nguRobert Levering, Oktobha 17, 2017
ukusuka Ukuguquka kobuNtu
UKen Burns kunye nocwangciso lwe-PBS kaLynn Novick, "iMfazwe yaseVietnam,"Ufanelwe i-Oscar ngenxa yokubonakalisa kwayo imfazwe yemfazwe kunye nobugebengu beemfudumala. Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuba ihlaziywe ngenxa yokubonakaliswa kwayo kwenkqubo yokulwa nemfazwe.
Izigidi zethu zajoyina umzabalazo wokulwa nemfazwe. Ndasebenza iminyaka njengomququzeleli kwimiboniso emikhulu yesizwe kunye namancinane. Ingqungquthela ephakathi kwentlangano yoxolo endiyibonayo kwaye enye eboniswa yi-Burns / Novick chungechunge yinto ehambelanayo.
Amabini amanyathelo am, URon Young kwaye Steve Ladd babe neempendulo ezifanayo kwimixholo. Umlando u Maurice Isserman uthi le filimu "inxamnye nemfazwe kunye nentshukumo yokulwa nomkhosi." Omnye umbhali-mlando uJerry Lembcke uthi abenzi bamabhayisikobho basebenzisa ubuchule bokuthi "ukulinganisa okwenyaniso" ukuqhubela phambili iimbali eziphathelele ukunyuswa kwemfazwe.
Ezi zigxeko ziyasebenza. Kodwa kuba bahlaseli banamhlanje, uchungechunge lwePBS lulahlekelwa ibali elifanelekileyo kakhulu kwixesha laseVietnam: Indlela ukulwa nokulwa kwemfazwe kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni nasekugqibeleni ekuncedeni ukuqeda imfazwe.
Awunakuze ucinge kulolu chungechunge apho abaninzi baseMerika bathabathela ezitalatweni bebhikisha imfazwe ngolunye usuku (Oktobha 15, 1969) njengoko bakhonza eVietnam kwiminyaka ye-10 yemfazwe (malunga ne-2 yezigidi zombini). Awuyi kuqonda ukuba uxolo lwaloo nto, ngamazwi ehlonishwayo-mlando uCharles DeBenedetti, "yinkcaso enkulu yekhaya echasene nolawulo olumkhosi kwimbali yoluntu lwamaxesha amashishini."
Esikhundleni sokubhiyozela ukuchaswa kwemfazwe, uBurns, Novick kunye nomlobi wechungechunge uGeffrey C. Ward uhlalutye ngokukhawuleza, ukuguqulwa kwezinto kunye nokuphazamisa into eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhambeni okungekho mthethweni kwimbali yaseMerika.
Iimvenge ze-Anti-war ngababodwa abathathi-nxaxheba bentlanganiso yokuthula eyenziwa nguBurns no-Novick kunye naluphi na uvelwano okanye ubunzulu. UJohn Musgrave, owayengumNayile owajoyina iVietnam Veterans Against the War, uchaza utshintsho lwakhe. Siphinde sive ulwaphulo lokulwa nemfazwe uJohn Kerry obungqina obuhamba phambili phambi kweCongress: "Uyicela njani indoda ukuba ibe yindoda yokugqibela yokufa ngenxa yephutha?" Siyabona kwaye siva kwiimfazwe zemfazwe eziye zalahla iindondo zazo kwiCapitol . Kodwa abenzi befilimu babenokwenza kakuhle, nangona kunjalo, ukuchaza ubungakanani baloo ntshukumo yokumelana ne-GI, njengamaphephandaba e-300 kunye namaphephandaba angaphantsi komhlaba kunye namaninzi e-GI ihofi.
Ngoko, kuphazamisa ukuba abenzi bamabonwakude abazange baxoxisane nongqangi omnye. Ukuba besenjenjalo, sinokuva ukuba kutheni amawaka amashumi amabini amadoda athatyelwa iminyaka engamahlanu entolongweni kunokulwa eVietnam. Abenzi befilimu bebengayi kuba nzima ukufumana nantoni na njengoko kwakuncinane ubuncinci be-200,000. Omnye u-480,000 wenza isicelo sokumelana nenkolo ngexesha lemfazwe. Enyanisweni, amadoda amaninzi anikwe i-CO isimo kwi-1971 kunokuba yabhalwa ngaloo nyaka.
Okubi nakakhulu, "iMfazwe yaseVietnam" ihluleka ukuxela ibali lezinto ezinobungqina bezinto eziqulunqileyo eziye zakhula ezinokulingana ukuba lo mbhalo ngokwawo waba yinto engathintekiyo kwaye yinto eyona nto ebangela ukuba iNixon iphelile. "Eentolongweni Ngezoxolo: Imbali ye-American Draft Law Violators, i-1658-1985," uStephen M. Kohn ubhala: "Ekupheleni kweMfazwe yaseVietnam, iNkqubo yokuSebenzela iNkonzo yeCandelo leNkonzo yokuSebenza yayiye yahlaziywa kwaye yaphazamiseka. Kwakunzima ukukhupha amadoda emkhosini. Kwakukho ukunganyaniseki okungakumbi ngokungemthetho, kwaye ukuthandwa kwamanyathelo kwakunyuke. Uyilo luyilo bonke bafile. "
Ukukhubazeka kwenkqubo yokuqulunqa akusiyo kuphela impumelelo enkulu yokunyuswa kwemfazwe okushiywe kwi-Burns / Novick epic. Ifilimu ibonisa iziganeko ezivela kuMatshi ngomhla wePentagon kwi-1967, apho abangaphezu kwe-25,000 ababhikishi bajongene namawaka amabutho aseMpi. Kodwa akusixeleli ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwePentagon kunye nokunyuka kwe-anti-war anti-war movement kwakukho phakathi kwezinto ezikhokelela uJohnson ukuba angavumi isicelo se-Generalmoremoreland esilindileyo se-206,000 eminye imikhosi kwaye kutheni umongameli ngokwakhe wenqaba ukuqhuba elinye ixesha emva kweenyanga ezintandathu emva koko . (IKomiti yoKhumbuzo yoKhuseleko lwaseVietnam ubambe i-Oktobha 20-21 eWashington, DC ukujonga umkhosi we-50th wokuhamba.)
Ngokufanayo, ifilimu ibonisa imifanekiso esuka kwi-Moratorium ngo-Oktobha 15, i-1969 (imiboniso eyenza abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini kwiidolophu nakwiikampus) kunye ne-Mobilization eWashington ngenyanga ezayo, eyenza abangaphezulu kwesigidi-million ( Umboniso omkhulu kunazo zonke kwimbali yaseMelika kude kube nguMatshi kaMatshi ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka). Ngelishwa, uBurns kunye noNoveick abasixeleli ngempembelelo yokunyuka kokuthula: Yanyanzelela i-Nixon ukuba ilahle izicwangciso zakhe zokuqhubhisa ibhokotshi yaseNyakatho yeVietnam kunye / okanye ukusebenzisa izikhali zenukliya. Eli bali alingaziwa ngelo xesha, kodwa iimbali-mlando ezininzi zibhale malunga nayo ngokusekelwe kwiintliwano-ndlebe kunye namagosa olawulo lwe-Nixon, amaxwebhu avela kwixesha kunye neTape House.
Olunye ithuba elilahlekileyo: Sibona imibukiso yemiboniso emikhulu kulo lonke ilizwe - nakwiikholeji zeekholejini-ngokusabela ekuhlaselweni kweCambodia kunye nokubulala e-Kent State naseJordan. Loo mphuzo wanyanzelisa u-Nixon ukuba ahoxise eCambodia kwangaphambi kwexesha, elinye i-Burns no-Novick behluleka ukuxelela.
Okwangoku, iziganeko ezihlobene noDaniel Ellsberg ukukhululwa kweePentagon Papers kwi-1971 azicacisi ukuba ukusabela kukaNixon kwakhokelela ngqo kwi-Watergate kunye nokuyeka kwakhe. Ukuba uBurns noNovick baxoxwa no-Ellsberg, ophilileyo kunye naseCalifornia, bafumanisa ukuba isenzo esona siphumelele kakhulu sokungathobeli kwabantu ngexesha lemfazwe sasiphefumlelwe ngumzekelo obekwe ngabahlaziyi be-draft.
Ekugqibeleni, ifilimu ayichazi ukuba iCongress inqumle iimali zemfazwe ngokubanzi ngenxa yemigudu yokubambelela ngokubanzi ngamaqela afana ne-American Friends Service Committee kunye ne-Indochina Peace Campaign, okanye i-IPC, ekhokelwa nguTom Hayden noJane Fonda. Ungathathi ilizwi lam. Ngobubungqina bakhe ngaphambi kwenkomfa yonyaka emva kokuwa kweSaigon, ummeli wokugqibela wase-US eSouth Vietnam wachaza ukunyanzelisa imizamo yokunyusa uxanduva lokuphelisa imali efunekayo ukuze kuhlanjululwe ukuhlaselwa kweNyakatho ye-Vietnam. Akunakutsho ukuba imizamo yokubamba i-IPC iyinkxalabo kuba i-activist ye-intanethi yodliwano-ndlebe yolu xwebhu luyi-Bill Zimmerman, omnye wabaququzeleli be-IPC. Siva iimbono ezivela kuZimmerman malunga neminye imiba eyahlukeneyo, kodwa akukho nto enxulumene nenhlangano ichaza ngokucacileyo kwingcamango yakhe.
Konke oku kushicilelwa kunye nokuphazamiseka kungakhathaliseki, kufuneka siyikwele kule ngqungquthela yeeyure ze-18 njengenye yefilimu ezinamandla kakhulu zokulwa nemfazwe. IMfazwe yaseVietnam "ngokuqinisekileyo ixabana" Yonke i-Quiet kwi-Front Front. "Njengoko iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yehlabathi i-classic ibonisa ukugqithiswa kwemfazwe yamanzi, uBurns noNoveick babonisa isimo esiyingozi emva kwesiganeko esibuhlungu besigumbu kunye nezidumbu ezinqabileyo. Ngamazwi abahlaseli ngamacandelo omabini, unokucinga ukuba kunjani ukuba neebhola kunye ne-shrapnel ephaphazelayo kwaye ubukele abahlobo bakho bebetha xa uzama ukubulala abanye abantu.
Unokuzifumanisa ngokwemvakalelo emva kokubukela iimfazwe ezingenakubalwa kunye neentlungu zokuqhawula ngesisu esisetyenziselwa abahlali baseVietnam kunye neenduli ezinqabileyo. Abaninzi bam bahlobo bamyeka ukubukela emva kweempawu ezimbini okanye ezintathu ngenxa yokuba bafumanisa kakhulu. Sekunjalo, ndikukhuthaza ukuba uyibuke ukuba awukho. (Iziteshi ze-PBS ziza kufaka iziqwenga zangoLwesibili ebusuku ngoNovemba 28.)
Burns noNoveick benza okungaphezulu kunokukufaka egazini. Bakhombisa ukunyaniseka, ukungazi kunye ne-hubris yabashushu. Unokuva iingcambu zikaJohn F. Kennedy, uLyndon Johnson kunye noRobert McNamara ekutyhilwa ukuba bayazi kwasekuqaleni ukuba imfazwe yayingenakunakwenzeka kwaye ukuba amabutho amaninzi okulwa kunye nokuqhuma amabhomu angeke kutshintshe umphumo. Sekunjalo baqamba amanga kuluntu kwaye bathumela amakhulu kumawaka aseMerika kwi-fray, ngelixa behla izibhamu ezininzi kwiVietnam, eLosos naseCambodia kunokuba i-tonnage totals ibhomu iqhutywe yiyo yonke imfazwe kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Unokuva uRichard Nixon kunye noHenry Kissinger baceba ukunyanzela imfazwe eminye iminyaka emine ukuze agijime kwi-1972 ngaphandle kwebala lokulahlekelwa yiVietnam ukuya kuma-communist.
Abaphathi kunye nabalawuli bezempi eVietnam babonisa nje ngokubaluleka kakhulu ubomi kunye nemilenze yamadoda abo njengabaphathi babo eWashington. Amajoni alwa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba athabathe iintaba, apho abantu abaninzi bebulawa okanye baxilwe kuphela ukuba iinkokeli zabo zibaxelele ukuba bayeke ukunqoba kwabo.
Akumangalisi ke oko, phantse ngaphandle kweyodwa, amasosha aseMerika athi kubenzi befilimu ukuba ngoku bakholelwa ukuba imfazwe yayingenangqiqo kwaye iziva ingcatshiswa. Uninzi lwenkxaso yezwi yokunyuswa kwemfazwe. Abanye baze baziqhenyce baba yinxalenye yokunyanyiswa kwe-GI emva kokuba babuyele ekhaya. (Umntakwabo, owakhonza ezimbini iindwendwe zaseVietnam waza kamva wajoyina i-Secret Service, wavakalisa indlela efanayo xa wathi kum, "Sasiyi-suckers.")
Burns kunye no-Novick kufuneka bahlaziye ngokubandakanya amajoni amaninzi aseVietnam kumacala omabini emfazwe yoluntu. Ngokuxhatshaza "intshaba," le filimu ihamba ngaphaya kokugwetywa kwe-American perfidy eVietnam ibe yinto yokutshutshiswa kwemfazwe ngokwayo. Ukuchaphazeleka ngokukhethekileyo kukuva igosa laseNyakatho yaseVietnam lithetha indlela yakhe inqwelwe ngayo iintsuku ezintathu emva kokulila i-half half of his men in a squint. (Abenzanga ukwenza okulungileyo umsebenzi wokubonisa umrhumo wabantu baseVietnam, nangona kunjalo.)
Siphinde sibone indlela iinkokheli zaseNtshonalanga zaseVietnam ezibonisa ngayo abahlobo babo eWashington ngokuhlala beqamba amanga kubemi babo kwaye ngokuthumela ngokukhululekile amashumi amawaka omncinci wabo ngenxa yokuzibulala ngenxa yokuzibulala. Ngokufanayo, abenzi bamabhayisikobho bafumana ngaphantsi kwanele ngokwaneleyo ukubonisa ukuba ngubani olwa kulwe imfazwe. Kanye njengokuba ininzi yamajoni aseMelika ayesebenza kumgangatho okanye ngamancinci, icala laseNyakatho yeVietnam laqulunqwa ngokubanzi malunga nabasimili nabasebenzi. Okwangoku, abantwana base-Hanoi bahlala kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo zaseMoscow ukuqhubela phambili imfundo yabo. Emuva eUnited States, abantwana beglasi eliphakathi elimhlophe kunye nelungelo elifumana ukhuseleko kumfundi wabo nakweminye imirhumo ebhaliweyo.
Abaqashi baseMpiya bazonda ukuba nabani na babo ababenokukwazi ukujonga le ngqungquthela. Abo bahlala kuzo zonke ii-episodes ze-10 baya kuba nexesha elinzima ekuqondeni ukungafani okukhulu phakathi kwemfazwe yaseVietnam kunye ne-Iraq okanye i-Afghanistan. Iingqungquthela eziqhelekileyo: ubuxoki, iimfazwe ezingenangqondo, ubundlobongela obungenangqondo, ukonakala, ubuqatha.
Ngelishwa, ababukeli abaninzi bayakuziva bexakeke ngokupheleleyo kwaye bangenakunceda ekupheleni kwefilimu ye-epic. Yingakho kubalulekile ukubonakala ngokungahambi kakuhle kunye nokunyanzeliswa koxolo. Ukuze impumelelo ye-anti-Vietnam iminyango ye-Vietnam inika ithemba kwaye ibonise amandla okuchasana.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kwimbali abemi bebenempumelelo kwimingeni yemfazwe. Ezinye iimpikiswano zaseMerika ezingavumelekanga ziye zazingqinela - iiMelika zaseMexico, zaseMelika naseSpain, iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kunye neemfazwe ezise-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Ukuchaswa kwavakala ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba imikhosi ithunyelwe kwizenzo. Akunjalo nakwiVietnam. Ayikho enye imbambano yokulwa nempi eye yavelisa intshukumo ephantse ibe yindoda enkulu, ikhuthaze ixesha elide okanye iphumelele kakhulu njengemzabalazo yokulwa nemfazwe yaseVietnam.
Ukunyaniseka koxolo lwaseVietnam kunika umzekelo okhuthazayo wamandla abantu abaqhelekileyo abakulungele ukumelana nekarhulumente onamandla kunazo zonke kwixesha lemfazwe. Ibali layo lifanele lixelelwe ngokufanelekileyo nangokupheleleyo.
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URobert Levering wasebenza njengomququzeleli wexesha elizeleyo onxamnye neVietnam kunye namaqela anjenge-AFSC kunye neKomiti eNtsha yokuHambisa kunye noManyano lwaBantu loXolo noBulungisa. Ngoku usebenza kwincwadi enesihloko esithi "Ukuxhathisa kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam: Intshukumo engenabundlobongela eyakhubaza uyilo, yawuthintela umzamo wemfazwe ngelixa wayencedisa abongameli babini" ukuba ipapashwe kwi-2018. Ukwasebenza neqela labanye abachasayo kumaxwebhu aza kukhutshwa ngo-2018 osihloko sithi "Abafana Bathi CHA! Inkqubo yokuHlanywa kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam. "
