Intsomi: Imfazwe ilungile

Uluvo lokuba iimfazwe ngamanye amaxesha, ukusuka kwicala elinye, zithathwa njenge "zilungile" ziyakhuthazwa kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona yimfundiso nje yemfazwe, iseti yeemfundiso zamandulo nezama-impiriyali ezingabambeki.

Ngaba imfazwe ukuhlangabezana nayo yonke imigaqo ye-theory yemfazwe, ukwenzela ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo, kuya kufuneka ukuba iphumelele yonke imonakalo eyenziwe ngokugcina iziko lemfazwe ejikelezile. Bekungayi kuba yintle ekugqibeleni ukuba nemfazwe eyiyo ukuba iimfazwe kunye nazo zonke iimfazwe ezingenakungenakulungiswa ezibangelwa yilezo zilungiso zonakalisa ngakumbi kunokuba imfazwe nje yenze kakuhle. Iziko lemfazwe, ngokuqinisekileyo, livelisa umngcipheko we-nuclear apocalypse. Yona nto ibangela enkulu yenguqu yemozulu. Ingumtshabalali omkhulu kummandla wendalo. Yenza umonakalo omkhulu ngokudityaniswa kwezimali ngaphandle kweemfuno zabantu kunye nezosingqongileyo ngaphandle kobudlova. Yona yindawo kuphela apho kufumaneka inkxaso eyaneleyo yokwenza umzamo omkhulu wokutshintshela kwiziganeko ezizinzileyo. Yimbangela ebangela ukukhushulwa kweenkululeko zoluntu, kunye ne-generator eqhuba phambili yobundlobongela kunye nenzondo kunye nobuxhakaxhaka kwizithethe ezijikelezayo. I-Militarism ixhobisa iipolisa zendawo, kwakunye neengqondo. Imfazwe eyona nto yayiza kuba nomthwalo onzima wokukhupha.

Kodwa akukho mfazwe nje inokwenzeka. Eminye imigaqo-nkqubo yemfazwe ilungile, ayinakulinganiswa konke konke, kwaye ayinakudibana ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kubandakanya "injongo elungileyo," "injongo elungileyo," kunye "nolungelelwaniso." Eminye ayizizo izinto zokuziphatha konke konke. Oku kubandakanya "ukubhengezwa esidlangalaleni" kunye "nokwenziwa ligunya elisemthethweni nelinolwazi." Nangona kunjalo ezinye azinakwenzeka ukuba nayiphi na imfazwe ihlangane. Oku kubandakanya "isigqibo sokugqibela," "ithemba elisengqiqweni lokuphumelela," "abo bangabandakanyekiyo ekulweni nohlaselo," "amajoni otshaba ahlonitshwayo njengabantu", kunye "namabanjwa emfazwe aphathwa njengabantu abangahlaliyo." Umgaqo ngamnye uxoxwa kwincwadi kaDavid Swanson Imfazwe ayisoze yaphela. Makhe sixoxe apha inye kuphela, eyona ithandwa kakhulu: "icebo lokugqibela," elicatshulwe kuloo ncwadi.

Ukuncamela Okokugqibela

Ngokuqinisekileyo linyathelo eliya kwicala elilungileyo xa inkcubeko isuka kumnqweno ka-Theodore Roosevelt ovulekileyo wemfazwe entsha ngenxa yemfazwe, ekuzenzekeni kwindalo iphela ukuba yonke imfazwe kwaye mayibe sisigqibo sokugqibela. Le nto yokuhanahanisa ixhaphake kakhulu ngoku, kangangokuba abantu baseMelika bayayithatha ngaphandle kokuyixelelwa. Isifundo esenziwe ngabaphengululi kutsha nje sifumanise ukuba uluntu lwase-US lukholelwa ukuba ngalo lonke ixesha urhulumente wase-US ecebisa ngemfazwe, sele ezigqibile zonke ezinye izinto ezinokwenzeka. Xa iqela lesampulu labuzwa ukuba bayayixhasa na imfazwe ethile, kwaye iqela lesibini labuzwa ukuba bayayixhasa na loo mfazwe emva kokuxelelwa ukuba zonke ezinye iindlela azilunganga, kwaye iqela lesithathu labuzwa ukuba bayayixhasa na loo mfazwe nangona bekukho ezinye iindlela ezilungileyo, amaqela amabini okuqala abhalise inqanaba elifanayo lenkxaso, ngelixa inkxaso yemfazwe yehla kakhulu kwiqela lesithathu. Oku kukhokelele kubaphandi kwisigqibo sokuba ukuba azikhankanywa ezinye iindlela, abantu abacingi ukuba zikhona-kunoko, abantu bacinga ukuba sele bezisiwe.[i]

Kukho iminyaka kukho iinzame ezinkulu eWashington, DC, ukuqala imfazwe e-Iran. Olunye lolona xinzelelo lukhulu luye ngo-2007 nango-2015. Ukuba loo mfazwe yaqalwa nangaliphi na ixesha, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ibiya kuchazwa njengecebo lokugqibela, nangona ukhetho lokungaqali ukuba loo mfazwe lukhethwe izihlandlo ezininzi. . Ngo-2013, uMongameli wase-US wasixelela ngesidingo esingxamisekileyo "sokugqibela" sokuqalisa iphulo elikhulu lokuqhushumisa eSyria. Emva koko wasiguqula isigqibo sakhe, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuchasana noluntu kuso. Kwavela ukhetho lwe hayi ukuqhubhisa ibhomu eSiriya kwakhona.

Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wekhoboka lotywala elilawula ubusuku ngabunye ukusela izixa ezikhulu zewhiskey kwaye qho kusasa ebefunga ukuba ukusela iwhiskey ibiyeyona ndlela yakhe yokugqibela, ebengenakukhetha kwaphela. Kulula ukucinga, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Umntu okhotyokisiweyo uya kusoloko ezithethelela, nangona kufuneka kwenziwe into engekho ngqiqweni. Enyanisweni, ukurhoxiswa kotywala ngamanye amaxesha kunokubangela ukuxhuzula okanye ukufa. Kodwa ngaba ukurhoxiswa kwemfazwe kunokukwenza oko? Khawube nomfanekiso ngqondweni welizwe apho wonke umntu wayekholelwa kuwo onke amakhoboka, kubandakanywa nekhoboka lemfazwe, kwaye bathi omnye komnye “Ngokwenyani wayengenayo enye indlela. Ngokuqinisekileyo uzame yonke enye into. " Akukho ngqiqweni kangako, akunjalo? Phantse awucingeki, enyanisweni. Kwaye u:

Kukholelwa kakhulu ukuba i-United States imfazwe eSiriya njengento yokugqibela, nangona kunjalo:

• IUnited States yachitha iminyaka ichitha i-UN imizamo yokuthula eSiriya.[ii]
• I-United States yashiya isisombululo sokuthula saseRashiya eSiriya kwi-2012.[iii]
• Kwaye xa iUnited States yathi iphulo lokuqhubhisa ibhomu lalifuneka ngokukhawuleza njengento "yokugqibela" kwi-2013 kodwa abantu base-US baxhatshazwa ngokungaqhelekanga, ezinye iinketho zenziwa.

Ngo-2015, amalungu amaninzi e-US Congress athi isivumelwano senyukliya kunye ne-Iran kufuneka sichithwe kwaye i-Iran ihlaselwe njengeyokugqibela. Akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo ngesithembiso sika-2003 sika-Iran sokuxoxisana ngenkqubo yenyukliya, isithembiso esasigculelwa ngokukhawuleza yi-United States.

Kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba iUnited States ibulala abantu abaneedrones njengesigqibo sokugqibela, nangona kunjalo kwiimeko ezincinci apho iUnited States iyazi amagama abantu ekujoliswe kuwo, baninzi (kwaye banokwenzeka ukuba bonke) kwenzeka ukuba kubanjwa lula.[iv]

Kwakukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba i-United States yambulala u-Osama bin Laden njengecebo lokugqibela, de abo babandakanyekayo bavume ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo “wokubulala okanye wokubamba” awuzange ubandakanye nakuphi na ukubanjwa (nokubanjwa) nokuba u-bin Laden wayengaxhobanga xa waye kubulawa.[v]

Kwakukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba i-United States yahlasela i-Libya ngo-2011, yabhukuqa urhulumente wayo, yaze yaxhokonxa ubundlobongela bengingqi njengendawo yokugqibela, nangona ngo-Matshi 2011 i-African Union yayinesicwangciso soxolo eLibya kodwa yathintelwa yi-NATO, ngokudala "akukho ndawo yokubhabha" kunye nokuqalisa kokuqhushumisa, ukuya eLibya ukuxoxa ngako. Nge-Epreli, i-African Union ikwazile ukuxoxa ngesicwangciso sayo nenkokheli yase-Libya u-Muammar Gaddafi, kwaye wavakalisa isivumelwano sakhe.[vi] I-NATO ifumene imvume yo-UN yokukhusela amaLibya asityholo, kodwa yayingenagunya lokuqhubela phambili ukuqhubhisa ilizwe okanye ukulidiliza urhulumente.

Kuthi nawuphi na osebenzayo, kwaye ufuna ukuqhubeka esebenza, inkulu enkulu ye-media media yase-United States ithi i-United States ihlasela i-Iraq kwi-2003 njengesigqibo sokugqibela okanye uhlobo oluthetha kuyo okanye into ethile, nangona kunjalo:

• Umongameli wase-US wayesebenzisa amaqhinga e-cockamamie ukuze aqalwe imfazwe.[vii]
• Urhulumente wase-Iraq wayeye kwi-CIA uVincent Cannistraro ngesithembiso sokuvumela imikhosi yase-US ukuba ikhangele ilizwe lonke.[viii]
• Urhulumente wase-Iraq wanikela ukubamba ukhetho lwamazwe ngamazwe ngaphakathi kweminyaka emibini.[ix]
• Urhulumente wase-Iraq wenza isibonelelo ku-Bush yaseburhulumenteni uRichard Perle ukuba avule lonke ilizwe ukuhlola, ukuguqula ummangali kwi-1993 World Trade Center ibhomu, ukukunceda ukulwa nobugqugquzela, nokuthanda iinkampani zeoli ze-US.[X]
• Umongameli wase-Iraq wanikela, kwingxelo yokuba umongameli waseSpain wanikwa ngumongameli we-US, ukuba ashiye i-Irak ukuba angayigcina i-$ 1 billion.[xi]
• I-United States yayisoloko inokhetho lokungakhange iqale enye imfazwe.

Uninzi lwabantu bonke lucinga ukuba i-United States yahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-2001 kwaye yahlala apho ukusukela njengothotho “lweendawo zokugqibela zokungcebeleka,” nangona amaTaliban ethembisile ephindisela u-Bin Laden kwilizwe lesithathu ukuba limangalelwe, i-al Qaeda Ubukho obubalulekileyo eAfghanistan ubukhulu bexesha lemfazwe, kwaye ukurhoxa kuye kwaba lukhetho nangaliphi na ixesha.[xii]

Amaninzi agcina ukuba i-United States yaya kulwa ne-Iraq ngo-1990-1991 njenge "ndlela yokugqibela," nangona urhulumente wase-Iraq wayezimisele ukuxoxa ngokurhoxa e-Kuwait ngaphandle kwemfazwe kwaye ekugqibeleni wanikezela ngokurhoxa e-Kuwait kwiveki ezintathu ngaphandle kwemiqathango. UKumkani waseJordani, uPopu, uMongameli wase-France, uMongameli weSoviet Union, kunye nabanye abaninzi bacenga uxolo, kodwa i-White House yanyanzelisa "isigqibo sayo".[xiii]

Ngaphandle kokubeka eceleni izinto eziqhelekileyo ezandisa ubundlobongela, ukubonelela izixhobo, nokuxhobisa oorhulumente bokulwa, kunye neengxoxo ezikhohlisayo ezijoliswe ekuncediseni kunokuba zikhusele imfazwe, imbali ye-US ukuveliswa kwemfazwe inokulandelwa emva kweenkulungwane zegama njengebali Amathuba oxolo axhelwa ngokuthe ngcipheko kuzo zonke iindleko.

UMexico wayekulungele ukuthetha ngokuthengiswa kwesigxina sakhe esisenyakatho, kodwa iUnited States yayifuna ukuyithatha ngesenzo sokubulala abantu. ISpeyin yayifuna umcimbi Maine ukuya kulamlo lwamanye amazwe, kodwa i-US yayifuna imfazwe nobukhosi. ISoviet Union yaphakamisa uthethathethwano ngoxolo ngaphambi kweMfazwe yaseKorea. I-United States yachitha iziphakamiso zoxolo zaseVietnam ezivela eVietnam, eSoviet, naseFrance, bezingisa "okokugqibela" ngaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na enye indlela, ukusukela ngala mhla weGulf of Tonkin isigunyaziso semfazwe nangona ingazange yenzeke.[xiv]

Ukuba ujonga kwiimfazwe ezaneleyo, uyakufumana izehlo eziphantse zafana ezisetyenziswe kwelinye icala njengesizathu semfazwe nakwesinye isihlandlo njengento engekhoyo. UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush uphakamise kwi-Nkulumbuso yase-UK u-Tony Blair ukuba ukufumana inqwelo moya ye-U2 kunokubenza bangene emfazweni abayifunayo.[xv] Kodwa xa iSoviet Union ibetha i-U2 indiza, uMongameli uDwight Eisenhower akazange aqale imfazwe.

Ewe, ewe, omnye unokuphendula, amakhulukhulu eemfazwe zokwenyani nezingekho sikweni ayizizo iiholide zokugqibela, nangona abaxhasi babo bebanga iwonga labo. Kodwa i-theoretical War nje iya kuba sisigqibo sokugqibela. Ngaba? Ngaba ngekhe ibekho enye indlela yokuziphatha okanye ukulingana? U-Allman noWinright bacaphula uPopu John Paul II "emsebenzini wokuphanga izixhobo zomkhosi ukuba zonke ezinye iindlela zingqineke zingasebenzi." Kodwa ngaba "izixhobo" ziyalingana "nebhombu okanye uhlaselo"? Siye sabona iimfazwe ziqaliswa ukuba zichithe izixhobo, kwaye iziphumo ziye zaba zizixhobo ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Uthini nge ukuyeka ingalo njengendlela enye yokunqandwa kwempahla? Kuthiwani nge-embargo yamazwe ngamazwe? Kuthiwani ngezoqoqosho kunye nezinye izikhuthazo zokukhubaza?

Kwakungekho mzuzu xa ukuqhushumba eRwanda kwakuya kuba yinto "yokugqibela". Kwakukho umzuzu xa amapolisa axhobileyo anokunceda, okanye ukusika umqondiso kanomathotholo osetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukubulala kunokuba luncedo. Kwakukho amaxesha amaninzi xa ooxolo abangaxhobanga babenokunceda. Kwakukho umzuzu xa ukufuna uxanduva lokuphendula ngokubulawa kukaMongameli bekuya kuba luncedo. Kwakukho iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi koko xa ukuyeka ukuxhobisa kunye nokuxhasa ngemali ababulali base-Uganda bekuza kunceda.

"Indawo yokugqibela" amabango ahlala ebuthathaka xa umntu ecinga ukubuyela emva kwixesha lobunzima, kodwa abe buthathaka kakhulu ukuba ubani ucinga ukubuyela umgama omde. Uninzi lwabantu luzama ukuthethelela iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, nangona enye yazo ibingenakwenzeka ngaphandle komnye okanye ngaphandle kwesimumu sokuyiphelisa, ekhokelele ababukeli abaninzi ngelo xesha ukuqikelela iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ngokuchaneka okubonakalayo . Ukuba ukuhlasela i-ISIS eIraq ngoku “yindlela yokugqibela” kungenxa yemfazwe eyanyuswa ngo-2003, eyayingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMfazwe yaseGulf yangaphambili, eyayingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxhobisa nokuxhasa uSaddam Hussein kwimfazwe yase-Iran-Iraq, njalo njalo emva kweenkulungwane. Ewe izizathu ezingalunganga zeengxaki aziboneleli zonke izigqibo ezintsha ngokungalunganga, kodwa bacebisa ukuba umntu onombono ongenguye ongaphezulu kwemfazwe kufuneka angenelele kumjikelo owonakalisayo wokuziphendulela kwisizukulwana seengxaki.

Nokuba ngumzuzu wentlekele, ngaba inyanzelekile ukuba ibe yingxakeko njengoko abaxhasi bemfazwe bebanga? Ngaba iwotshi ikhathaza apha ngakumbi kunakwilinge lokucinga ngentuthumbo? U-Allman no-Winright bacebisa ukuba olu luhlu lweendlela ezizezinye ezinokulwa nemfazwe ekufuneka iphelisiwe: "Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo, iinzame zoonozakuzaku, iingxoxo zomntu wesithathu, okanye isigqibo."[xvi] Yiyo leyo? Olu luhlu luluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinye iindlela ezikhoyo ezibonisa ukuba iRadiyo yeSizwe yoLuntu ibonisa "Zonke izinto ziCingelwa" kuzo zonke izinto. Bamele ukuyithiya ngokutsha "Ipesenti ezimbini zezinto eziqwalaselweyo." Emva kwexesha, u-Allman noWinright bacaphula ibango lokuba ukubhukuqa oorhulumente kulunge kunokuba "kube" nabo. Le ngxoxo, ababhali bayayigcina, icela umngeni "kwimpi yomzabalazo kunye nakwimfazwe yethiorists ngokufanayo." Iya? Zeziphi iindlela ekunokuthiwa ezi ntlobo zimbini kuthiwa ziyathandwa? "Uqulathe"? Ayisiyo ndlela yoxolo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayisiyiyo kuphela indlela eya emfazweni.

Ukuba ilizwe belihlaselwe kwaye likhethe ukulwa ukuzikhusela, ngekhe libe nexesha lezigwebo kunye nolunye ukhetho oludwelisiweyo. Ayinakuba nalo nexesha lokuxhaswa kwezemfundo kwii-Just War theorists. Ingazifumana ilwa nayo. Indawo ye-Just War ithiyori ekufuneka isebenze kuyo, ke, ubuncinci, ubukhulu becala, ezo mfazwe zizinto ezinqabileyo zokuzikhusela, ezo mfazwe "zingaphambi kwexesha," "zithintelo," "zikhusela," njl.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukusuka ekukhuseleni ngokwenene yimfazwe eqaliswe ukukhusela ukuhlaselwa okukufutshane. Ulawulo luka-Obama luye, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, luchaza ngokutsha "ukusondela" ukuba lithethe ithiyori inokwenzeka ngenye imini. Baye babanga ukuba babulala ngeedrones kuphela abantu ababesenza "isoyikiso esondeleyo kwaye esiqhubekayo eMelika." Ewe kunjalo, ukuba bekusondele phantsi kwenkcazo yesiqhelo, ngekhe iqhubeke, kuba iyakwenzeka.

Nantsi indawo ebalulekileyo evela kwiSebe lezoBulungisa "kwiPhepha leNgcacisonkqubo" echaza "okukufuphi":

"[T] imeko yokuba inkokeli esebenzayo ithi mayibe sisongelo 'esisondeleyo' sokuhlasela ngobundlobongela i-United States ayifuni ukuba i-United States ibenobungqina obucacileyo bokuba uhlaselo oluthile lwabantu base-US kunye nomdla ziyakwenzeka kungekudala. ”[xvii]

Ulawulo lukaGeorge W. Bush lwabona izinto ngendlela efanayo. Isicwangciso-qhinga Sesizwe Sokhuselo saseUnited States sango-2002 sithi: “Siyaqonda ukuba eyona nto sinokuyenza kukuzikhusela.”[xviii] Ewe, oku kuxoka, njengoko iimfazwe ezihlaselayo zivuselela inzondo. Kodwa kunyanisekileyo.

Nje ukuba sithethe ngezindululo zemfazwe ezingazikhuselayo, malunga neengxaki apho umntu enexesha lokohlwaywa, ubuzakuzo kunye nesiphelo, omnye unexesha lazo zonke iintlobo zezinye izinto. Izinto ezinokwenzeka zibandakanya: ukungabi nabundlobongela (ukungazixhobisi) ukuzikhusela okungasekelwanga eluntwini: ukubhengeza umbutho wokuchasa ngokungenabundlobongela kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi wokuzama, uqhankqalazo lwehlabathi kunye nemiboniso, izindululo zokuthintela izixhobo, izibhengezo zokuthintela izixhobo ezingekho mthethweni, imiqondiso yobuhlobo kubandakanya noncedo, ukuthatha impikiswano kulamlo okanye inkundla, ukubiza ikhomishini yenyani noxolelwaniso, iingxoxo zokubuyisela, ubunkokheli ngomzekelo wokujoyina izivumelwano ezibophelelayo okanye iNkundla yamaTyala oLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe okanye ngokwenza idemokhrasi kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, idiploma yoluntu, ukusebenzisana kwezenkcubeko, kunye nogonyamelo lokuyila olungenasiphelo.

Kodwa kuthekani ukuba siyacinga ngenene ngokuzikhusela, nokuba lolona loyikiso kodwa oluhlekisayo olungenakwenzeka e-United States, okanye imfazwe yase-US ebonwa kwelinye icala? Ngaba yayenzelwe amaVietnam ukuba alwe? Ngaba yayikukulwa kwamaIraq kuphela? Njl. (Ndithetha ukuba oku kubandakanya imeko yokuhlaselwa kwelona lizwe laseMelika, hayi ukuhlaselwa, umzekelo, imikhosi yase-US eSyria. Njengoko ndibhalayo, urhulumente wase-United States usoyikisela "ukukhusela" imikhosi yakhe ISyria kufuneka urhulumente wase-Syria "abahlasele".)

Impendulo emfutshane yaloo mbuzo kukuba ukuba umntu okhuselekileyo uya kuphepheka, akukho nto iya kufuneka. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweemfazwe zase-US malunga nokulungelelaniswa kwemali yokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yaseMelika isontekile nakwi-K lobbyist.

Impendulo ende kancinci kukuba ayisiyiyo indima efanelekileyo yomntu owazalelwa kwaye ehlala eUnited States ukucebisa abantu abahlala phantsi kweebhombu zase-US ukuba kufuneka bazame ukunganyangeki.

Kodwa impendulo eyiyo inzima ngakumbi kunenye kwezo. Yimpendulo ecacayo ukuba sijonga zohlaselo lwangaphandle kunye novukelo / iimfazwe zamakhaya. Zininzi izinto zokugqibela ekufuneka ujonge kuzo, kwaye kukho imizekelo eyomeleleyo yokwalatha kuyo. Kodwa injongo yethiyori, kubandakanya ne-Anti-Just-War ithiyori, kufanele ukuba ibe kukunceda ukuvelisa imizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi yeziphumo ezigqwesileyo, njengokusebenzisa ukungabinabundlobongela ngokuchasene nohlaselo lwangaphandle.

Izifundo ezinje ngo-Erica Chenoweth's ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukunganyamezeli ubuzwilakhe kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kuphumelele, kwaye impumelelo inokuba yeyokuhlala ixesha elide, kunokuxhathisa.[xix] Ke ukuba sijonga into efana novukelo olungenabundlobongela eTunisia kwi2011, sinokufumanisa ukuba iyahlangabezana neemfuno ezininzi njengazo naziphi na ezinye iimeko zemfazwe yobulungisa, ngaphandle kokuba ibingeyiyo kwaphela imfazwe. Umntu ngekhe abuye umva ngexesha kwaye aphikisane nesicwangciso esincinci sokungaphumeleli kodwa esinokubangela iintlungu kunye nokufa. Mhlawumbi ukwenza njalo kunokubangela impikiswano yeMfazwe nje. Mhlawumbi ingxabano yemfazwe nje inokwenziwa, ngokwe-anronronist, ye-2011 "yokungenelela" kwe-US ukuzisa idemokhrasi eTunisia (ngaphandle kwe-United States ukungakwazi ukwenza into enjalo, kunye nentlekele eqinisekisiweyo eyayiza kubangela). Kodwa nje ukuba wenze uguquko ngaphandle kokubulala kunye nokufa, akusayi kuphinda kuqiqe ukuphakamisa konke ukubulawa kunye nokufa-hayi ukuba kwenziwe i-Geneva Convention entsha eziliwaka, kwaye akukhathaleki ukungafezeki kwempumelelo engenabundlobongela.

Nangona kunqongophala olunxulumene nemimiselo kude kube lula ukuxhatshazwa komsebenzi wangaphandle, kukho abo sele beqala ukubiza umzekelo wokuphumelela. Nantsi uStefano Zunes:

Ukuxhatshazwa okungafunekiyo kuye kwaphumelela umngeni kwimpi yamazwe angaphandle. Ngethuba lokuqala le-intifada yasePalestina kwi-1980, abaninzi abantu abalawulwa ngokufanelekileyo baba ngamagunya okuzilawula ngokuzibandakanya okukhulu kunye nokudala amanye amaziko, ukunyanzelisa amaSirayeli ukuba avumele ukudala iPalestine Authority kunye nokuzilawula kweendawo ezininzi zasezidolophini kwiindawo zeWest Bank. Ukumelana nokungabikho komthetho kwi-Sahara yaseNtshona kusenze uMorocco ukuba anike isiphakamiso sokuzimela-ngelixa ewela ngamandla eMoroc ukuba anike iSahrawis ilungelo labo lokuzimisela-ubuncinci bavuma ukuba intsimi ayiyona enye inxenye yeMorocco.

“Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yokuthimba iJamani iDenmark neNorway ngexesha le-WWII, amaNazi ayengasakwazi ukulawula abemi. ILithuania, iLatvia, ne-Estonia bazikhulula ekuthinjweni yiSoviet ngoxinzelelo olungenabundlobongela ngaphambi kokuwa kweUSSR. ELebhanon, ilizwe elihlaselwe yimfazwe amashumi eminyaka, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yolawulo lwaseSyria yapheliswa ngogonyamelo olukhulu, olungenabundlobongela ngo-2005. Kwaye kunyaka ophelileyo, iMariupol yaba sesona sixeko sakha sakhululeka kulawulo lwabavukeli abaxhaswa ngurashiya eUkraine , hayi ngokudubula ngeebhombu nangomkhosi woombayimbayi womkhosi waseUkraine, kodwa xa amawaka abantu ababengaxhobanga besenza intsimbi bematsha ngoxolo bengena kummandla ophakathi edolophini, bebagxotha abo bahlukanisayo. ”[xx]

Omnye unokujonga izinto ezinokumelana namaNazi, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kweJamani kwi-Ruhr kwi-1923, okanye mhlawumbi ekuphumeleleni kwexesha elilodwa lasePhilippines kunye nempumelelo eqhubekayo yase-Ecuador ekukhuseleni amaziko ase-US asezantsi. , kwaye kunjalo umzekelo waseGandhi wokuqhawula iBritish ngaphandle kweIndiya. Kodwa imizekelo emininzi kakhulu yeempumelelo ezingapheliyo kwi-tyranny yasekhaya ikwabonelela ngesikhokelo kwizenzo ezizayo.

Ukuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo, ukuchasana nokungabikho komthetho ekuhlaselweni kwangempela akumele kubonakale kunokwenzeka ukuba uphumelele kunokuba uphendule. Kufuneka nje kubonakale kufutshane nangoko. Kungenxa yokuba ukuba iya kuphumelela iya kukwenza ngokungalindelekanga, kwaye ukuphumelela kwayo kuya kuba nako ukuhlala.

Ngaphandle kohlaselo, ngelixa kusenziwa amabango okuba kufanele kuqaliswe imfazwe njenge "ndlela yokugqibela," izisombululo ezingenabundlobongela zifuna ukubonakala zichanekile. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka bazame ngaphambi kokuqalisa imfazwe kunokuthiwa "yindlela yokugqibela". Kodwa ngenxa yokuba zingenasiphelo kwiindidi kwaye zinokulingwa ziphindaphindwe, phantsi kwendlela efanayo, enye ayinakuze ifike kwinqanaba apho ukuhlasela elinye ilizwe kuyindlela yokugqibela.

Ukuba unokukwazi ukufezekisa oko, isigqibo sokuziphatha sisasifuna ukuba iimpazamo ezicamngca zemfazwe yakho zigqithise yonke imonakalo eyenziwe ngokugcina iziko lemfazwe.

Jonga uLuhlu oluKhulayo lweZenzo eziPhumelelayo eziNgenabugwenxa ezisetyenziswa endaweni yeemfazwe.