongwa kwahluke kakhulu kwindlela ekwenziwa ngayo namhlanje. Kodwa ukuba ungasikwere kanjani isikwere esihlala e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan andinakutsho.
Inkxaso kaRanney yomatshini ophuculweyo wehlabathi-umatshini we-UN ungena kwenye ingxaki ephakanyiswe encwadini yakhe, ndiyacinga. Ukholelwa ukuba i-Federalism yehlabathi ayithandeki kwaye ibethele ngokokude ingakufanelekeli ukukhuthaza naliphi na ixesha kungekudala. Nangona kunjalo ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukuhambisa inkululeko yokuthatha inxaxheba kwiLizwe eliManyeneyo leDemokhrasi kungathandwa ngakumbi kwaye akubikho mthethweni. Kwaye ndiyavumelana nokuva okuthandwayo ngeli xesha. Urhulumente wehlabathi ogcweleyo okwaziyo ukuzama ukuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo yi-homo sapiens ifuneka kakubi, ngelixa ichaswa ngamandla. Iziko lehlabathi elilwela imfazwe ngaphandle kobuso beUnited States lichaswa ngakumbi, kwaye umbono oloyikisayo.
Ndicinga ukuba yingcinga yokuba kutheni umbono oloyikisayo ucacile. Ukuba kufuneka kusetyenziswe ubundlobongela obulalayo ukufezekisa okuthile okuhle emhlabeni okungenakuphunyezwa ngokungekho mthethweni (isimangalo esingathandekiyo, kodwa esikholelwayo kakhulu kwaye sikholelwe kakhulu) abantu baya kufuna ulawulo oluthile kubundlobongela obulalayo, kwaye iinkokheli zesizwe ziya kufuna ulawulo oluthile kugonyamelo olubulalayo. Kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo zedemokhrasi ziyakuhamba zilawule ngakumbi ezandleni zamaqela azifuna kakhulu. Ukuba, kwelinye icala, sikholelwa ukuba idatha ukuba ukungabandakanyeki kusebenze ngakumbi kunobundlongondlongo, akukho mishini yokulwa iyafuneka- seso sizathu uninzi lwethu lubona ukuzama ukususa imfazwe.
URanney unika eminye imizekelo yoko akubiza ngokuba “ngumthetho” wamazwe aphesheya, njenge-WTO, kodwa awabandakanyi umkhosi. Akucaci ukuba kutheni ukusebenzisa imithetho ngokuchasene nemfazwe kufuneka kusetyenziswe imfazwe ngokuziphindezela. Exoxa ngokunyanzeliswa kokuvalwa kwezaxhobo zenyukliya, uRanney ubhala athi: “umntu othengisayo ovela kwelinye ilizwe kufuneka aphathwe ngendlela efanayo nokubulawa kwasekhaya.” Ewe. Kulungile. Kodwa oko akufuneki "umkhosi woxolo" oxhobileyo. Ababulali abajongwana ngokuxhaphaza wonke umntu obangqongileyo (izizathu zokuhlaselwa kwe-Afghanistan e-2001 njengengcacisiyo nengathandekiyo kulo mthetho).
URanney uyayixhasa njengengcinga yophando endicinga ukuba lubalulekile kule projekthi. Ubhala athi: “Ingekuko ukuba i-UNPF [yeUnited Nations Peace Force] ayifanele ibandakanyeke kokuthile kodwa ekusebenziseni amandla. Ngokuchasene noko, kufanele ukuba kubekho amandla 'oxolo noxolelaniso' asebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ukusonjululwa kwempixwano kunye nezinye iindlela ezingalunganga, into enje ngoXolo olungelulo olunobundlobongela. Kuya kufuneka ukuba kubekho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemikhosi yoxolo, abasebenzi abafanelekileyo kwaye baqeqeshelwe ukugxila kwimingeni eyahlukeneyo. ”
Kodwa kutheni le ndlela iphakamileyo inqaku nje? Kwaye ukwenza njalo kwahluke njani kule nto siyifumene ngoku?
Ewe, kwakhona, uRanney ucebisa i-UN yedemokhrasi engalawulwa ngabenzi beemfazwe ezinkulu ezintlanu nabathengisi ngezixhobo. Le ngongoma yesivumelwano. Nokuba ubambelela kubundlobongela okanye akunjalo, umbuzo wokuqala yindlela yokuzisa i-United States kunye nabalingane bayo kwilizwe lomthetho-kubandakanya nendlela yokukhuphela okanye ukubuyisela umanyano kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Kodwa xa ucinga ngomzimba wehlabathi wentando yesininzi, masingayiboni isebenzisa izixhobo zeXesha eliphakathi, nangona kukho inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha. Oku kuyafana kwimidlalo yam yenzululwazi yesayensi yokucinga apho abantu bafunde khona ukuhamba indawo kodwa bezimisele kakhulu ukuqala imilo yamanqindi. Ayisiyonyani leyo. Alikho nelinye ilizwe apho i-United States ilahle ubume bezobuhlanga ngelixa ubudlelwane besiko phakathi kwezizwe benziwa ngabantu ababhomayo.
Ukufikelela kwi world beyond war ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imfazwe ukwenza njalo ayisiyonto yokucoceka komntu, kodwa kukwandisa amathuba okuphumelela.
