NgeCawa yamaKatolika, kuzo zonke izinto, ijikile imfundiso eqinisekisa ukuba kunokubakho “imfazwe yobulungisa,” kufanelekile ukujonga nzulu ukucinga ngale mfundiso yamaxesha aphakathi, eyayisekelwe kumagunya obuthixo ookumkani, eyaqulunqwa ngumbutho olawulayo. ongcwele owakuchasa ngokwenene ukuzikhusela kodwa exhasa ubukhoboka kwaye ekholelwa ukuba ukubulala abahedeni kwakufanelekile kubahedeni - imfundiso ye-anachronistic nesachaza amagama ayo aphambili kwisiLatini. Incwadi kaLaurie Calhoun, Imfazwe kunye nenkohliso: Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo, iphosa iliso lentanda-bulumko enyanisekileyo kwiingxoxo zabakhuseli “zemfazwe yobulungisa,” bethabatha nzulu amabango abo onke angaqhelekanga, yaye bechaza ngenyameko indlela abasilela ngayo. Emva kokuba ndifumene le ncwadi, nalu uluhlu lwam oluhlaziyiweyo lokufunda olufunekayo ekuphelisweni kwemfazwe:
Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe by World Beyond War, 2015.
Imfazwe: Ulwaphulo-mthetho loLuntu by URoberto Vivo, ngo-2014.
Imfazwe kunye nokuxhamla: Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Ukuqala kweMfazwe, ukuphela kweMfazwe by UJudith Hand, ngo-2013.
Isiphelo War nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Utshintsho kuxolo nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ngaphaya kweMfazwe: Ubungakanani Bokuba Ubuntu Bokuthula nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwemfazwe by Winslow Myers, 2009.
Ezi ziikhrayitheriya izintlu Calhoun for i-ad bellum:
- zibhengezwe elubala
- babe nethemba elisengqiqweni lempumelelo
- kuhlawulwa kuphela njengento yokugqibela
- ziqhutywe ligunya elisemthethweni ngenjongo elungileyo, kunye
- unesizathu sobulungisa kunye nesilinganiselo (ingcwaba elaneleyo lokuqinisekisa umlinganiselo ogqithisileyo wemfazwe)
Ndingongeza enye njengemfuneko enengqondo:
- babe nethemba elifanelekileyo lokuqhutywa kunye nje kwi bello.
Ezi ziikhrayitheriya izintlu Calhoun for nje nge-bello:
- kuphela iindlela ezilungelelanisiweyo zokufikelela kwiinjongo zomkhosi ezivakalayo ezinokumiselwa
- abantu abangengawo amajoni bayakhuseleka ekuhlaselweni
- amajoni otshaba kufuneka ahlonitshwe njengabantu, kwaye
- amabanjwa emfazwe afanele aphathwe njengabantu abangalwi.
Kukho iingxaki ezimbini kolu luhlu. Eyokuqala kukuba nokuba yonke into ibidibene, engazange yenzeke kwaye ayinakuze yenzeke, loo nto ayinakukwenza ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kube nokuziphatha okanye okusemthethweni. Khawufane ucinge ukuba umntu udale iikhrayitheriya zobukhoboka nje okanye u-lynching kwaye wadibana nemilinganiselo; ingakonelisa loo nto? Ingxaki yesibini kukuba iinqobo zokugweba zinje, njengoko sele ndikhankanyile - kanye njengokuba uMongameli u-Obama efana nayo, eyongezelelekileyo-yomthetho, eyenzelwe ukubulawa kwabantu ngedrone - ayizange idibane.
“Ukubhengezwa esidlangalaleni” kubonakala ngathi yeyona nto inokuhlangatyezwa ziimfazwe zangoku nezakutshanje, kodwa ngaba kunjalo? Iimfazwe zazidla ngokubhengezwa ngaphambi kokuba ziqalise, kwanaxa zicwangciswa ngokuvumelane phakathi kwamaqela kwezinye iimeko. Ngoku iimfazwe, okona kulungileyo, zibhengezwa emva kokuba iibhombu ziqalisile ukuwa kwaye iindaba zaziwa. Ngamanye amaxesha, iimfazwe azibhengezwa. Ingxelo eyaneleyo yangaphandle iqokelela abathengi beendaba abakhutheleyo e-United States ukuba bafumanise ukuba ilizwe labo lisemfazweni, ngeedrones ezingenamntu, nelinye ilizwe. Okanye umsebenzi wokuhlangula abantu, njengaseLibya, uchazwa njengenye into engeyiyo imfazwe, kodwa ngendlela eyenza kucace kumntu obukeleyo ukuba kusekho ukubhukuqwa korhulumente okuqhubeka ngesiphithiphithi kunye nentlekele yabantu kunye nemikhosi yasemhlabeni ekufuneka ilandele. Okanye umphandi onzulu wommi unokufumanisa ukuba umkhosi wase-US unceda i-Saudi Arabia ibhomu i-Yemen, kwaye kamva yafumanisa ukuba i-US yazise imikhosi yasemhlabeni - kodwa akukho mfazwe ibhengezwe esidlangalaleni. Ndibuze izihlwele zabaphembeleli boxolo ukuba bangazichaza na izizwe ezisixhenxe umongameli wangoku wase-US aqhushumbisi kuzo, kwaye ngokwesiqhelo akukho mntu unokuyenza. (Kodwa babuze ukuba ezinye iimfazwe ezingachazwanga zilungile, kwaye izandla ezininzi ziya kudubula phezulu.)
Ngaba zikho iimfazwe “ezinethemba elisengqiqweni lempumelelo”? Oko kunokuxhomekeka kwimeko ethile okanye kwiimeko ezithile kwindlela oyichaza ngayo "impumelelo," kodwa ngokucacileyo phantse zonke iimfazwe zase-US zeminyaka engama-70 edlulileyo (kwaye kukho ezininzi ezininzi) ziye zasilela ngokwemigaqo yazo esisiseko. Iimfazwe “ezikhuselayo” ziye zadala iingozi ezintsha. Iimfazwe zobukhosi ziye zasilela ukwakha ubukhosi. Iimfazwe “zobuntu” azizange zibe yingenelo eluntwini. Iimfazwe zokwakhiwa kwezizwe ziye zasilela ukwakha iintlanga. Iimfazwe zokuphelisa izixhobo ezitshabalalisayo ziye zaliwa kwiindawo ebezingekho kuzo. Iimfazwe zoxolo ziye zabangela iimfazwe ezingakumbi. Phantse yonke imfazwe entsha ikhuselwe ngokusekelwe kwimeko yokuba ngandlela-thile inokuthi ibe njengemfazwe eqhutywe kwiminyaka eyi-70 eyadlulayo okanye njengemfazwe engazange yenzeke (eRwanda). Emva kweLibya, ezo zingxengxezo zimbini zaphinda zasetyenziswa eSyria, ngomzekelo weLibya wacinywa waze walibala njengabanye abaninzi.
"Ukubhengezwa kuphela njengento yokugqibela" kungundoqo jus ad bellum, kodwa ayizange idibane kwaye ayinakuze ihlangane. Ngokucacileyo kusoloko kukho enye indawo ekuchithelwa kuyo iiholide. Nangona ilizwe okanye ummandla uhlaselwa ngokwenene okanye uhlaselwe, izixhobo ezingenabo ubundlobongela ziyakwazi ukuphumelela kwaye zihlala zikhona. Kodwa iUnited States ilwa iimfazwe zayo phesheya. (UCalhoun ubonisa ukuba i-2002 IsiCwangciso soKhuseleko lweSizwe iquka lo mgca: "Siyaqonda ukuba ukhuseleko lwethu olungcono lulwaphulo-mthetho.") Kule meko, ngokucacileyo, kukho amanyathelo amaninzi angenalo ubundlobongela ahlala ekhona - kwaye ahlala ekhethwa njengokuba enyanisweni, emfazweni, ukhuseleko olubi kakhulu lulungile. isikhubekiso.
“Kuqhutywa ligunya elisemthethweni ngenjongo elungileyo,” ngumgaqo ongenantsingiselo. Akukho mntu uye wachaza eyona nto ibalulekileyo njengegunya elisemthethweni okanye esimele sikholelwe kwiinjongo zalo. Eyona njongo iphambili yalo mkhombandlela kukwahlula ukuba leliphi na icala lemfazwe okulo kwelinye icala, elingekho mthethweni nelineenjongo ezimbi. Kodwa elinye icala likholelwa kanye okwahlukileyo, ngokungenasiseko. Lo mqathango ukwasebenza ekuvumeleni, ngeFallacy of Medieval Monkish Bullshitting, nakuphi na ukunyhashwa kwemigaqo yomthetho. i justi e bello. Ngaba uxhela abaninzi abangalwi? Ubusazi ukuba uza kuya? Kulungile ukuba nje uxela ukuba injongo yakho ibiyenye into ngaphandle kokubabulala bonke abo bantu - into utshaba lwakho olungavumelekanga ukuba luyichaze; utshaba lwakho lunokutyholwa ngokuvumela abo bantu ukuba baphile apho iibhombu zakho zaziwa khona.
Ngaba imfazwe “inokuba nesizathu kokubini ngokusesikweni nangokulungeleleneyo (ingcwaba elaneleyo lokuqinisekisa umlinganiselo ogqithisileyo wemfazwe)”? Ewe, nayiphi na imfazwe inokuba nesizathu esimangalisayo, kodwa loo nto ayinakuthethelela imfazwe ephula zonke ezinye iikhrayitheriya kolu luhlu kunye neemfuno ezisisiseko zokuziphatha kunye nomthetho. Isizathu esisesikweni sisoloko sisukelwa ngenye indlela ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Ukuba imfazwe yaliwa ngaphambi kokuphelisa ubukhoboka ayiguquli ukukhethwa kwekhosi ezininzi izizwe ezithathayo ekupheliseni ubukhoboka ngaphandle kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Asinakuzithethelela ngokubulalana kumabala amakhulu ngoku, nokuba besinokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili emva koko. Uninzi lwezizathu ezinokuthi zicingelwe okanye esixelelwa ngazo ukuba ziimfazwe zokwenyani, azibandakanyi ukuphelisa okanye ukuthintela nantoni na ukude embi njengemfazwe. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngaphambi nangexesha apho amagosa ase-US kunye naseBrithani engazange avume ukuhlangula amaxhoba azayo amaNazi, ihlala ithetheleleka ngobubi bokubulala abantu ezinkampini, nangona oko kwavela emva kwemfazwe, kwaye nangona imfazwe yabulala abaninzi. amaxesha amaninzi njengeenkampu.
Kutheni ndongeze le nto: "unethemba elifanelekileyo lokuqhutywa nge-jus in bello"? Ewe, ukuba imfazwe enobulungisa kufuneka ihlangabezane neeseti zombini, ngoko akufanele iqaliswe ngaphandle kokuba inethemba lokuhlangana neseti yesibini-into engazange yenziwe imfazwe kwaye akukho mfazwe iya kuyenza. Makhe sijonge ezi zinto:
"Kuphela kuphela iindlela ezilungeleleneyo zokufikelela kwiinjongo zomkhosi ezivakalayo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe." Oku kunokuhlangatyezwana nayo kuphela ngenxa yokuba akunantsingiselo kwaphela, konke ukuzenzela ukuzinikela okubunjwe liliso lemfazwe okanye lowo uphumeleleyo. Akukho vavanyo lwamandla lokuvumela iqela elingathathi hlangothi ukuba lichaze ukuba kukho into ethile okanye ayilingani okanye ayivakalanga, kwaye akukho mfazwe eyaziwa ngokuba ithintelwe okanye iye yathintelwa kakhulu luvavanyo olunjalo. Lo mqathango awunakuze ufezekiswe ngendlela eyanelisa amaxhoba okanye abohluliweyo.
“Abo bangengawo amajoni abakhuselekanga ekuhlaselweni.” Oku kunokuba akuzange kuhlangatyezwe. Kwanabafundi abachasene nemfazwe badla ngokugxila kwiimfazwe zangaphambili phakathi kwezizwe ezityebileyo kuneemfazwe zangaphambili zokupheliswa eziqhutywa ziintlanga ezityebileyo ngokuchasene nabemi bomthonyama. Inyaniso yeyokuba imfazwe yayisoloko iyindaba ezimanyumnyezi kwabo bangengawo amajoni. Kwaneemfazwe zaseYurophu zamaxesha aphakathi ngelo xesha ekwakuyilwa ngayo le mfundiso iphosakeleyo zazibonisa ukungqingwa kwezixeko, indlala nokudlwengula njengezixhobo zemfazwe. Kodwa ebudeni beminyaka engama-70 edluleyo abantu abangekho emkhosini bebengamaxhoba amaninzi eemfazwe, ngokufuthi uninzi lwabo, yaye ngokufuthi becalanye. Eyona nto iphambili eyenziwe ziimfazwe zamva nje kukubulala abantu kwicala elinye lemfazwe nganye. Imfazwe kukubulala kwicala elinye, kwaye ayililo ishishini lentelekelelo apho “abangamajoni bengahlaselwanga.” Ukuchaza “uhlaselo,” njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukungaquki nakuphi na ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi “okungacetywanga” ngababulali akuyi kuyitshintsha le nto.
"Amajoni eentshaba kufuneka ahlonitshwe njengabantu." Ngokwenene? Ukuba ubunokuhamba ummelwane wakho uze ubulale ummelwane wakho, uze uye phambi kwejaji uyokuchaza indlela omhlonela ngayo ummelwane wakho njengomntu, ubuya kuthini? Nokuba unomsebenzi ovuleleke kuwe njengethiyori “yemfazwe nje”, okanye sele uqalisile ngoku ukuqonda ububudenge belo shishini.
“Amabanjwa emfazwe afanele aphathwe njengabantu abangalwi.” Andazi ngemfazwe ekuye kwahlangatyezwana nayo ngokupheleleyo kwaye andiqinisekanga ukuba ingaba njani ngaphandle kokukhulula amabanjwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo amanye amaqela kwezinye iimfazwe asondele kakhulu kunamanye ukuhlangabezana nale migaqo. Kodwa i-United States ithathe ukhokelo lwakutsha nje ekususeni isiqhelo esiqhelekileyo kude, kunokuba sisondele, kule njongo.
Ngaphandle kwezi ntlobo zeengxaki ngethiyori "yemfazwe", uCalhoun ubonisa ukuba ukuphatha isizwe ngokungathi ngumntu kuyingxaki engapheliyo. Ingcamango yokuba amajoni athunyelwe emfazweni ayazikhusela ngokudibeneyo ayisebenzi kuba ayenokuzikhusela ngokumka. Enyanisweni bazibeka emngciphekweni wokubulala abantu abangenanto yakwenza nalo naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho ezo nkokeli zabantu zityholwa ngalo-kwaye zikwenza oko ngenxa yomvuzo.
UCalhoun wenza enye into kwincwadi yakhe, edlulayo, eyadala ukuhlaselwa ngolunya xa uJane Addams ezama ukuba umlweli woxolo omkhulu waphantse wabethwa waza wakhutshwa ngaphandle kwentsimi. UCalhoun ukhankanya ukuba amajoni anikwa amayeza ukulungiselela imfazwe. U-Addams uthe, kwintetho eNew York, ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ukuba kumazwe awayetyelele eYurophu, amajoni aselula athi kwakunzima ukwenza intlawulo ye-bayonet, ukubulala abanye abafana kufuphi, ngaphandle kokuba "kukhuthazwa. ,” ukuba amaNgesi anikwa i<em>rum, i<em>ether yaseJamani, ne<em>absinthe yesiFrentshi. Ukuba oku kwakuyimbonakaliso enika ithemba yokuba amadoda ayengengabo bonke ababulali bemvelo, nokuba yayichanile, yabekelwa bucala kuhlaselo lukaAddams “lwentlebendwane” yemikhosi engcwele. Ngokwenyani amajoni ase-US athatha inxaxheba “kwiimfazwe zobulungisa” zanamhlanje afa ngakumbi ngokuzibulala kunaso nasiphi na esinye isizathu, kwaye imizamo ukuba yibambe icimile ukwenzakala kwabo ngokokuziphatha wazenza Okuninzi zixutywe ababulali ngaphakathi imbali.
Ke kukho ingxaki yokuba i-United States izenzele umthengisi wezixhobo eziphezulu kuzo zonke iindidi zabenzi bemfazwe kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ihlala izifumana isilwa nezixhobo zase-US, kwaye ifumana imikhosi yase-US exhobileyo kunye ne-US eqeqeshelwe ukulwa omnye nomnye, njengoko. ngoku eSiriya. Ingaba naliphi na iziko lingabanga inkuthazo efanelekileyo kunye nokuzikhusela ngelixa likhokela ukwenza inzuzo kunye nokwanda kweengalo?
Ngelixa ithiyori “yemfazwe nje” iyawohloka xa kuqwalaselwa ubukho borhwebo lwezixhobo, yona ngokwayo iyafana norhwebo lwezixhobo. Ukuthengiswa kunye nokwanda kweentetho "zemfazwe nje" kwihlabathi jikelele kunika zonke iintlobo zabenzi bemfazwe ngeendlela zokuphumelela abaxhasi bezenzo zabo ezimbi.
Ngexesha elithile emva, ndeva kwi-blogger ibuza ukuba ngaba ndiyazi ukuba "imfazwe nje" ithiyori yayiyithintele imfazwe ngenxa yokungabi nabulungisa. Nantsi i iblogi eneziphumo:
"Ekulungiseleleni eli nqaku ndibhale abantu abangamashumi amahlanu-ama-pacifists kunye namagorha afanayo, izifundiswa-kuya-abagqugquzeli, abaziyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwethiyori yemfazwe-bebuza ukuba banokukhankanya ubungqina bemfazwe enokuthi ithintelwe (okanye iguqulwe kakhulu) ngenxa yemiqobo yeenqobo nje zemfazwe. Bangaphezu kwesiqingatha abasabelayo, kwaye akukho namnye okwaziyo ukuchaza ityala. Okumangalisa ngakumbi linani eliwuthathele ingqalelo umbuzo wam njengenoveli. Ukuba i-matrix yemfazwe enobulungisa kukuba ibe ngumrhwebi othembekileyo wezigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka kubekho iimethrikhi ezinokuqinisekiswa. "
Nantsi into endiyiphendule kumbuzo:
“Ngumbuzo ogqwesileyo lo, kuba nabani na unokudwelisa intaphane yeemfazwe ezikhuselayo kusetyenziswa ‘imfazwe nje,’ kodwa injongo ibisoloko ibonakala ikukukhusela ezo mfazwe okanye iinxalenye zazo okanye iinjongo zazo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye ‘iimfazwe zokungekho sikweni. hayi ukuthintela iimfazwe ezithile. Kakade ke, ngemfundiso yakudala nexhaphake ngolo hlobo, umntu unokuthi enze naluphi na uhlobo lothintelo kuyo, naluphi na unyango olufanelekileyo lwamabanjwa, nasiphi na isigqibo sokungasebenzisi izixhobo zenyukliya, isigqibo se-Iran sokungasebenzisi izixhobo zekhemikhali ukuziphindezela kwi-Iraq, njl. esinye sezizathu endingazange ndicinge 'ngemfazwe nje' njengendlela yokuthintela okanye yokuphelisa okanye yokunciphisa iimfazwe zokwenyani kukuba eneneni ayinamandla; yonke into isemehlweni oshushu. Ngaba inqanaba elithile lokubulala 'linomlinganiselo' okanye 'liyimfuneko'? Ngubani owaziyo! Akuzange kubekho nayiphi na indlela yokwazi ngokwenene. Ayizange kwiminyaka eyi-1700 yaphuhliswa yaba sisixhobo sokusetyenziswa ngokwenene. Sisixhobo sokhuselo lobuciko, esingajongwa kakhulu. Ukuba sihlolisiswa ngokucokisekileyo ngoku, sinokuba nethemba, kubantu abaninzi ngakumbi kuya kubonakala kuvisisana kanye njengobukhoboka, ukudlwengulwa nje nokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana.”
