NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktobha 22, 2021
Ngokutsho Magazine Smithsonian -Kuziswe kuwe ngabantu abaneemyuziyam phezulu nasezantsi kwi-National Mall eWashington DC-UKing George III wayengumdemokrasi kunye noluntu ngo-1776.
Ndiyakucaphukela oku ukuba ndizive ngathi ndiluma eesileni, ndiza kanye kwizithende zokufa kukaColin Powell, owenze okuninzi ngombono wokuba imfazwe inokusekwa kwiinyani eziqinileyo. Kulithamsanqa, mhlawumbi, ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ithathe indawo yeNguqulelo yaseMelika njengemvelaphi yasentsomini kubuzwe base-US (oko nje uninzi lwezo iinyani ezisisiseko malunga neWWII zithintelwe ngenyameko).
Sekunjalo, kukho ukuthandana kwasebuntwaneni, intsomi ezukileyo edla ngokukhohlakeleyo ngalo lonke ixesha sifumanisa ukuba uGeorge Washington wayengenamazinyo eplanga okanye ehlala ethetha inyaniso, okanye uPawulos uRevere akazange akhwele yedwa, okanye ukuba ikhoboka- ukuba nentetho kaPatrick Henry malunga nenkululeko yabhalwa amashumi eminyaka emva kokufa kwakhe, okanye ukuba uMolly Pitcher wayengekho. Kwanele ukundenza ndiphantse ndifune ukukhala okanye ukukhula.
Kwaye ngoku kuza ifayile ye- Magazine Smithsonian ukusiphanga notshaba olugqibeleleyo, umntu omhlophe kumculo waseHamilton, igeza kwiimovie zaseHollywood, Ukuphakama kwakhe kobukumkani obuluhlaza, umtyholwa kunye nokugwetywa kwisibhengezo senkululeko. Ukuba bekungekho ngenxa kaHitler, ngokuqinisekileyo andazi ukuba ngesele siphilela ntoni.
Ngokwenyani, into eshicilelwe nguSmithsonian, ngaphandle kokuphononongwa luluntu lwezobukrelekrele, iguqulelwe kwincwadi ebizwa. UKumkani wokugqibela waseMelika ngummangalelwa woMthetho wobuNtlola kwixesha elizayo uAndrew Roberts. UDaniel Hale uvalelwe yedwa kwiminyaka emine ezayo ukusixelela nje ukuba urhulumente wase-US wenzani ngeedrones kunye nemijukujelwa. Thelekisa oku noku kuMnu. Roberts, ecaphula uKumkani uGeorge ngobubi bobukhoboka:
“'Izizathu ezazisetyenziswa ngabantu baseSpeyin ekwenzeni amakhoboka iLizwe Elitsha zazibangel' umdla gqitha,' utsho uGeorge; ‘ukusasazwa konqulo lobuKristu kwaba sisizathu sokuqala, esalandelayo yaba ngabemi baseMerika [Bomthonyama] abahlukileyo kubo ngemibala, ngesimilo, nangezithethe, zonke ezibubudenge kakhulu ukuba zingakwazi ukuziphikisa.’ Malunga nenkqubo yaseYurophu yokukhobokisa abantu base-Afrika, wabhala wathi, 'ezona zizathu zibongoziweyo ziya kuba zanele ukuba zisenze sibambe le nkqubo.' UGeorge akazange abe namakhoboka, kwaye wavuma umthetho owaphelisa urhwebo lwamakhoboka eNgilani ngo-1807. Ngokwahlukileyo, babengekho ngaphantsi kwama-41 kwabangama-56 abasayina iSibhengezo senkululeko ababengabanini bamakhoboka. ”
Ngoku oko akulunganga. Abavukeli baseMelika bathetha "ngobukhoboka" kunye "nenkululeko" kodwa ezo azizange zenzelwe ukuba zithelekiswe nokwenyani, uyazi, ubukhoboka kunye nenkululeko. Yayizizixhobo zobuciko ezijoliswe ukubonisa ulawulo lwaseNgilani phezu kwamathanga ayo kunye nesiphelo sawo. Enyanisweni, abaninzi bama-Revolutionaries aseMerika bakhuthazwa ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye ngumnqweno wokukhusela ubukhoboka ekubhangiseni phantsi kolawulo lwamaNgesi. Ke, inyani yokuba u-King George wayengenabukhoboka ngelixa u-Thomas Jefferson engenakufumana ngokwaneleyo ayihambelani nesimangalo esichasene nokumkani esichazwe kwi-Isibhengezo senkululeko, esichazwa ngu-Andrew Roberts (ukuba ligama lakhe lokwenyani) njengokuvelisa intsomi.
“Sisibhengezo esasisekela intsomi yokuba uGeorge III wayenguzwilakhe. Ukanti uGeorge wayeyimbalasane yenkosi yomgaqo-siseko, enesazela ngokunzulu malunga nemida yamandla akhe. Akazange avotele umthetho omnye wePalamente, kwaye akazange abe nethemba okanye izicwangciso zokuseka nantoni na esondela kwingcinezelo phezu kwamakholoni akhe aseMelika, awayephakathi kwemibutho ekhululekile kwihlabathi ngexesha le-Revolution: Amaphephandaba ayengahlolisiswanga, ayenqabile. imikhosi yasezitratweni kunye nabantu ababephethwe ngamathanga ali-13 babenamalungelo amaninzi kwaye befumana inkululeko enkulu ngokomthetho kunalo naliphi na ilizwe laseYurophu laloo mihla. ”
Ndiyavuma ukuba ayivakali intle. Sekunjalo, ezinye izityholo ezikwesi siBhengezo zimele ukuba zaziyinyani, nokuba uninzi lwazo ngokusisiseko lwalufikelela ekubeni “nguye ophetheyo yaye kwakungafanelanga ukuba abe nguye,” kodwa esona simangalo siphezulu kolu xwebhu yaba sesi:
"Uvuselele imvukelo yasekhaya phakathi kwethu, kwaye wazama ukuzisa kubemi bemida yethu, amaIndiya angenanceba, ama-Savages angenanceba, olawulo lwawo olwaziwayo lwemfazwe, yintshabalalo engaziwayo kuyo yonke iminyaka, isini kunye neemeko."
Akumangalisi ukuba abathandi benkululeko kufanele ukuba babenabantu ekhaya phakathi kwabo abanokusongela uhlaselo. Ndiyazibuza ukuba inokuba ngoobani abo bantu. Kwaye zavela phi iingcwangu ezingenanceba - zazimenyelwa kwilizwe lamaNgesi kwasekuqaleni?
Abavukeli baseMelika, ngohlaziyo lwabo lwenkululeko, bavulela iNtshona ukuba yande kunye neemfazwe ngokuchasene nabemi baseMelika, kwaye ngenene balwa iimfazwe zokubulala abantu baseMelika ngexesha lovukelo lwaseMelika, balandelwa ngokukhawuleza ziimfazwe ezasungulwa eFlorida nase Canada. Igorha lenguqu uGeorge Rogers Clark uthe ebengathanda “ukubona lonke uhlanga lwamaIndiya etshatyalaliswa” kwaye “akasayi kuze ayeke ibhinqa eliNdoda okanye umntwana wabo anokumbeka izandla.” UClark ubhale ingxelo kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo zaseIndiya apho wayegrogrisa “Abafazi bakho nabantwana banikwe izinja ukuba zitye.” Walandela ngamazwi akhe.
Ke, mhlawumbi abaHlaziyi babeneziphene, kwaye mhlawumbi kwezinye iimeko uKing George wayengumfana ohloniphekileyo ngexesha lakhe, kodwa wayeselutshaba olukrakra kwinkululeko yothando lwenkululeko, er, ndithetha abanqolobi, okanye nokuba babenjani, akunjalo? Ewe, ngokukaRoberts:
Isisa somoya kaGeorge III sandothusa xa ndandiphanda Oovimba baseRoyal, ezigcinwe kwiNqaba eRound kwiNqaba yaseWindsor. Kwanasemva kokuba uGeorge Washington oyise imikhosi kaGeorge kwiMfazwe yenkululeko, inkosi ibhekise eWashington ngo-Matshi 1797 'njengoyena mntu ubalaseleyo kule minyaka,' kwaye xa uGeorge wadibana noJohn Adams eLondon ngoJuni 1785, wathi kuye, thetha ngokuphandle nawe. Ndaba ngowokugqibela ukuvuma ukwahlukana [phakathi kweNgilani namathanga]; kodwa ukwahlulwa kwenziwe, kwaye kungenakuphepheka, bendihlala ndisitsho, kwaye ndiyatsho ngoku, ukuba ndiza kuba ngowokuqala ukudibana nobuhlobo baseMelika njengamandla azimeleyo. (Ukudibana kwakwahluke kakhulu kuleyo iboniswe kwimisebenzi 'kaJohn Adams,' apho iAdams, edlalwe nguPaul Giamatti, iphathwa gwenxa. UGeorge, owayesebenza njengenkosi ethintela umgaqo-siseko, elandela ngokusondeleyo iingcebiso zabaphathiswa kunye neenjengele zakhe. ”
Kodwa emva koko, yayiyintoni kanye kanye inqaku lemfazwe enegazi elinamagazi? Amazwe amaninzi-kubandakanya iCanada njengomzekelo osondeleyo-azuze inkululeko yawo ngaphandle kweemfazwe. EUnited States, abantu bathi “oobawo baseki” balwela inkululeko, kodwa ukuba besinokuba nazo zonke iingenelo ezifanayo ngaphandle kwemfazwe, ngaba oko bekungayi kuba bhetele kunokubulala amashumi amawaka abantu?
Emuva ngo-1986, incwadi yapapashwa ngusomaqhinga omkhulu ongenabundlobongela uGene Sharp kunye no-David Toscano wase-Virginia State, kunye nabanye, ababizwa ngokuba Ukuchasana, ezepolitiko, kunye noMzabalazo waseMelika wokuZimela, ngo-1765-1775.
Leyo mihla ayisiyo typo. Ngaloo minyaka, abantu bamathanga ase-Bhritane awayeza kuba yi-United States basebenzise i-browcotts, iindibano, iimatshi, imidlalo yeqonga, ukungathotyelwa kwemigaqo, ukuvalwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, oorhulumente abangaphandle kwezomthetho, ukuphembelela iPalamente, ukuvalwa kwenkundla. kunye neeofisi kunye namachweba, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezitampu zerhafu, ukufundisa okungapheliyo kunye nokulungelelanisa, kunye nokulahlwa kweti kwi-harbor - konke ukuphumeza ngempumelelo umlinganiselo omkhulu wokuzimela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngaphambi kweMfazwe ye-Independence. Impahla ejikeleza ekhaya ukumelana nobukhosi base-Bhritane yayiqhutywa kwi-United States kwixa elizayo ngaphambi kokuba uGandhi ayizame. Abakuxeleli oko esikolweni, akunjalo?
Amakholoni awazange athethe ngemisebenzi yawo ngokwemiqathango yesiGandhi. Abazange balucinge kwangaphambili ugonyamelo. Ngamanye amaxesha babesoyikisa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha beyisebenzisa. Baye, ngelishwa, bathetha ngokuchasa "ubukhoboka" baseNgilani nangona babegcina ubukhoboka boqobo "kwiLizwe elitsha." Yaye bathetha ngokunyaniseka kwabo kuKumkani kwanaxa beyigxeka imithetho yakhe.
Ukanti ubukhulu becala balalile ubundlobongela njengento echasene nemveliso. Baye bawubhangisa uMthetho weSitampu emva kokuwubhangisa. Baye bayitshitshisa phantse yonke iTownsend Acts. Iikomiti abazilungiselele ukunyanzelisa ukungavunyelwa kweempahla zaseBritane zanyanzelisa ukhuseleko loluntu kwaye zaphuhlisa umanyano lwesizwe olutsha. Phambi kwamadabi aseLexington naseConcord, amafama aseNtshona Massachusetts aye athatha ngokungenabundlobongela zonke izindlu zenkundla kwaye akhupha iBritane. Kwaye ke amaBostonia ajika ngokugqibeleleyo kubundlobongela, ukhetho olungafuneki ukuba luthethelelwe, lungazukiswa kangako, kodwa olo lwalufuna intshaba nganye enedemon.
Ngelixa sicinga ukuba yayiyimfazwe yase-Iraq kuphela kwemfazwe eyaqala ngobuxoki, siyalibala ukuba ukubulawa kwabantu eBoston kwagqwethwa ngaphaya kokuqondwa, kubandakanya nokukrolwa nguPaul Revere obonisa iBritane njengabaxheli. Sicima inyani yokuba uBenjamin Franklin uvelise umba ongeyonyani we eBoston eZimeleyo apho amaBritane aqhayisa ngokuzingela kwe-scalp. Kwaye siyayilibala ubume be-elite benkcaso eBritani. Silahla umngxuma wenkumbulo ubunyani bezo ntsuku zokuqala kubantu abaqhelekileyo abangenamagama. UWoward Zinn ucacisile:
"Kwi-1776, abantu abathile abakwii-coloni zesiNgesi benza ukufumanisa okuza kubonisa ukuba luncedo kakhulu kwiminyaka emibini ezayo. Bakufumanisa ukuba ngokudala isizwe, isimboli, ubunye obungokomthetho obubizwa ngokuba yi-United States, banokuthatha umhlaba, inzuzo kunye namandla ezopolitiko kwiintandokazi zoBukumkani baseBrithani. Kwinkqubo, banokubamba iqela labanokuhlubuka kunye nokudala ukuvumelwaniswa nenkxaso exhasekileyo ekulawuleni inkokheli entsha, inkululeko. "
Ngapha koko, ngaphambi koqhushululu olunamandla, bekukho iimvukelo ezili-18 ngokuchasene noorhulumente bamathanga, imvukelo yabantsundu abathandathu, kunye neziphithiphithi ezingama-40. Abaphathi bezopolitiko babone kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela umsindo eNgilane. Amahlwempu angazukufumana nzuzo emfazweni okanye avune umvuzo wawo wezopolitiko kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba anyanzelwe ukuba alwe kuwo. Uninzi, kubandakanywa abantu abakhotyokisiweyo, bathembisa inkululeko ethe kratya yiBritane, belahliwe okanye batshintshe amacala.
Isohlwayo sokophula umthetho kwi-Continental Army yaba yimivumbo eli-100. Xa uGeorge Washington, indoda esisityebi eMelika, engakwazanga ukweyisela iCongress ukuba inyuse umda osemthethweni ube yimivumbo engama-500, waye wacinga ukusebenzisa umsebenzi onzima njengesohlwayo endaweni yoko, kodwa wayilahla loo ngcinga kuba umsebenzi onzima wawungazukucaca kwinkonzo eqhelekileyo Umkhosi welizwekazi. Amajoni nawo ashiya kuba efuna ukutya, impahla, indawo yokuhlala, amayeza kunye nemali. Baye babhalisela ukuhlawulwa, abazange bahlawulwe, kwaye babeka engozini impilo-ntle yeentsapho zabo ngokuhlala eMkhosini bengahlawulwanga. Malunga nesibini esithathwini sazo sasingavisisani okanye sichasa unobangela ababesilwela yaye bebandezeleka ngenxa yawo. Uvukelo oludumileyo, njengemvukelo kaShays eMassachusetts, yayiza kulandela uloyiso loguquko.
Ke, mhlawumbi iRevolution enobundlobongela ibingafuneki, kodwa inkolelo yokuba ibiyiyo isinceda ukuba siyixabise i-oligarchy eyonakeleyo esihlala kuyo njengento yokubhala kakubi “idemokhrasi” kwaye iqalise imfazwe ye-apocalyptic e-China. Ke, awunakuthi nabani na ufele ilize.
