Amava adlulileyo kubunkokeli boluntu avuselela ubulumko, ukuqonda kunye nobuchule bokusombulula iingxaki, kunye nokuchasene, okukhokelela kwiintlekele zehlabathi. Iziganeko ezibini zembali ziyimizekelo ebalaseleyo.
Umzekelo 1
Ngo-1962, kwabakho ukungavisisani phakathi kwe-United States kunye neSoviet Union ngexesha lengxaki yemijukujelwa yaseCuba. Kumsitho wokuthweswa izidanga kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington DC, isithethi yayinguMongameli uJack Kennedy. Bendihleli kumgama oziimitha nje ezimbalwa njengomamkeli wesidanga sam. Simamele eyona ntetho yomgaqo-nkqubo ibalulekileyo kwimbali yanamhlanje.
Wathi: “Kwimfazwe ezayo, akuyi kubakho uphumeleleyo, sinamandla okutshabalalisa umhlaba, ibe nabo banawo.” Waqhubeka egxininisa iingozi zezixhobo kunye nendlela kwimfazwe yehlabathi ezayo akukho mntu uya kukwazi ukubhiyozela uloyiso, sonke siya kuba ngabalahlekileyo. Ngoko ke, wathi, "Phezolo ndicele uncedo lwam oluphezulu u-Averell Herriman, ukuba ahambe eMoscow, adibane noKhruchev," kwaye axoxe ngokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kumazwe omabini. UMongameli uKennedy uqinisekisile ukuba i-US iya kuqhubeka nokumisa uvavanyo lwenyukliya emoyeni. Wacela iinkokeli zaseSoviet ukuba zenze okufanayo. Ekugqibeleni, kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu.
Impembelelo yentetho kaMongameli Kennedy kwitheko lokuthweswa izidanga kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika yayikhawuleza kwaye inzulu. Ihlabathi lakhululeka kuphuhliso lwentlekele olwalulindelwe ukuba la magunya mabini abambelele kwizikhundla zawo ezigqithisileyo. Isizathu, idiplomacy kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo kwizinto ezinomdla ezifanayo. Izivumelwano kunye nothethwano ziqhubekile phakathi kwala mazwe mabini ngokunqanda ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo kunye nokulandela ukuncitshiswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Iqhinga lemfazwe ebandayo “lokutshatyalaliswa okuqinisekisiweyo” lafikelela esiphelweni ngenxa yobunkokeli obunobuchule nobunenkathalo.
Namhlanje, ngobunkokeli obutsha kwi-White House, ulawulo lunqwenela ukwakha iindonga, ukuqinisa ukuhlukana kwezizwe. Izenzo zibonisa ukukrokrelana okukhulayo, ukusongela i-verbiage, ukujongela phantsi ubudlelwane bezembali kunye nokudala uloyiko oluqhubekayo lwengxaki elandelayo: Ukuxabana neMexico, ucalucalulo oluchasene nezizwe zamaSilamsi, ukubamba amazwe e-NATO, inzondo eChina kunye nokuvuselela amazwe amancinci ukuba aphule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. I-Israel yakha iindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu phezu kwamazwe asePalestina, ngokuphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuthintela uxolo lwexesha elizayo kunye namaPalestina, kunye nokukhanyela ilizwe elizayo. Amagunya amakhulu angxamele ukwandisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokuphucula amandla awo amakhulu omkhosi. Ulwimi lozakuzo luthatyathelw’ indawo lulwimi lwezoyikiso ezichuliweyo kunye nezenzo ezidelelayo.
Umzekelo 2
Omnye umzekelo wemfundo ekulawuleni imicimbi yoluntu nguRhuluneli ongasekhoyo waseFlorida, uRueben Askew. Ndafunda ngayo kuye ngokuthe ngqo ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990, xa sobabini sasityelela oonjingalwazi kwiSikolo soLawulo loLuntu kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo ogama linguRhuluneli, kwiYunivesithi yaseFlorida State eTallahassee. Urhuluneli u-Askew wayengumguquli wolawulo eFlorida. Wasungula intshukumo yokuziphatha kurhulumente. Usebenze njengoMmeli wezoRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ngexesha lolawulo lweCarter.
Ngenye imini ngaphambi kokuba aye eJapan ukuya kuthethathethana ngesivumelwano sorhwebo, abasebenzi bakhe bamxelela ukuba iintloko zeenkampani ezintathu zeemoto zase-US zicele ukudibana naye ngaphambi kokuba zinduluke ziye eTokyo ngosuku olulandelayo. Kule ntlanganiso, irhuluneli yalatha iintloko ezintathu zeenkampani zeemoto zifuna ukuba athethathethane ngomda wokungeniswa kwemoto yaseJapan eMelika. Iimoto zaseJapan zazikhukulisa imarike kwaye iinkampani zeemoto zazifuna ukuseka isabelo sokuyeka ukukhula kwazo. IRhuluneli, ngaphandle kokulibazisa, yawakhaba amabango abo. Wabonisa nge-quota kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, abavelisi beemoto baya kuphakamisa amaxabiso, bejezisa abathengi baseMelika ngeebhiliyoni zeedola. Inye kuphela indlela yokuhlangabezana nale ngxaki ngokunempumelelo, iRhuluneli yaphendula ngokungqongqo yathi: “Coca isenzo sakho. Phucula umgangatho wemveliso yakho kwaye ukhuphisane ngokufanelekileyo. " Irhuluneli u-Askew uthe uhlala enebhongo ngesikhundla sakhe kuba ukuveliswa kweemoto zaseMelika kuphuculwe kakhulu ukusukela kuloo ntlanganiso, kwaye iya kuqhubeka nokuphucula kunye nokukhuphisana. Kwakungekho ngqalelo kwikota okanye imirhumo ukohlwaya elinye icala. Ngokulula, "coca isenzo sakho" ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezingcono.
Ukuququmbela
La matyala mabini abonisa ukuba inkokeli yoluntu enempumelelo isebenza ngendlela echubekileyo, inolwazi ngobukrelekrele kwaye ifanelekile ngokuziphatha ukuze ivelise izigqibo zoluntu eziphilileyo, ezicwangcisiweyo neziyingxoxo ezifezekisa iimfuno zoluntu. Iinkokeli ezinenkohliso, ezicinezelayo nezingenalwazi ngokwasengqondweni zidla ngokuvelisa isiphithiphithi kunye neentlekele. Emva kweminyaka yemigudu enzulu yokunciphisa inani nobukhulu bezixhobo zenyukliya, ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo zenyukliya phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu luyothusa. Izibhengezo zakutsha nje zeenkokeli zopolitiko zibonisa ukurhoxa kwimilinganiselo yangaphambili kunye nokuqala kwesiphithiphithi seemeko zesizwe nezehlabathi. Imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke yabhengezwa ngokukhawuleza malunga nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, impilo kunye nobudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle kubangele iyantlukwano enzulu kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo ezopolitiko, imibutho yoluntu kunye nenkundla. Iziphumo zokungaphumeleli kobunkokeli azipheleli nje ekusileleni ekufezekiseni iimfuno zabantu bonke, kodwa zinokukhokelela kwiinkxwaleko ezinzulu.
umbhali: UJamil E. Jreisat, uProfesa Emeritus, iSikolo seMicimbi yoLuntu, iYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Florida, eTampa. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku malunga nolawulo, iGlobalism, uLawulo lweMibutho yoLuntu. kunye noLawulo loLuntu oluThethayo.
Amava adlulileyo kubunkokeli boluntu avuselela ubulumko, ukuqonda kunye nobuchule bokusombulula iingxaki, kunye nokuchasene, okukhokelela kwiintlekele zehlabathi. Iziganeko ezibini zembali ziyimizekelo ebalaseleyo.
Umzekelo 1
Ngo-1962, kwabakho ukungavisisani phakathi kwe-United States kunye neSoviet Union ngexesha lengxaki yemijukujelwa yaseCuba. Kumsitho wokuthweswa izidanga kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington DC, isithethi yayinguMongameli uJack Kennedy. Bendihleli kumgama oziimitha nje ezimbalwa njengomamkeli wesidanga sam. Simamele eyona ntetho yomgaqo-nkqubo ibalulekileyo kwimbali yanamhlanje.
Wathi: “Kwimfazwe ezayo, akuyi kubakho uphumeleleyo, sinamandla okutshabalalisa umhlaba, ibe nabo banawo.” Waqhubeka egxininisa iingozi zezixhobo kunye nendlela kwimfazwe yehlabathi ezayo akukho mntu uya kukwazi ukubhiyozela uloyiso, sonke siya kuba ngabalahlekileyo. Ngoko ke, wathi, "Phezolo ndicele uncedo lwam oluphezulu u-Averell Herriman, ukuba ahambe eMoscow, adibane noKhruchev," kwaye axoxe ngokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kumazwe omabini. UMongameli uKennedy uqinisekisile ukuba i-US iya kuqhubeka nokumisa uvavanyo lwenyukliya emoyeni. Wacela iinkokeli zaseSoviet ukuba zenze okufanayo. Ekugqibeleni, kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu.
Impembelelo yentetho kaMongameli Kennedy kwitheko lokuthweswa izidanga kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika yayikhawuleza kwaye inzulu. Ihlabathi lakhululeka kuphuhliso lwentlekele olwalulindelwe ukuba la magunya mabini abambelele kwizikhundla zawo ezigqithisileyo. Isizathu, idiplomacy kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo kwizinto ezinomdla ezifanayo. Izivumelwano kunye nothethwano ziqhubekile phakathi kwala mazwe mabini ngokunqanda ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo kunye nokulandela ukuncitshiswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Iqhinga lemfazwe ebandayo “lokutshatyalaliswa okuqinisekisiweyo” lafikelela esiphelweni ngenxa yobunkokeli obunobuchule nobunenkathalo.
Namhlanje, ngobunkokeli obutsha kwi-White House, ulawulo lunqwenela ukwakha iindonga, ukuqinisa ukuhlukana kwezizwe. Izenzo zibonisa ukukrokrelana okukhulayo, ukusongela i-verbiage, ukujongela phantsi ubudlelwane bezembali kunye nokudala uloyiko oluqhubekayo lwengxaki elandelayo: Ukuxabana neMexico, ucalucalulo oluchasene nezizwe zamaSilamsi, ukubamba amazwe e-NATO, inzondo eChina kunye nokuvuselela amazwe amancinci ukuba aphule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. I-Israel yakha iindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu phezu kwamazwe asePalestina, ngokuphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuthintela uxolo lwexesha elizayo kunye namaPalestina, kunye nokukhanyela ilizwe elizayo. Amagunya amakhulu angxamele ukwandisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokuphucula amandla awo amakhulu omkhosi. Ulwimi lozakuzo luthatyathelw’ indawo lulwimi lwezoyikiso ezichuliweyo kunye nezenzo ezidelelayo.
Umzekelo 2
Omnye umzekelo wemfundo ekulawuleni imicimbi yoluntu nguRhuluneli ongasekhoyo waseFlorida, uRueben Askew. Ndafunda ngayo kuye ngokuthe ngqo ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990, xa sobabini sasityelela oonjingalwazi kwiSikolo soLawulo loLuntu kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo ogama linguRhuluneli, kwiYunivesithi yaseFlorida State eTallahassee. Urhuluneli u-Askew wayengumguquli wolawulo eFlorida. Wasungula intshukumo yokuziphatha kurhulumente. Usebenze njengoMmeli wezoRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ngexesha lolawulo lweCarter.
Ngenye imini ngaphambi kokuba aye eJapan ukuya kuthethathethana ngesivumelwano sorhwebo, abasebenzi bakhe bamxelela ukuba iintloko zeenkampani ezintathu zeemoto zase-US zicele ukudibana naye ngaphambi kokuba zinduluke ziye eTokyo ngosuku olulandelayo. Kule ntlanganiso, irhuluneli yalatha iintloko ezintathu zeenkampani zeemoto zifuna ukuba athethathethane ngomda wokungeniswa kwemoto yaseJapan eMelika. Iimoto zaseJapan zazikhukulisa imarike kwaye iinkampani zeemoto zazifuna ukuseka isabelo sokuyeka ukukhula kwazo. IRhuluneli, ngaphandle kokulibazisa, yawakhaba amabango abo. Wabonisa nge-quota kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, abavelisi beemoto baya kuphakamisa amaxabiso, bejezisa abathengi baseMelika ngeebhiliyoni zeedola. Inye kuphela indlela yokuhlangabezana nale ngxaki ngokunempumelelo, iRhuluneli yaphendula ngokungqongqo yathi: “Coca isenzo sakho. Phucula umgangatho wemveliso yakho kwaye ukhuphisane ngokufanelekileyo. " Irhuluneli u-Askew uthe uhlala enebhongo ngesikhundla sakhe kuba ukuveliswa kweemoto zaseMelika kuphuculwe kakhulu ukusukela kuloo ntlanganiso, kwaye iya kuqhubeka nokuphucula kunye nokukhuphisana. Kwakungekho ngqalelo kwikota okanye imirhumo ukohlwaya elinye icala. Ngokulula, "coca isenzo sakho" ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezingcono.
Ukuququmbela
La matyala mabini abonisa ukuba inkokeli yoluntu enempumelelo isebenza ngendlela echubekileyo, inolwazi ngobukrelekrele kwaye ifanelekile ngokuziphatha ukuze ivelise izigqibo zoluntu eziphilileyo, ezicwangcisiweyo neziyingxoxo ezifezekisa iimfuno zoluntu. Iinkokeli ezinenkohliso, ezicinezelayo nezingenalwazi ngokwasengqondweni zidla ngokuvelisa isiphithiphithi kunye neentlekele. Emva kweminyaka yemigudu enzulu yokunciphisa inani nobukhulu bezixhobo zenyukliya, ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo zenyukliya phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu luyothusa. Izibhengezo zakutsha nje zeenkokeli zopolitiko zibonisa ukurhoxa kwimilinganiselo yangaphambili kunye nokuqala kwesiphithiphithi seemeko zesizwe nezehlabathi. Imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke yabhengezwa ngokukhawuleza malunga nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, impilo kunye nobudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle kubangele iyantlukwano enzulu kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo ezopolitiko, imibutho yoluntu kunye nenkundla. Iziphumo zokungaphumeleli kobunkokeli azipheleli nje ekusileleni ekufezekiseni iimfuno zabantu bonke, kodwa zinokukhokelela kwiinkxwaleko ezinzulu.
umbhali: UJamil E. Jreisat, uProfesa Emeritus, iSikolo seMicimbi yoLuntu, iYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Florida, eTampa. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku malunga nolawulo, iGlobalism, uLawulo lweMibutho yoLuntu. kunye noLawulo loLuntu oluThethayo.