Emehlweni abantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, idiplomacy ithathe isihlalo esingasemva kwimisebenzi yasemkhosini kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US. Inkqubo yedrone ngumzekelo obalaseleyo.
NguAnn Wright | NgoJuni 2017.
Ibuyiselwe kwakhona ngoJuni 9, 2017, ukusuka Ijenali yeNkonzo yaNgaphandle.
I-MQ-9 Reaper, inqwelomoya yokulwa, ibhabha.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Best
Umkhosi womkhosi wamazwe angaphandle wase-US ngokuqinisekileyo awuzange uqalise ngoMongameli uDonald J. Trump; enyanisweni, ibuyela emva amashumi eminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iintsuku zokuqala ezili-100 zikaTrump e-ofisini zikho naziphi na izibonakaliso, akananjongo yokuthoba isantya.
Ngexesha leveki enye ngo-Epreli, abalawuli bakaTrump badubula imijukujelwa ye-59 yeTomahawk kwibala leenqwelomoya laseSyria, kwaye yawisa eyona bhombu inkulu kwi-arsenal yase-US kwiitonela ezirhanelwayo ze-ISIS e-Afghanistan. Esi sixhobo se-21,600-pound incendiary percussion isixhobo esingazange sisetyenziswe ekulweni-iMassive Ordinance Air Blast okanye i-MOAB, eyaziwa ngokuba "nguMama wazo zonke iibhombu" -yasetyenziswa kwisithili sase-Achin e-Afghanistan, apho uMkhosi oKhethekileyo wabasebenzi uSajini uMark De. UAlencar wayebulewe kwiveki ephelileyo. (Ibhombu yavavanywa kabini kuphela, e-Elgin Air Base, eFlorida, ngo-2003.)
Ukubethelela ukuthanda kolawulo olutsha kunyanzeliso lwezozakuzaku, isigqibo sokuzama ngamandla aqhushumbayo ebhombu enkulu sathatyathwa ecaleni nguGeneral John Nicholson, umphathi-jikelele wemikhosi yaseMelika e-Afghanistan. Encoma eso sigqibo, uPress. UTrump ubhengeze ukuba unike "ugunyaziso olupheleleyo" kumkhosi wase-US ukuba enze nantoni na abayifunayo, naphi na emhlabeni-nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngaphandle kokubonisana nekomiti yezokhuseleko yelizwe.
Ikwaxela ukuba uPress. UTrump ukhethe iinjengele kwizikhundla ezibini eziphambili zokhuseleko lwesizwe ngokwesiko ezizaliswe ngabantu: uNobhala wezoKhuselo kunye noMcebisi wezoKhuseleko weSizwe. Ukanti kwiinyanga ezintathu kulawulo lwakhe, ushiye amakhulukhulu ezikhundla eziphezulu kurhulumente kurhulumente, kwezoKhuselo nakwezinye iindawo.
UVanlo oluNyunkqayo oluya lusanda
Amalungu e-New York Air National Guard's 1174th Fighter Wing Maintenance Group abeka iitshokhi kwi-MQ-9 Reaper emva kokuba ibuyile kwimishini yoqeqesho lwasebusika kwi-Wheeler Sack Army Airfield, Fort Drum, NY, Feb. 14, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Best
Ngelixa uPress. U-Trump akakacacisi umgaqo-nkqubo malunga nokubulawa kwezopolitiko, okwangoku akukho nto ibonisa ukuba uceba ukutshintsha indlela yokuxhomekeka ekubulaweni kwe-drone okwasekwa ngabangaphambili bakhe bamva nje.
Noko ke, emva phayaa ngowe-1976, uMongameli uGerald Ford wamisela umzekelo owahluke gqitha xa wayekhupha eyakhe I-Order Order 11095. Oku kwabhengeza ukuba "Akukho mqeshwa kurhulumente wase-United States oya kubandakanyeka, okanye enze iyelenqe lokubandakanyeka, ekubulaweni kwezopolitiko."
Wamisela oku kuthintelwa emva kophando lweKomiti yeCawa (iKomiti yeSeneti eKhethekileyo yokufunda imisebenzi yoRhulumente ngokuHlonipha imisebenzi yezobuNgcali, ekhokelwa nguSen. Frank Church, D-Idaho) kunye neKomiti yePike (umlingani wayo weNdlu, usihlalo ngu-Rep. Otis. G. Pike, DN.Y.) uveze ubungakanani bezenzo zokubulala zeCentral Intelligence Agency ngokuchasene neenkokeli zamazwe angaphandle ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kunye neye-1970.
Ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa, abongameli abalandelayo abalandelayo baluxhasa ukuvalwa komsebenzi. Kodwa ngo-1986, uMongameli uRonald Reagan wayalela ukuba kuhlaselwe ikhaya lendoda eyomeleleyo yaseLibya uMuammar Gaddafi e-Tripoli, ukuziphindezela ngokuqhushumbiswa kwe-nightclub yaseBerlin eyabulala igosa lase-US kunye nabemi ababini baseJamani kwaye benzakalisa i-229. Ngemizuzu nje ye-12, iinqwelomoya zaseMelika zawa. Iitoni ezingama-60 zeebhombu zase-US endlwini, nangona basilela ukumbulala uGaddafi.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini emva koko, ngo-1998, uMongameli uBill Clinton wayalela ukuba kudutyulwe imijukujelwa yokuhamba ngenqanawa engama-80 kumaziko e-al-Qaida e-Afghanistan naseSudan, ukuziphindezela ngokuqhushumba koonozakuzaku baseMelika eKenya naseTanzania. Ulawulo lukaClinton balithethelela eli nyathelo ngokuthi isithintelo esichasene nokubulawa asibandakanyi abantu ababemiselwe ngurhulumente wase-US ukuba baxhumene nobunqolobi.
Kwiintsuku emva kokuba i-al-Qaida iqhube i-11 Septemba, i-2001, ukuhlaselwa kwe-United States, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush watyikitya "ukufumana" i-intelligence "evumela i-Central Intelligence Agency ukuba ibandakanyeke "kwimisebenzi efihlakeleyo" yokubulala u-Osama bin Laden kunye no-Osama bin Laden. tshabalalisa inethiwekhi yakhe yobunqolobi. I-White House kunye namagqwetha e-CIA baphikisana ukuba lo myalelo wawusemthethweni ngezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, bamkela isikhundla solawulo lukaClinton ukuba i-EO 11905 ayizange ithintele i-United States ukuthatha inyathelo ngokuchasene nabanqolobi. Ngokucacileyo, bavakalisa ukuba ukuvalwa kokubulawa kwezobupolitika akuzange kusebenze ngexesha lemfazwe.
Thumela kwiiDrones
Ukwala okuthe kratya kolawulo lukaBush kuthintelo lokubulala okujoliswe kuko okanye ukugetyengwa kwezopolitiko kwabuyisela umva ikota yenkulungwane yomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US. Kwakhona kwavula umnyango wokusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-moya zasemoyeni ezingenamntu ukuze kubulawe abantu ekujoliswe kubo (intetho ethetha ngokubulala).
Umkhosi wasemoyeni wase-US wawubhabha izithuthi zasemoyeni ezingenabantu (ii-UAVs), ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1960, kodwa nje ngamaqonga okuhlola angenamntu. Ukulandela i-9/11, nangona kunjalo, iSebe lezoKhuselo kunye ne-Central Intelligence Agency yaxhobisa "i-drones" (njengoko yayibizwa ngokukhawuleza) ukubulala zombini iinkokeli kunye namajoni eenyawo ze-al-Qaida kunye neTaliban.
I-United States yaseka iziseko e-Afghanistan nasePakistan ngaloo njongo, kodwa emva kohlaselo lwe-drone olwabulala abantu, kuquka neqela elikhulu elalihlanganisene emtshatweni, urhulumente wasePakistan wayalela ngo-2011 ukuba i-drones yase-US kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini base-US basuswe. ukusuka kwisiseko sayo somoya eShamsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukubulawa okujoliswe kuko kwaqhubeka kuqhutywa ePakistan ngeedrones ezinze ngaphandle kwelizwe.
Ngo-2009, uMongameli uBarack Obama wathatha apho wayeyeke khona umanduleli wakhe. Njengoko inkxalabo yoluntu kunye nengqungquthela yanda malunga nokusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-moya ezilawulwa yi-CIA kunye nabaqhubi bezempi abahlala kwiikhilomitha ezili-10,000 kude nabantu ababeyalelwe ukuba babulale, i-White House yanyanzeliswa ukuba ivume ngokusemthethweni inkqubo yokubulala ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye ichaze indlela abantu abaye baba lithagethi ngayo. inkqubo.
Endaweni yokunyusa inkqubo emva, nangona kunjalo, ulawulo luka-Obama luphindwe kabini. Ngokusisiseko yatyumba onke amadoda akubudala bomkhosi kwindawo yoqhanqalazo lwangaphandle njengabalwi, kwaye ke ngoko ijolise ekujoliseni koko yakubiza ngokuba “kukutyikitya ugwayimbo.” Okona kukhathaza ngakumbi, yabhengeza ukuba ugwayimbo olujolise kubanqolobi abathile, abakwixabiso eliphezulu, olwaziwa ngokuba "lugwayimbo lomntu," lunokubandakanya abemi baseMelika.
Loo ngcamango inokwenzeka kungekudala yaba yinyaniso elusizi. NgoAprili 2010, uPress. U-Obama ugunyazise i-CIA ukuba "ijolise" u-Anwar al-Awlaki, ummi waseMelika kunye nowayesakuba yi-imam kwi-mosque yaseVirginia, ukuba abulawe. Ngaphantsi kweshumi leminyaka ngaphambili, iOfisi kaNobhala woMkhosi yayimeme i-imam ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwinkonzo yeemvaba ngeemvaba emva kwe-9/11. Kodwa u-al-Awlaki kamva waba ngumgxeki ocacileyo “wemfazwe yobugrogrisi,” wafudukela kwilizwe likayise eYemen, wanceda i-al-Qaida ukuba ifune amalungu.
Ukwala okuthe kratya kolawulo lukaBush kuthintelo lokubulala okujoliswe kuko kwavula umnyango wokusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-moya zasemoyeni ezingenamntu ukuze kubulawe abantu ekujoliswe kubo.
NgoSeptemba 30, i-2011, isiteleka se-drone sabulala u-al-Awlaki kunye nomnye waseMelika, uSamir Khan-owayehamba naye eYemen. Iidrones zase-US zabulala unyana ka-al-Awlaki oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, u-Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, ummi waseMelika, kwiintsuku ezili-10 kamva kuhlaselo kwiqela labafana ababejikeleze umlilo. Ulawulo luka-Obama aluzange lucacise ukuba lo nyana oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala wayejoliswe kuye na ngenxa yokuba wayengunyana ka-al-Awlaki okanye ukuba wayelixhoba loqhankqalazo “lokutyikitya”, ifanele inkcazo yomfana osemkhosini. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lenkomfa yabezindaba e-White House, intatheli yabuza isithethi sika-Obama uRobert Gibbs ukuba angakukhusela njani ukubulala, kwaye ngakumbi ukusweleka komntwana ongummi wase-US owayejongwe ngaphandle kwenkqubo, ngaphandle kwetyala.
Impendulo kaGibbs ayizange incede umfanekiso wase-US kwilizwe lamaSilamsi: “Ndingacebisa ukuba ubunotata onoxanduva ngakumbi ukuba banenkxalabo ngempilo-ntle yabantwana babo. Andicingi ukuba ngumnqolobi we-al-Qaida jihadist yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza ishishini lakho. ”
NgoJanuwari 29, 2017, intombi ka-al-Awlaki eneminyaka eyi-8 ubudala, uNawar al-Awlaki, wabulawa kuhlaselo lwe-commando yase-US e-Yemen eyalelwa ngumlandeli ka-Obama, uDonald Trump.
Ngeli xesha, abeendaba baqhubekile nokuxela izehlo zokubulawa kwabantu kuqhankqalazo lwe-drone kulo lonke ummandla, oluhlala lujolise kumatheko omtshato kunye nemingcwabo. Abemi abaninzi bommandla osecaleni komda we-Afghan-Pakistan bave ukuduma kweedrones ezijikeleza indawo yabo ubusuku nemini, zibangela ukwenzakala ngokwasengqondweni kubo bonke abo bahlala kuloo ndawo, ngakumbi abantwana.
Ulawulo luka-Obama lwagxekwa kabukhali ngeqhinga “lokucofa kabini”—ukubetha kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo okanye isithuthi ngomjukujelwa weSihogo, emva koko wadubula umjukujelwa wesibini kwiqela elize kunceda abo bonzakeleyo ekuqaleni. uhlaselo. Amaxesha amaninzi, abo babebaleka besiya kunceda abantu ababevaleleke kwizakhiwo ezidilikileyo okanye iimoto ezivuthayo yayingabemi basekuhlaleni, ingengomajoni.
Iqhinga eliYandayo lokuChasa imveliso
Ingqiqo ngokwesiko enikezelwa ngokusetyenziswa kweedrones kukuba ziphelisa imfuno "yeebhutsi phantsi" - nokuba ngamalungu omkhosi oxhobileyo okanye abasebenzi be-CIA-kwiindawo ezinobungozi, ngaloo ndlela bethintela ukulahleka kobomi base-US. Amagosa ase-US akwabanga ukuba ii-UAVs zobuntlola ziqokelelana ngokucupha ixesha elide zenza ukuba ugwayimbo lwazo luchaneke ngakumbi, lunciphisa inani labantu abenzakeleyo. (Ishiywe ingachazwanga, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo enye into ekhuthazayo enamandla, yinto yokuba ukusetyenziswa kweedrones kuthetha ukuba akukho majoni arhanelwayo anokuthathwa ephila, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwa iingxaki zezopolitiko kunye nezinye iingxaki zokuvalelwa.)
Nangona la mabango eyinyani, nangona kunjalo, awayilungisi impembelelo yeqhinga kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US. Eyona nto ixhalabisa kakhulu kukuba i-drones ivumela abongameli ukuba baphendule imibuzo yemfazwe noxolo ngokukhetha ukhetho olubonakala lunika ikhosi ephakathi, kodwa eneneni ineziphumo ezahlukeneyo zexesha elide kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US, kunye noluntu. ekupheleni kokufumana.
Ngokuthatha umngcipheko wokuphulukana nabasebenzi baseMelika ngaphandle komfanekiso, abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo baseWashington banokuhendeka ukuba basebenzise amandla ukusombulula ingxaki yokhuseleko kunokuba bathethathethane namaqela abandakanyekayo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokwendalo yazo, ii-UAVs zinokuthi zivuse impindezelo ngokuchasene neMelika kuneenkqubo zezixhobo eziqhelekileyo. Kwabaninzi kuMbindi Mpuma naseMzantsi Asia, iidrones zibonisa ubuthathaka bukarhulumente wase-US kunye nomkhosi wakhe, hayi amandla. Ngaba akufanelanga ukuba amagorha anobukroti alwe emhlabeni, abuza, endaweni yokufihla emva kwedrone engenabuso esibhakabhakeni, eqhutywa ngumntu oselula esitulweni kumawakawaka eekhilomitha kude?
Iidrones zivumela abongameli ukuba baphendule imibuzo yemfazwe noxolo ngokukhetha ukhetho olubonakala lunika ikhosi ephakathi, kodwa eneneni ineziphumo ezahlukeneyo zexesha elide kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US.
Ukusukela ngo-2007, ubuncinci abasebenzi be-150 be-NATO baba ngamaxhoba "ohlaselo lwangaphakathi" ngamalungu omkhosi wase-Afghan kunye namapolisa elizwe aqeqeshwa ngumanyano. Uninzi lwabantu base-Afghan abenza ukubulala "okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kwabasebenzi baseMelika, bobabini abanxibe iyunifomu kunye nabahlali, basuka kwimimandla yezizwe kumda we-Afghanistan kunye nePakistan apho uhlaselo lwase-US lugxile khona. Baphindezela ukusweleka kweentsapho zabo kunye nabahlobo ngokubulala abaqeqeshi babo basemkhosini base-US.
Umsindo ngokuchasene ne-drones uye wavela e-United States ngokunjalo. Ngomhla woku-1 kuCanzibe, ngo-2010, uFaisal Shahzad waseMelika wasePakistan wazama ukukhupha ibhombu yemoto eTimes Square. Kwisibongozo sakhe enetyala, u-Shahzad wathethelela ukujolisa kubantu ngokuxelela ijaji, “Xa idrone ibetha e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, ababoni bantwana, ababoni mntu. Babulala abafazi, abantwana; babulala wonke umntu. Babulala onke amaSilamsi.”
Njengoko i-2012 i-US Air Force yayiqesha abaqhubi bee-drone ngaphezu kwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya zemveli-phakathi kwe-2012 kunye ne-2014, baceba ukongeza abaqhubi be-2,500 kunye nokuxhasa abantu kwiprogram ye-drone. Eli nani liphantse libe kabini inani loonozakuzaku abaqeshwe liSebe likaRhulumente kwisithuba seminyaka emibini.
I-Congressional kunye ne-media inkxalabo malunga neprogram yakhokelela ekuvunyweni kuka-Obama kweentlanganiso eziqhelekileyo zeLwesibini ezikhokelwa ngumongameli ukuchonga iinjongo zoluhlu lokubulala. Kwimithombo yeendaba yamazwe ngamazwe, "i-Terror Tuesdays" yaba yimbonakaliso yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US.
Hayi Kade Kakhulu
Kwabaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US ubulawulwa kule minyaka ili-16 idlulileyo zizenzo zomkhosi kuMbindi Mpuma naseMzantsi Asia, kunye nemithambo emikhulu yomhlaba nolwandle kuMntla-mpuma Asia. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, iinzame zaseMelika kwimiba yezoqoqosho, urhwebo, imiba yenkcubeko kunye namalungelo oluntu zibonakala zithatha isihlalo esingasemva ekulweni iimfazwe eziqhubekayo.
Ukuqhubela phambili nokusetyenziswa kwemfazwe yedrone ukwenza ukubulala kuya kwandisa ukungathembeki kwamanye amazwe kwiinjongo zaseMelika kunye nokuthembeka. Idlala kwabona bachasi sizama ukuboyisa.
Ngexesha lephulo lakhe, uDonald Trump wathembisa ukuba uya kuhlala ebeka "iMelika kuqala," kwaye wathi ufuna ukuphuma kwishishini lokutshintsha ulawulo. Akukashiywa lixesha ukuba angasigcina eso sithembiso ngokufunda kwiimpazamo zabo bamanduleli kunye nokubuyisela umva ukuqhubeka komkhosi wase-US.
UAnn Wright uchithe iminyaka engama-29 kuMkhosi woMkhosi wase-US kunye nooMkhosi woMkhosi, ethatha umhlala-phantsi njengekholoneli. Wakhonza iminyaka eli-16 kwiNkonzo Yezizwe Ngezizwe eNicaragua, eGrenada, eSomalia, eUzbekistan, eKyrgyzstan, eSierra Leone, eMicronesia naseMongolia, yaye wakhokela iqela elincinane elaphinda lavula umzi wozakuzo waseUnited States eKabul ngoDisemba 2001. Warhoxa ngoMatshi 2003 ngokuchasene nesigqibo sakhe. Imfazwe yase-Iraq, kwaye ungumbhali-ndawonye wencwadi ethi Dissent: Voices of Conscience (Koa, 2008). Uthetha kwihlabathi jikelele malunga nokulwa komgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US kwaye uthatha inxaxheba esebenzayo kwi-US anti-war movement.
Iimbono ezichazwe kweli nqaku zezombhali kwaye azibonakalisi imbono yeSebe likaRhulumente, iSebe lezoKhuselo okanye urhulumente wase-US.
