UGrant Pine kwiTempile yaseZojoji, etyalwe nguMongameli wase-US ngoko u-Ulysses S. Grant kwindawo engcwele yosapho lwakwaTokugawa.
NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktobha 25, 2021
INkosana yaseJapan uIyesato Tokugawa ifanele ukuba nomdla ngakumbi kuthi ngoku kunenkosazana yaseJapan etshata “nendoda eqhelekileyo,” okanye iimuvi zaseHollywood ezigxile kumaxesha obundlobongela kwimbali kangangokuba ngoku banabadlali abadubula imiboniso bhanyabhanya.
Ndathunyelelwa incwadi ethi “Ubugcisa beDiplomasia: Iminyaka Engamashumi amahlanu Yemfihlo yoBudlelwane base-US-Japan butyhilwe” nguStan Katz. Akukho nto ifihlakeleyo kuyo. Itsiba-tsiba ngokolandelelwano lwamaxesha kangangokuba andazi nokuba imalunga nama-50 eminyaka. Ikhankanya imithombo engaqhelekanga okanye akukho nanye, ayinayo isiphelo, ibandakanya ulwazi olungeyonyani olumangalisayo (njengenkcazo eyenziweyo yento ekwi-Kellogg-Briand Pact, enokuthi ilungiswe kwimizuzu emi-2 ngokufunda i-Kellogg-Briand Pact), kwaye ibhaliwe. njengomxube wenyaniso, uluvo, kunye nesaci esingenasiphelo (“Kubonakala ngathi kuyaphikisana, kodwa ukugcina uxolo, isizwe asifuni ukubonakala sibuthathaka okanye sisengozini.” Ngokwenene? Sisizwe? Sineminqweno? Yeyiphi? Isizwe? Kweyiphi ingqondo?), kodwa isihloko asithinteki, sibonakala singahoywanga ngokugqithisileyo, kwaye umzamo wokuzisa ingqalelo yehlabathi ngo-2021 uyancomeka kakhulu.
I-Senate yase-US ibonakala izimisele ukuqubuda phambi kweNkosana u-Biden kwaye ithumele u-Rahm Emanuel njengommeli wase-US e-Japan, ngenjongo yokuthengisa izixhobo ezininzi kunye nokwakha isoyikiso esikhulu semfazwe e-China. INkosana i-Tokugawa yayiyexesha elahlukileyo, apho uJoseph Grew, u-diplomat ophilileyo kunye ofundileyo kunye namava wayekhonza - kwaye ngokwenene yayiyinkonzo - njengoMmeli we-US eJapan. Xa umkhosi waseJapan wahlasela waza wantywilisela inqanawa yase-US ngo-1937, uTokugawa noGrew benza konke ababenako ukunqanda imfazwe, kwaye-nokuba kungenxa yemigudu yabo, okanye ngenxa yokuba uFranklin Roosevelt wayengayifuni imfazwe - uxolo lwagcinwa. (UGrew ukwalumkise urhulumente wase-US malunga nePearl Harbour, nangona izilumkiso zakhe zingahoywanga, kwaye ngoku luhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi wokuthand' izwe ukuqhubeka nokuzihoya.)
UTokugawa wafa ngoJuni 1940, yaye ngoSeptemba iJapan yayimanyaniswa neJamani neItali. Indlela ukufa kukaTokugawa okwakunesigqibo ngayo kolo phuhliso kuya kufuna uphando olungakumbi. Ngokucacileyo, ukruthakruthwano phakathi kookhetshe namahobe kurhulumente waseJapan nowaseUnited States wawusele ujonge kuloyiso lokhetshe kangangeminyaka. Ngokucacileyo siphila kule nkqubo inye kwakhona iminyaka ngoku, nangona iJapan ne-United States zimanyene ngokuchasene neTshayina kunokuba i-China ne-United States zimanyane ngokuchasene neJapan. Isigqibo esimangalisayo sikaStan Katz sokuba ulawulo luka-Obama kunye no-Abe e-US naseJapan bekuya kubonwa nguTokugawa njengoko ukuzaliseka kwamaphupha akhe kuphosakele ukupheliswa kweNqaku le-9 lokuthintela imfazwe kuMgaqo-siseko waseJapan, i-pivot eya e-Asia, impi. kuyo yonke i-intshi yokugqibela ye-Okinawa, iziseko ezitsha zase-US ezijikeleze iPasifiki, ukwanda kwentengiso yezixhobo, kunye nokuqheleka ngokubanzi kwe-hyper-militarization etyhalwa ngu-Abe no-Obama - singasathethi ke ngabalandela emva kwabo.
INkosana u-Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940) wayeyindlalifa ye-Shoguns eyayilawula iJapan ukusuka kwi-1603 ukuya kwi-1868, ifundiswe e-Eton, uMongameli wendlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseJapan iminyaka engama-30, umcebisi kunye nomcebisi oyintloko ku-Emperor Hirohito, umhambi wehlabathi kunye nodiplomate. , umququzeleli ophambili weNkomfa yaseWashington Naval ka-1921-1922 (inkomfa yokuqala yezizwe ngezizwe yokunciphisa izixhobo, eyavulwa ngosuku olulandelayo emva koSuku lweArmistice, kwaye yaba nempumelelo enkulu, nangona i-US ihlola igqiza laseJapan kunye nesakhiwo somkhosi esikhulayo esisebenza imikroba). U-Tokugawa wayengummeli ocacileyo woxolo amashumi eminyaka, kunye nenkokeli ekukhuthazeni i-Rotary Club, i-Red Cross, kunye namanyathelo okutshintshiselana kwenkcubeko, kuquka nesipho semithi ye-cherry e-Washington DC kunye nokuphuhliswa komnyhadala ojikelezayo. INkosana uTokugawa yaseka iokhestra yokuqala yesymphony yaseJapan, yenza imiboniso yobugcisa baseJapan eUnited States, yaseka iinkqubo zotshintshiselwano lwabafundi phakathi kwe-US neJapan, kwaye yabamba inkomfa yehlabathi ngemfundo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Wafuna inkcubeko yoxolo ngoxa wayechasa ukubulawa kwabantu baseArmenia nokwanda kwentiyo. Wayesisithethi esiphambili kwiNdibano yeMinyaka engama-25 yeRotary International ngowe-1930.
Nakwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela, naseUnited States, uTokugawa wathetha ngokuchaseneyo nezisongelo zemfazwe, ekhuthaza uxolo ngokwemiqathango yokuba kunzima ukufumana nasiphi na isiphene. I-CBS ibongoza ukuba kubekho uxolo phakathi “kwentsapho yezizwe ngezizwe” yehlabathi. UTokugawa wade wazama ukudibana noWilliam Randolph Hearst ngeenzame zokunciphisa "ubuntatheli" obuxhasa imfazwe - ngeyiphi impumelelo engacacanga. Iipropagast zaseTshayina ezidityaniswe nomdla wezixhobo kunye nokuzimisela kweFDR ukufumana indlela yokungena emfazweni eYurophu yayingamandla anamandla.
The Los Angeles Times kaMatshi 21, 1934, kwiphepha 22, ngokutsho kukaKatz, kwakukho umhlathi—akatsho ukuba ngubani, kodwa kufanele ukuba apha ukuba uyayihlawulela (andinayo) - yathi:
“INkosana uTokugawa ithetha ulwimi lokhanyiselo nokuqonda xa isithi akukho sizathu songquzulwano phakathi kweMelika neJapan. Ukwachanekile kwakhona kwingxelo yakhe yokuba uninzi lwabantu baseJapan banqwenela uxolo, njengoko echanekile ngokuqinisekileyo xa esithi uninzi lwabantu baseMelika luyalunqwenela. Yijingoism kuwo omabini la mazwe kunye noloyiko olulubangelayo oluyingozi kuxolo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iidilesi zakhe zisebenza ukudambisa uloyiko, iNkosana uTokugawa yenza inkonzo eyahlukileyo ngolu khenketho. Ingxelo yakhe kwilizwe lakowabo into ayibonileyo apha kufuneka yoyise i-jingoism entle. Ukuba ushicilelo lwe<em>Hearst olulapha noomatshini balo baseJapan [olufanayo] bebenokuthi cwaka ngokwezimvo zoluntu, konke ukungaqondani phakathi kwala mazwe mabini bekuya kuphela ngokukhawuleza.”
Okukhona izinto zitshintsha . . . .
