NguNicolas JS Davies, Julayi 7, 2020
Xa uMongameli Clinton wehlayo I-23,000 yeebhombu malunga nokushiyekileyo kweYugoslavia ngo-1999 kwaye i-NATO yahlasela iphondo laseYugoslavia eKosovo, amagosa ase-US abeka le mfazwe kuluntu lwaseMelika "njengokungenelela kwabantu" ukukhusela uninzi lwabemi base-Albino be-Albino ekutshutshisweni ngokubulawa kuka-Yugoslavia Slobodan IMilosevic. Le ngxelo ibisoloko ityhila isiqwenga de kube njalo.
Ngo-2008 umtshutshisi wezizwe ngezizwe, u-Carla Del Ponte, watyhola iNkulumbuso yase-US uHashim Thaci waseKosovo ngokusebenzisa iphulo lokuqhushumisa ngebhombu e-US njengendawo yokubulala amakhulu abantu ukuba athengise amalungu angaphakathi kwintengiso yelinye ilizwe. Izityholo zikaDel Ponte zazibonakala ziphantse zayinyani. Kodwa nge-24 kaJuni, uThaci, ngoku onguMongameli waseKosovo, kunye nezinye iinkokheli zangaphambili ze-CIA-exhaswa yi-Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA,) ekugqibeleni babekwa ityala lezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zineminyaka engama-20 yinkundla ekhethekileyo yolwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni e-The Hague.
Ukusukela ngo-1996 kuye phambili, i-CIA kunye nezinye iiarhente zobuntlola zaseNtshona basebenza ngokungagungqiyo kunye neKosovo Liberation Army (KLA) ukubethelela kunye nobundlobongela bamafutha noxinzelelo eKosovo. I-CIA ilahle inkokheli zesizwe zase-Kosovar ezimela amaqela emigulukudu kunye nama-heroin abambisi abafana no-Thaci kunye nemikhosi yakhe, ebaqokelela njengabagrogrisi kunye neqela lokufa ukubulala amapolisa aseYugoslavia kunye nabani na obachasayo.
Njengoko yenzile kwilizwe emva kwelizwe ukusukela nge1950s, i-CIA yasungula imfazwe yamakhaya engcolileyo abathi abezopolitiko baseNtshona kunye noonondaba batyhola abaphathi base Yugoslavia. Kodwa ekuqaleni kuka-1998, nkqu nommeli wase-United States uRobert Gelbard wabiza i-KLA "njengeqela labanqolobi" kwaye iBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN lagweba "izenzo zobunqolobi" yi-KLA kunye "nayo yonke inkxaso yangaphandle yemisebenzi yobunqolobi eKosovo, kubandakanya ezemali, iingalo noqeqesho. ” Yakuba imfazwe iphelile kwaye iKosovo yayihluthwe ngempumelelo yimikhosi yase-US kunye ne-NATO, imithombo ye-CIA yavulwa ngokuvulekileyo Indima yearhente ekwenzeni imfazwe yamakhaya ukuseta inqanaba longenelelo ngoncedo lwe-NATO.
NgoSeptemba 1998, i-UN yaxela ukuba abantu abangama-230,000 baseMbaleki babalekile kwimfazwe yamakhaya, ubukhulu becala ngaphesheya komda baya eAlbania, kwadlula iBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN. isisombululo 1199, ebiza ukuba kuphele umlilo, umsebenzi wokubeka iliso kwilizwe liphela, ukubuya kwababaleki kunye nesisombululo sezopolitiko. Umthunywa omtsha wase-US, uRichard Holbrooke, uqinisekisile uMongameli wase-Yugoslav uMilosevic ukuba avume ukumiswa kwelinye ilizwe kunye nokwazisa ngemishini “yokuqinisekisa” yamalungu ayi-2,000 XNUMX evela kuMbutho woKhuseleko kunye neNtsebenziswano eYurophu (OSCE). Kodwa i-US kunye ne-NATO zaqala kwangoko ukwenza izicwangciso zephulo lokuqhushumisa "kunyanzeliso" lwesisombululo se-UN kunye nokupheliswa kobugwenxa base-Yugoslavia.
UHolbrooke ucenga usihlalo we-OSCE, Umphathiswa wezangaphandle wasePoland uBronislaw Geremek, ukuba aqeshe UWilliam Walker, owayengu-Ambasi wase-US e-El Salvador ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, ukukhokela iKosovo Verification Mission (KVM). I-US iqeshe ngokukhawuleza I-150 i-mamelaries e-Dyncorp ukwenza i-nucleus yeqela lika-Walker's, elinamalungu angama-1,380 asebenzisa izixhobo ze-GPS ukwenza imephu yeYugoslavia kwezomkhosi kunye nolwakhiwo lwezixhobo zomkhosi kwiphulo lokucoca ibhombu ye-NATO. Usekela ka-Walker, uGabriel Keller, I-Ambassan yase-France e-Yugoslavia, watyhola u-Walker ngokutshabalalisa i-KVM, kunye Imithombo yeCIA kamva yavuma into yokuba i-KVM yayiyi "CIA ngaphambili" ukulungelelanisa ne-KLA kunye nokuhlola iYugoslavia.
Isigulo esibuhlungu sobundlongondlongo obabangelwa yi-CIA sabeka inqanaba lezopolitiko kwibhombu ye-NATO nokuhlasela kwaba yindawo yomlilo kwilali ebizwa ngokuba yiRacak, eyayiqiniswe yi-KLA njengesiseko apho babeza kubambela khona ukujikeleza kwamapolisa nokuhambisa amatyeli okusweleka ukuba babulale abantu balapha " ababambisene. ” NgoJanuwari ka-1999, amapolisa aseYugoslavia ahlasela isiseko se-KLA eRacak, eshiya amadoda angama-43, umfazi kunye nenkwenkwe ekwishumi elivisayo beswelekile.
Emva kokucima umlilo, amapolisa aseYugoslav arhoxe elalini, kwaye i-KLA iphinde yawuthatha kwaye yawubeka kwindawo leyo umlilo wenza ukuba umlilo ubonakale ngathi ukubulawa kwabantu. Xa uWilliam Walker kunye neqela le-KVM babetyelele eRacak ngosuku olulandelayo, balamkela ibali le-KLA lokubulawa kwabantu kwaye balisasaza kwihlabathi, kwaye yaba yinxalenye yomdlalo ocacisayo malunga nokuqhushumisa kweYugoslavia kunye nokuthathwa komkhosi waseKosovo.
Ukugqalwa kweqela ngokuzenzekelayo liqela lehlabathi Abavavanyi bezonyango wafumana umkhombandlela wemipu ezandleni phantse kuyo yonke imizimba, ebonisa ukuba babephethe izixhobo. Phantse bonke babulawa kukudubula kwemipu ngokungathi sisicima mlilo, hayi ngokudubula ngokuchanekileyo, njengoko bekubulawa nje isishwankathelo, kwaye lixhoba elinye kuphela elidutshulwe kufutshane. Kodwa epheleleyo Iziphumo zomnxeba zapapashwa kamva kuphela, kwaye umvavanyi oyintloko wezonyango etyholwa Walker ka ukumnyanzela ukutshintsha.
Iintatheli ezibini zaseFrance ezinamava kunye neqela labasebenzi bekhamera ye-AP okwenzekileyo bacela umngeni kuhlobo lwe-KLA kunye ne-Walker's ngento eyenzeke eRacak. UChristophe Chatelet's nqaku Le Monde wanikwa intloko, "Ngaba abafileyo eRacak babulawa ngenene kwigazi elibandayo?" Umbhali we-veugan Yugoslavia uRenaud Girard ugqibile ibali lakhe in Le Figaro ngomnye umbuzo obalulekileyo, "Ngaba i-KLA ibifuna ukuguqula uloyiso lomkhosi lube yimpumelelo kwezopolitiko?"
I-NATO kwangoko yasongela ngokuqhushumba i-Yugoslavia, kwaye iFransi yavuma ukubamba iintetho ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa endaweni yokumema iinkokheli eziphambili zikazwelonke zaseKosovo kwiingxoxo eziseRambouillet, Unobhala uAlbright wakhwela inqwelo moya ekhokelwa ngumphathi we-KLA uHashim Thaci, de kwangoko waziwa ngabasemagunyeni baseYugoslavia njengeqela lemigulukudu kunye nomgrogrisi.
UAlbright wazisa omabini amacala ngesivumelwano esiyidrafti kwiindawo ezimbini, ezomkhosi nezomkhosi. Inxalenye yabemi yanika uKosovo inkululeko engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwiYugoslavia, kwaye abathunywa baseYugoslav bakwamkela oko. Kodwa isivumelwano somkhosi sasiya kunyanzela iYugoslavia ukuba yamkele ukubanjwa komkhosi we-NATO, hayi iKosovo nje kuphela kodwa ngaphandle kwemida yendawo, ngokwenza njalo ibeka yonke iYugoslavia phantsi Umsebenzi we-NATO.
Xa uMilosevich wenqabe imigaqo ka-Albright yokunikezela ngokungenamiqathango, i-US kunye ne-NATO bathi balugatyile uxolo, kwaye imfazwe yayiyiyo mpendulo, "ukuncamela Okokugqibela." Ababuyelanga kwi-UN Security Council ukuzama ukwenza isicwangciso sabo sisebenze, besazi kakuhle ukuba iRussia, China kunye namanye amazwe bazoyala. Xa uNobhala Wezangaphandle wase-UK u-Robin Cook uxelele u-Albright urhulumente wase-Britane "wayenengxaki namagqwetha ethu" ngesicwangciso se-NATO sokulwa ngokuchaseneyo ne-Yugoslavia, wamxelela ukuba "Fumana amagqwetha amatsha."
Ngomhla ka-Matshi ka-1999, amaqela e-KVM arhoxisiwe kwaye ukuqhushumisa kwaqalisa. IPascal Neuffer, iSwiss KVM yaseSwitzerland inike ingxelo, "Imeko esemhlabeni kwangaphambi kokuba kuqhume ibhombu ayithetheleli kungenelelo lomkhosi. Ngokuqinisekileyo ngesele siqhubekile nomsebenzi wethu. Kwaye iinkcazo ezinikezwe emaphephandabeni, zisithi uthumo luyekiswe sengozini yeSerb, khange ihambelane nale ndiyibonileyo. Masithi endaweni yokuba sikhutshwe ngenxa yokuba i-NATO igqibe kwelokuba ibhomu. ”
I-NATO ibulewe mawaka zabemi base Kosovo nakwamanye aseYugoslavia, njengoko yabhomisa Izibhedlele eziyi-19, amaziko ezempilo angama-20, izikolo ezingama-69, amakhaya angama-25,000, izitishi zamandla, kuzwelonke Isitishi seTV, i Umzi wamanye amazwe wase China eBelgrade nezinye oosozakuzaku. Emva kokuba ihlasele i-Kosovo, umkhosi wase-US wamisa i-Camp Bondsteel engama-955, enye yeziseko zayo ezinkulu zaseYurophu, kwindawo yayo entsha. Umkomishinara wamalungelo abantu eYurophu, uAlvaro Gil-Robles, watyelela eCamp Bondsteel ngo-2002 kwaye wayibiza ngokuba "yinguqulelo encinci yeGuantanamo," beyiveza njengemfihlo. Indawo ye-CIA emnyama ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukungavunyelwa nokuvalelwa.
Kodwa yeyabantu baseKosovo, Ilahleko yayingapheli xa kuqhushumisa ibhombu. Baninzi kakhulu abantu ababalekileyo kuqhushumbo kunelo kuthiwa "kucocwa ngokobuhlanga" i-CIA icaphukisile ukumisela inqanaba. Iimbacu ezingama-900,000 ezixeliweyo, phantse isiqingatha sabemi, zibuyele kwiphondo elichithakeleyo, elinabantu abaninzi, ngoku elawulwa ngabaphangi kunye nabaphathi bamazwe angaphandle.
I-Serbs kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci zaba ngabemi beklasi yesibini, babambelela ngokuthe ngqo kumakhaya nasekuhlaleni apho uninzi lweentsapho zabo bahlala khona ngenkulungwane. Bangaphezu kwama-200,000, 2019 amaSerbia, amaRom kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci abalekayo, njengoko umsebenzi weNATO kunye nomthetho we-KLA wathatha indawo ye-CIA eyenziwe ngenkohliso yokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga ngento yokwenyani. ICamp Bondsteel yayingoyena mqeshi mkhulu kwiphondo, kwaye iikhontrakthi zomkhosi zase-US nazo zathumela uKosovars ukuba asebenze eAfghanistan nase-Iraq. Ngo-XNUMX, iKosovo ye-capita GDP nganye yayi 4,458 kuphela, ngaphantsi kwalo naliphi na ilizwe ku iYurophu ngaphandle kweMoldova kunye nemfazwe edlakadlaka, i-post-coup Ukraine.
Ngo-2007, ingxelo yobukrelekrele bemikhosi yaseJamani yamchaza uKosovo njenge "Uluntu lweMafia," ngokusekwe ekubanjweni kwelizwe ngabaphuli-mthetho. Ingxelo egama linguHashim Thaci, owayeyinkokeli yeDemocratic Party, njengomzekelo “wendlela esisondeleleneyo phakathi kwabathatha izigqibo kwezopolitiko nakwicandelo lolwaphulo mthetho. Ngo-2000, I-80% ye-heroin urhwebo eYurophu lwalulawulwa ngamaqela e-Kosovar, kwaye ubukho bamawaka amajoni ase-US nase-NATO abangela ukuba kuqhume uhenyuzo kunye ukurhweba ngesondo, ikwalawulwa yiklasi entsha yolwaphulo-mthetho lukaKosovo.
Ngo-2008, uTaci wanyulwa njengeNkulumbuso, kwaye uKosovo wavuma ukuba uzimele geqe eSerbia. (Ukupheliswa kokugqibela kweYugoslavia ngo-2006 yayishiyile iSerbia neMontenegro njengamazwe ahlukeneyo.) I-US kunye nabalingane abayi-14 bakwamkela kwangoko ukuzimela kukaKosovo, kwaye amashumi asithoba anesixhenxe amazwe, malunga nesiqingatha samazwe ehlabathi, enze ngoku. Kodwa iSerbia kunye ne-UN abayazi loo nto, beshiya iKosovo kwi-limbo yexesha elide.
Xa inkundla yaseHague yaveza izityholo abekwa zona uThaci nge-24 kaJuni, wayesendleleni eya eWashington kwindibano yeWhite House kunye noTrump kunye noMongameli uVucic waseSerbia ukuya kuzama ukusombulula ukungavisisani kukaKosovo. Kodwa xa izityholo zabhengezwa, inqwelomoya kaThaci yenziwa ujikile u-U ngaphaya kweAtlantic, wabuyela eKosovo kwaye intlanganiso yarhoxiswa.
Isityholo sokubulala kunye nokurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni ngo-2008 senziwa ngo-XNUMX UCarla Del Ponte, Umtshutshisi oyiNtloko weNkundla yamatyala oLwaphulo-mthetho lweLizwe elaliyiYugoslavia (ICTFY), kwincwadi ayibhalileyo emva kokuba ehle esikhundleni. UDel Ponte kamva wachaza ukuba i-ICTFY yathintelwa ekuhlawuliseni uTlaci kunye nababekekwiqabane lakhe ngokungabambisani kweNATO kunye ne-UN Mission eKosovo. Kudliwanondlebe noxwebhu luka-2014, Ubunzima bamaTyathanga 2Ucacisile ukuba, "I-NATO kunye ne-KLA, njengamahlakani emfazweni, ngekhe babambane."
Human Rights Watch kwaye i-BBC Kulandelwa izityholo zikaDel Ponte, kwaye bafumana ubungqina bokuba u-Thaci kunye neqela lakhe babulala ukuya kuthi ga kwi-400 uninzi lwamabanjwa ase-Sebiya ngexesha lebhombu ye-NATO ngo-1999. kunye nengcwaba elinzima elingafakwanga kufutshane.
IBhunga lase-Europe umphandi u-Dick Marty wadlan 'indlebe namangqina, waqokelela ubungqina kwaye wapapasha ingxelo, ethi yi-Council of Europe zivunywe NgoJanuwari 2011, kodwa ipalamente yaseKosovo khange isamkele isicwangciso senkundla ekhethekileyo yaseHague de kwaba ngowama-2015. IiKomiti zeeNgcali kwaye i-ofisi yomtshutshisi ezimeleyo yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2017. Ngoku iijaji zineenyanga ezintandathu zokuphonononga izityholo zomtshutshisi kwaye zithathe isigqibo sokuba ityala liya kuqhubeka na.
Inxalenye ephambili yebali laseNtshona ngeYugoslavia yayikukubekwa kwademoni kukaMongameli Milosevich waseYugoslavia, owachasa ilizwe lakhe elalixhonywe liNtshona lishukunyiswa ngoo-1990. Iinkokheli zaseNtshona zatyabeka uMilosevich njengo “Hitler omtsha” kunye no “Butcher weeBalkan,” kodwa wayesathetha ngelithi umsulwa xa wafela esiseleni e-The Hague ngo-2006.
Kwiminyaka elishumi emva koko, xa kwakuxoxwa ityala lenkokeli yaseBosnia uRadovan Karadzic, abagwebi bamkela ubungqina bentshutshiso bokuba uMilosevich wasichasa ngokuqinileyo isicwangciso sikaKaradz sokuveza iRiphabliki yaseSerb eBosnia. Batyhola uKaradzic enoxanduva olupheleleyo lwemfazwe yamakhaya, emva kokubulawa ukuxolela U-Milosevich onoxanduva lwezenzo zeSerbia zaseBosnia, ezona zityholo zichasene naye.
Kodwa iphulo elingapheliyo laseMelika lokupeyinta zonke iintshaba zalo njenge "Oozwilakhe abanogonyamelo”Kunye ne-“ New Hitlers ”zijikeleza njengomatshini wokudemonya kwi-autopilot, ngakuPutin, u-Xi, uMaduro, uKhamenei, uFidel Castro ongasekhoyo kunye nayo nayiphi na inkokheli yelinye ilizwe ephakamayo ukuyalela urhulumente we-US. La maphulo ohlekisayo asebenza njengezicwangciso zokohlwaywa okhohlakeleyo kunye neemfazwe eziyimfazwe ngokuchasene nabamelwane bethu bamanye amazwe, kodwa njengezixhobo zopolitiko zokuhlasela zinciphise. nawuphi na umntu wezopolitiko wase-US omele uxolo, ubuzakuzaku kunye nokuchasana nezixhobo.
Njengoko iwebhu yewebhu iqokelelwe nguClinton no-Albright sele ityhile, kwaye inyaniso emva kobuxoki yabo ityhilekile ngesiqwenga segazi, imfazwe yaseYugoslavia ivele njengesifundo kwimeko apho iinkokeli zase-US zisilahlekisela emfazweni. Ngeendlela ezininzi, uKosovo wamisela itemplate esetyenziswe ziinkokeli zaseMelika ukutshabalalisa ilizwe lethu kunye nomhlaba kwimfazwe engapheliyo okoko. Into eyathatyathwa ziinkokheli zase-US "kwimpumelelo" yabo eKosovo yayikukuba umthetho, ubuntu nenyaniso ayifani ne-CIA eyenziweyo kunye noxokiso, kwaye baphinda kabini phantsi kwecebo lokufaka i-US kunye nelizwe kwimfazwe engapheliyo.
Njengoko yenzile eKosovo, i-CIA isaqhuba, ityhila ubume beemfazwe ezintsha kunye nenkcitho yasemkhosini engenamda, esekwe izityholo ezingenangqondo, imisebenzi yokufihla kwaye Isiphoso. Siye savumela abezopolitiko baseMelika ukuba baziphathe emqolo ngokuba nobungqongqo "koozwilakhe" kunye "nootsotsi," babayeke bazinze ngesithambiso esinexabiso eliphantsi endaweni yokujongana nomsebenzi onzima kakhulu wokuphinda babe ngabaphembeleli bokwenene bemfazwe kunye neziphithiphithi: i Umkhosi waseMelika kunye neCIA.
Kodwa ukuba abantu baseKosovo banokubamba amaqela emigewu axhaswe yi-CIA ababulala abantu babo, abathengise imizimba yabo kwaye baphanga ilizwe labo liziphendulela ngezenzo zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kuninzi kakhulu ukuba sinethemba lokuba abantu baseMelika banokwenza okufanayo kwaye babambe iinkokheli zethu ukuba ziphendule ngazo. zixhaphake kangakanani na iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho zemfazwe?
I-Iran kutshanje zichazwe UDonald Trump ngokubulawa kuka-General Qassem Soleimani, wacela i-Interpol ukuba imkhuphele iwaranti yokubanjwa yamazwe. I-Trump ayinakuphulukana nobuthongo ngenxa yoko, kodwa ukumbekwa ityala njenge-Thaci ngumqondiso wokuba i-US "Indawo engenamatyala" zokungaziphathi kakuhle kulwaphulo-mthetho zemfazwe ekugqibeleni ziqala ukuncipha, ubuncinci kukhuseleko olunikezela kubalingane baseMelika. Ngaba kufanelekile ukuba uNetanyahu, uBin Salman noTony Blair baqalise ukujonga ngaphezulu kwamagxa abo?
