Ngo-Nick Turse, ngoSeptemba 28 2017, Ukuthintela.
"Ndicinga ukuba xa amaMerika ukuthetha ngeMfazwe yaseVietnam ... sivame ukuthetha kuphela ngathi. Kodwa ukuba ngokwenene sifuna ukuyiqonda ... okanye uzama ukuphendula umbuzo oyintloko, 'Yintoni eyenzekayo?' Ufanele u-triangulate, " uthi Umenzi wefilimu uKen Burns wenkqutyana yakhe yoxwebhu lwePBS "I-Vietnam War". "Ufanele ukwazi ukuba kwenzekani. Kwaye sinamabutho amaninzi apho unamajoni aseMzantsi Vietnam kunye nabacebisi baseMelika okanye ... kunye nabo kunye neV Vietcong okanye eNyakatho yeVietnam. Kufuneka ungene apho uze uqonde oko bacinga. "
Burns kunye yakhe umlawuli oyintloko ULynn Novick wachitha iminyaka 10 kwi "Imfazwe yaseVietnam," incediswa ngumlimi wabo uSara Botstein, umbhali uGeffrey Ward, abacebisi be-24 nabanye. Badibanisa iifoto ze-25,000, zibandakanya kunye neengxoxo ze-80 zaseMelika kunye ne-Vietnamese, kwaye zasebenzisa i-$ 30 yezigidi kwiprojekthi. Iingxelo zee-18 zeeyure ziyamangalisa Ukuxoxa ngamabali, into apho uBurns noNoveick bathatha ukuzingca. "Imfazwe yaseVietnam" inika amanqaku amaninzi efilimu, iifoto ezimangalisayo, i-Age Age eqinile yeAcarius soundtrack, kunye neninzi yokubetha. Mhlawumbi oku kuthethwa yiBurns triangulation. Olu luchungechunge lubonakala lubuchule obuqulunqwe ukukhankanya abaphulaphuli abakhulu kakhulu baseMelika. Kodwa ngokusitshela ukuba "kwenzeka ntoni," andiboni ubungqina obuninzi bokuba.
NjengoBurns kunye noNoveick, ndaphinde ndichithe iminyaka elishumi ndisebenza kwiVietnam yaseVietnam, nangona kuqhutywe uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthile kakhulu, incwadi ethi "Bulala nayiphi na into ehamba. "NjengoBurns noNoveick, ndathetha namadoda amabutho nabasetyhini, amaMelika kunye nesiVietnam. NjengoBurns noNoveick, ndacinga ukuba ndiyakwazi "okwenzekayo" kubo. Kwandithatha iminyaka ukuba ndibone ukuba ndifile. Kungenzeka ukuba ndiyifumana "iMfazwe yaseVietnam" kunye nesigxina esingapheliyo sejoni kunye nesibindi.
Imfazwe ayiyikulwa, nangona ukulwa kuyingxenye yemfazwe. Abaququzeleli abayena abathathi-nxaxheba abalulekileyo kwimfazwe yanamhlanje. Imfazwe yanamhlanje iyathintela abantu abade kakhulu kwaye ide kakhulu kunezixhobo zokulwa. Amajoni amaninzi aseMelika kunye neeMarines basebenzisa i-12 okanye i-13 inyanga, ngokulandelelana, bakhonza eVietnam. IsiVietnam kwixesha elililo laseMzantsi Vietnam, kumaphondo afana neQuang Nam, iQuang Ngai, iBin Din, kunye neeMekong Delta - amaziko asekuhlaleni asetyenziswe ukuguqulwa kweenguqulelo - wayehlala ngeveki emva kweveki, inyanga emva kwenyanga , unyaka emva komnyaka, ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi ukuya kutsho. Ukushisa kunye noNoveick kubonakala ngathi baye baphonsa aba bantu, balahlekelwa ngamabali abo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, balahlekelwa yintliziyo emnyama yokulwa.
Ukunciphisa izitha zabo zaseVietnam zokutya, ukuqokelela, ukuqonda, kunye nenkxaso ethile, umgaqo-myalelo waseMelika waphenduka kakhulu ukuba loo maphondo "ahlawulele imimandla yomlilo," ngenxa yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kunye neengqungquthela zamatye, eziye zenzelwe ukuba "zenze" ababaleki, ukuqhuba abantu ukusuka emakhaya abo egameni elithi "ukuhlengahlengiswa." Izindlu zatshiswa, iidolophana ezipheleleyo zaxhaswa, kwaye abantu baphoqeleka kwiinkampu zeempunzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezihlambulukileyo zamanzi, ukutya kunye nendawo yokuhlala.
Ifoto: I-Bettmann Archive / Getty Izithombe
Ndathetha namakhulu amaVietnam kule mimandla yasemaphandleni. Kwi-hamlet emva kwe-hamlet, bandixelele ngokukhishwa kwimizi yabo kwaye baphoqeleke ukuba baphinde babuyele emanxuwa, ngenxa yezizathu zenkcubeko nezonqulo, kwaye bahlala besinda nje. Bachaza ukuba kwakunjani ukuhlala, iminyaka ekugqibeleni, phantsi kwesongelo lweebhomu kunye neengqungquthela zengqungquthela kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi we-helicopter. Bathetha ngamakhaya atshisa kwakhona kwaye aphindaphindiweyo, ngaphambi kokuyeka ukuvuselela kwaye aqala ukuhlala kwindawo esezantsi-ngaphantsi kweendawo zokuhlala ezikhuselekileyo. Bandixelele ngokungena ngaphakathi kwezi bunkers xa i-artillery fire yaqala. Kwaye ba ndixelela ngomdlalo wokulinda.
Wahlala ixesha elingakanani kwi-bunker yakho? Kude ngokwaneleyo ukuphepha ukugubungqa, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa kungekudala ukuba uhlala ngaphakathi kuyo xa ama-America kunye neenqwelo zabo zegrenade zifikile. Ukuba ushiyile indawo yokukhusela ivale ngokukhawuleza, umlilo womshini kwi-helicopter unokukunqumla kwisiqingatha. Okanye unokubanjelwa emlilweni phakathi kokurhoxisa ama-guerrilla nokugxotha amabutho ase-US. Kodwa ukuba ulinde ixesha elide kakhulu, amaMelika angase aqale ukugubha iibrenade kwindawo yakho yokukhusela ibhokhwe kuba, kubo, kwakukho indawo yokulwa nesitha.
Bandixelele ngokulinda, banjelwa ebumnyameni, bezama ukuqagela ukuphendulwa kweempahla ezixhaphakileyo, ezidla ngokukrakra, ezinobukrakra, abaseMerika abafikile emnyango wabo. Isiqingatha ngasinye sasibaluleke kakhulu. Kwakungekho nje ubomi bakho kumgca; yonke intsapho yakho inokupheliswa. Yaye le zibalo zaqhubeka iminyaka, zifake zonke izigqibo zokushiya iindawo zokukhusela, imini okanye ubusuku, ukuzincoma okanye ukufumana amanzi okanye uzame ukuqokelela imifuno yentsapho elambileyo. Ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwaba yinkqutyana engapheliyo yokuhlolwa komngcipheko-okanye-ukufa.
Ndakufuneka ndive iinguqu zeli bali ngapha nangaphambi kokuba ndiqale ukufumana ingxaki yokuxhwaleka nokuhlupheka. Emva koko ndaqala ukuxabisa amanani abantu abachaphazelekayo. Ngokwezibalo zamaPentagon, ngoJanuwari 1969 yedwa, ukuhlaselwa kwomoya kwaqhutyelwa kwiindawo ezisemzini apho i-3.3 million iVietnam ihlala khona. Le yinyanga enye yemfazwe eyadlula ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Ndaqala ukucinga ngabo bonke abahlali baqhaqhaqhaba njengoko iibhomu zawa. Ndaqalisa ukuyikrokra kunye nokuhlaselwa kwayo. Ndaqala ukuqonda "okwenzekile."
Ndaqala ukucinga ngamanye amanani, kwakhona. Ngaphezu kwe-58,000 abasebenzi basejoni base-US kunye ne-254,000 yabalingani babo baseMzantsi Vietnam baphulukana nobomi babo empini. Abachasene nabo, amasosha aseNyakatho yaseVietnam kunye nama-guerrilla aseMzantsi Vietnam, ahlupheka ngeyona ntlungu.
Kodwa ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungafaniyo kuluhlu kakhulu loo manani. Nangona akukho mntu uya kukwazi ukuba ngumntu oyinyaniso, uphando lwe-2008 ngabaphandi abavela kwiHarvard Medical School kunye neZiko leMpilo yeMetriki kunye nokuVavanya kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington kunye nokulinganiselwa kukaRhulumente waseVietnam, bacacisa ukuba kwakukho ukufa kwabantu abangama-miliyoni amabini, abaninzi eMzantsi Vietnam. Isilinganiselo esilungeleleneyo sokubulawa kwabalimala sivelisa isibalo se-5.3 ezihlaselwe ngabantu abalimala. Yongeza kule nombolo i-11 yezigidi zabantu abaqhutywe kumazwe abo kwaye bahlala bengenamakhaya ngexesha elinye, kwaye baninzi i-4.8 yezigidi zifuthwe ngeefofoliyo ezinobuthi ezinjenge-Agent Orange. "Imfazwe yaseVietnam" isenzo esithintekayo nje kule ntlupheko yabantu kunye noko kuthetha ntoni.
Ifoto: AP
Isiqendu esisihlanu se "Imfazwe yaseVietnam," ebizwa ngokuba "Yilokho Senzayo," iqala ngeMarine Corps umkhosi wezilwanyana uRoger Harris echaza malunga nemozwe yempi. "Ulungelelanise neentlungu zemfazwe. Uyazivumelanisa nokubulala, ukufa, "yena uthi. "Emva kwexeshana, akukhathazeki. Ndimele ndithi, akukhathazeki kakhulu. "
Kuyinto ekhanyelayo kwaye ngokucacileyo inikwe ababukeli njengefestile ebusweni bokwenene bemfazwe. Kodwa ke, ndenza ukuba ndicinga ngomntu oye wafumana imfazwe ixesha elide kwaye esondele ngakumbi kunokuba uHarris wenza. Igama lakhe lalinguHo Thi A kwaye ngelizwi elithambileyo, elilinganiselweyo wandixelela ngelinye ilanga kwi-1970 xa ama-US Marines eza kwinqaba yakhe yeLe Bac 2. Wandixelela ukuba, njengentombazana encinci, wayesegubungela kwi-bunker kunye nogogo wakhe kunye nommelwane osekhulile, ehamba njengamaqela aseMarines afike - kwaye omnye wabemi baseMerika wayilungile umqhubi wakhe waza wadubula Abafazi ababini abadala bafa. (Omnye wamaMarines kwi-hamlet ngaloo mini wandixelela ukuba wabona umfazi osekhulile "umtsalane-shot" kwaye wafa kunye neqela elincinci labantu abafa, kuquka nabasetyhini nabantwana, njengoko wayehamba.)
UH Thi waxelela ibali lakhe ngokuzithoba kwaye liqokelelwe. Kwakuba kuphela xa ndifudukela kwimibandela engakumbi ngokukhawuleza yaqhekeka, ibubula ngokukhawuleza. Wayelila imizuzu elishumi. Emva koko bekuyi-15. Ngamashumi amabini. Emva koko. Nangona yonke imizamo yakhe yokuzikhusela, umkhukula wezinyembezi wawuqhubeka ugalela.
NjengoHarris, wayesebenze kwaye waqhubeka nokuphila kwakhe, kodwa ububi, ukubulala, ukufa, bamkhathaza
Ho Thi A kwi-2008.
Ifoto: Tam Turse
- thule kancinci. Oku akuzange kumangalise. Imfazwe yafika emnyango wakhe, yathatha ugogo wakhe, wayibulala ubomi. Wayengenaso ityelelo lokuqulunqa lomsebenzi. Wahlala imfazwe imihla ngemihla yobutsha bakhe kwaye wayesaphila emagqabini abulalayo. Yongeza ndawonye konke ukubandezeleka kwabo bonke abantu baseMzantsi Vietnam baseHo Thi, bonke abafazi nabantwana kunye namadoda asebekhulile abathintekayo kulabo bunkers, abo abanemizi watshisa, abo bangenanto yokuhlala, abo bafa phantsi kweibhobho kunye ne-shelling, kunye nalabo bangcwatyelwe iintlungu eziye zabhubha, kwaye yinto ephazamisayo, engabonakaliyo-kwaye, ngamanani amaninzi, eyona nto imfazwe.
Kukhona umntu onomdla ekufumaneni. Khangela nje amadoda aphethe ubuso be-napalm-obunobumba okanye obomhlophe obuncibilikisiwe ubuso. Khangela ukuba oogogo balahleka ingalo kunye neenyawo, abafazi abalupheleyo abaneengcingo ze-shrapnel kunye namaso angabikho. Akukho nqongophala kubo, nangona kukho ezimbalwa imihla ngemihla.
Ukuba ufuna ngokwenene ukufumana "into eyenzekayo" eVietnam, ngeendlela zonke ujonge "iMfazwe yaseVietnam." Kodwa njengoko wenzayo, njengoko uhlala apho uhlonipha "imifanekiso engabonakaliyo yokubonwa kwemifanekiso," ngelixa ukuguqulwa "kwiimpawu zokuqopha zomculo ezivela [kuma-artists amakhulu]," kwaye kwakhona kucamngca "ukuhlambalaza umculo wokuqala ovela eTrent Reznor naseAtticus Ross," cinga nje ukuba unqabile kwisakhiwo sakho esingaphantsi, ukuba ikhaya lakho elingaphezulu likhanye, iindiza zeenqwelo-moya ezibulalayo zihamba phezulu, kunye nabasemagunyeni abaxhobileyo-abatshabalala- Uthethe ulwimi lwakho - uphandle kwiseyadi yakho, ukhala imilayezo ongayiqondiyo, ukuqhaqha iibrendi kwindawo yangasese yommelwane wakho, kwaye ukuba uphuma ngeentangatye, kwiingxabano, enye yazo inokukudubula.
Isithunzi esiphambili: I-US Marine imele nezingane zaseVietnam njengoko zibukela indlu yazo emva kokuba i-patrol isitshabalalise emva kokufumana izixhobo ze-AK-47, uJan 13, i-1971, i-25 iekhilomitha ezantsi kwe-Da Nang.
UNick Turse ngumlobi "Ukubulala Nantoni na ehambayo: Imfazwe yangempela yaseMelika eVietnam, "Enye yeencwadi iphakanyiswe ngokuthi" ihambisane nefilimu "kwi-PBS website "Iimfazwe zaseVietnam." Unomdla ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiThe Intercept.
