NguPat Elder, Septemba 29, 2017.
Abantwana basesichengeni sokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC) kwizikolo eziphakamileyo.
Imipu yoombayimbayi yomoya esetyenziswa kumagumbi okufundela ezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo nakwiindawo zokuzilolonga kwilizwe lonke zikhupha amaqhekeza elothe ekupheleni komlomo wokudubula nakwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo ngasemva. Amagosa e-JROTC avakalelwa kukuba akuyomfuneko ukucoca imipu yawo rhoqo. Kungenxa yokuba yonke i-pellet ikhutshwa phantsi komgqomo ikhupha iidiphozithi zelothe kwiipellets eziye zahamba ngaphambili.
Incwadana yemigaqo yokusebenza esemgangathweni epapashwe yi-JROTC Cadet Command ithi kucetyiswa ukuba uhlambulule izibhamu rhoqo kwi-1,000 ukuya kwi-2,000 shots.
Le YouTube yokuzonwabisa ukusuka kwiGrissom High School Army Programme JROTC Marksmanship Programme e Huntsville, Alabama ibonisa umsi womsi ogcwele ilothe ophuma kumlomo wompu wompu. Yeyiphi indlela inkqubo yokungenisa umoya eya kuthwala ngayo iplume?
Ipellet yelothe esemgangathweni eyi-177 iboniswa ikhutshwa kumpu womoya. Apha, unokubona amaqhekeza amancinane elothe ekhutshiwe ekupheleni kombhobho wompu.
The Daisy Avanti 887 Umpu womoya we-CO2, umzala onamandla weRalphie's Red Ryder, uhlelwa njengesixhobo soMkhosi kwaye usetyenziswa ziinkqubo zoMkhosi kwizikolo eziphakamileyo. Idubula i-.177 cal. i-pellet ehamba phambili ngesantya seenyawo ze-500 ngesekhondi.
le yokuzonwabisa ibonisa amasuntswana elothe amancinane axutywe neepellets. Abafundi baphatha rhoqo ezi pellet ngelixa belayisha izixhobo zabo.
I-CDC ithi akukho nqanaba legazi elikhuselekileyo lelothe kubantwana. Awona manqanaba mancinci okukhokela anokunciphisa i-IQ, ukukhula kancinci kwaye kubangele umonakalo kwizintso. I-CDC ithi abantwana abane-Blood Lead Levels phezu 5 micrograms ngedesilitha nganye
ukhathazwa yityhefu yelothe.
Uphononongo lwaseJamani lwafumanisa ukuba abantu abangama-20 abadubule kuphela imipu yomoya babonisa umlinganiselo welothe wegazi ophakathi wama-33 eemicrogram ngedesilitha nganye.
I-Journal, "Impilo yeNdalo" ibika ukuba i-Airgun Shooters emva kwexesha lokudubula kwangaphakathi yayineNqanaba leGazi eliqhelekileyo le-8.4 micrograms yelothe nge-deciliter nganye, kunye nabanye abaphezulu njenge-22.2.
UDemmeler noNowak, bebhala kuVimba weHlabathi woLondolozo lweMisebenzi kunye neMpilo yokuSingqongileyo kwakhona babhala ii-BLL eziphezulu kubadubuli bemipu yomoya yangaphakathi. Banxibelelanisa ilothe yegazi kunye nekhalibhu yompu kwiseshoni enye. Umlinganiselo wabo wawususela kwisi-3.3 see<em>microgram zelothe ngedesilitha nganye yompu womoya, ezinye zazifikelela kwii<em>microgram ezili-12.7 zelothe ngedesilitha nganye.
Uphononongo lwaseSweden luhlalutye umoya kuluhlu lokudubula lwangaphakathi olwalusetyenziselwa kuphela imipu yomoya kwaye lwafumanisa ukuba umoya unamanqanaba elothe umyinge we-4.6 micrograms kwi-cubic meter nganye. I-EPA iseke umgangatho womgangatho womoya wokukhokela kwi-1.5 micrograms nge-cubic meter nganye. Oko kuliphinda kathathu inqanaba.
Ukudubula rhoqo iiprojectiles ezikhokelayo ngaphakathi kwindlu ngeenyawo ezingama-500 ngesekhondi kwiiprogram ezibandakanya amawaka ezikolo eziphakamileyo ngumgaqo-nkqubo ombi woluntu.
INkqubo yeMicimbi yaManqaku (Cilian Marksmanship Programme) (CMP) liqumrhu eliqeshiweyo kwiCongress elijongene nokulawula inkqubo. Ithi, “Ukudubula okujoliswe kuko ngemipu yomoya kunye nemipu emincinci akudali yenene imingcipheko yempilo yabathathi-nxaxheba bezemidlalo abadubulayo. Batsho abantwana banokucutha ukuvezwa kwelothe ngokufanelekileyo ngokuhlamba izandla zabo emva kokudubula, nangokungatyi ukutya okanye iziselo kuluhlu.
U-NIOSH uthi ukuhlamba izandla ngesepha namanzi akusebenzi ekukhupheni ilothe kumphezulu wolusu.
Inkqubo ye-Cilian Marksmanship Programme ithi iqeqeshe ngaphezu kwe-4,000 abaqeqeshi be-JROTC ukususela kwi-2005. I-CMP ithengisa izixhobo ezilahliweyo ze-Army, ngokukodwa izibhamu kunye ne-ammo, kuluntu lwaseMelika. Sisizwe kuphela emhlabeni esivumele ubugeza obunje. I-CMP yabucala ibambe i-184.7 yezigidi zeerandi kwizibambiso ngelixa ichitha ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sesigidi ngonyaka ibeka esweni iinkqubo zokudubula kwizikolo zethu eziphakamileyo.
I-CMP sisithandwa se-NRA. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana be-JROTC baya kwiziganeko ezixhaswe yi-NRA. I-NRA ikuxhasa ngenkuthalo ukusekwa kweendawo ezintsha zokudubula kwizikolo zethu.
Emva kokuba iCongress yenze i-arhente yabucala ngo-1996, (isukela ngo-1903), uSenator uPaul Simon (D-IL) wachaza i-CMP "njengengqondo engaqondakaliyo, engenakuxanduva, ephazamisayo ye-NRA."
IiCMP's Isikhokelo soLawulo lweNkokheli, incwadi yomthetho esetyenziswa yi-JROTC Marksmanship Programme, ithembele kwiziphumo ze-Health & Environmental Technology LLC (HET), indawo yokuvavanya indalo e-Colorado Springs, ukugxotha ingcamango yokuba izibhamu zomoya ezidubula iipellets ezikhokelayo zidala amasuntswana emoyeni. Umsebenzi oyedwa we-HET nguMnu Robert Rodosevich. Ngokusekwe kwisiphumo sikaRodosevich, i-CMP ithi iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya eziqhelekileyo zilungile kudederhu lokudubula kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zaseMelika nakwiiklabhu zemipu zabucala apho iiklabhu ezinxulumene ne-CMP ziqhuba.
URodosevich uye wajongwa eColorado ngo-2012 ngenxa “yokungafezeki okugqithisileyo kwezobugcisa ekuthotyelweni kobugcisa.” Amagosa ezempilo e-Colorado athi uRodosevich uphule imimiselo yelizwe ngokusilela ngokupheleleyo ukubonisa ukuba unalo naluphi na uhlobo lolwazi ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokusingqongileyo nonke.
Okwangoku, umsebenzi owenziwe nguRodosevich we-CMP ukhankanywa ngamagosa ezikolo eziphakamileyo kulo lonke ilizwe elinyanzeliswa ukuba likhusele ubukho beendawo zokudubula zangaphakathi kwizikolo zabo ngabazali abachaphazelekayo malunga nemiphumo enokuba yingozi yongcoliseko lwelothe.
Lo mfanekiso usuka kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseNorthwestern eFlint, MI ubonisa abafundi besusa iithagethi zabo emva kweseshoni yokudubula kwangaphakathi esikolweni ngoMvulo, Februwari 3, 2014. Uluhlu lokudubula kwesikolo lubekwe esweni yi-CMP. Inqununu yaseNyakatho-ntshona yayingazi ukuba inokungcoliseka okukhokelayo kwaye ithumele imibuzo kwisebe lezempilo lesithili elibhekiselele kwiinkxalabo kwi-EPA eyathi i-JROTC yayiyinkqubo yempi kwaye izikhalazo kufuneka ziqondiswe kumasebe omkhosi.
I-CMP icebisa ukuba abasebenzi besikolo baseke indlela yokubonelela ngendledlana emiselweyo yomqeqeshi okanye imbaleki egunyazisiweyo ukuba iyilandele ngelixa isiya kumgca ekujoliswe kuwo. Kumgca ojoliswe kuwo, kucetyiswa ukuba umtshintshi ochongiweyo afake izikhuselo zezicathulo ezilahlayo ngaphambi kokuba ahambe phezu kwayo nayiphi na intsalela enokuthi ibe phambi kweethagethi. Emva kokuba iithagethi zitshintshiwe, umtshintshi ojoliswe kuyo okhethiweyo kufuneka asuse izigqubuthelo zezihlangu ezilahlayo ngaphambi kokungena kwindlela yokuhamba kwaye ubuyele kumgca wokudubula. Kuyabonakala ukuba, abafundi baseFlint abazilandeli ezi ngcebiso.
KwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo iBoca Ciega eGulf Port, eFlorida naseGermantown High School eRidgeland, abafundi baseMississippi bacoca amabanga. Kwizikolo zaseCaddo Parish eLouisiana, abafundi bacoca amabanga, kodwa kufuneka basebenzise izixhobo zokuphefumla ukukhusela kwisikhokelo esiqhutywa ngumoya.
Ngokucacileyo, ukunyanzeliswa okufanayo akukho.
Abafundi kwiAcademy yeNkokheli yaMadoda eRochester, NY basebenzisa igumbi lebhoyila yesikolo ukudubula imipu yabo. Oku yokuzonwabisa ibonisa abafundi kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo apho intsalela yelothe ihlala ihleli emgangathweni phambi koko kujoliswe kuko. Abantwana badibana nelothe kumgca wokudubula nakwiithagethi.
Kuloo vidiyo usajini owabelwe umsebenzi wagqabaza wathi, “Asinguye wonk’ ubani onelungelo lokuba nesikolo esixhasa ngolo hlobo.” Iyazithoba kumbindi wayo kwaye imele ukuhlangana okucekisekayo kobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nomkhosi. Abafundisi be-JROTC ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela ngabasebenzi abangenayo i-degreed abavunyelwe ukufundisa iiklasi eziqinisekisiweyo. Bakwafundisa nembali yase-US kunye norhulumente.
le yokuzonwabisa ibonisa i-Freeport HS (IL) I-JROTC i-cadets ihamba ngokukhupha i-lead kumgangatho kwi-muzzle ekupheleni kompu kwindlela eya ezantsi kwi-backstop egcwele i-lead.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaqela olutsha adityaniswe neenkqubo ze-JROTC zesikolo esiphakamileyo zinyanzeliswa ukuba zisebenzise iindawo zokudubula zorhwebo apho i-.22 caliber rifles kunye nezibhamu ezinkulu zihlala zixoshwa. Isizwe siqikelelwa ukuba i-6,000 yezorhwebo yangaphakathi kunye neendawo zangaphandle zemipu, kodwa kuphela i-201 ihlolwe kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ngokutsho kwe-Seattle Times uhlalutyo lweerekhodi zoKhuseleko lwezeMpilo kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo (OSHA).
Nangona i-CMP ithi iqinisekisa ukuhlolwa kwe-JROTC yokudubula amanqanaba, umntu wehla ibhola kwiVancouver (Wash.) Rifle kunye nePistol Club, i-CMP edibeneyo. Ngo-2010, uvavanyo lwegazi lwabonisa ukuba ulutsha oluyi-20 luye lwafumana ilothe emva kokudutyulwa kwindawo emdaka kunye nengenamoya omdaka. Ilothe emgangathweni yayiphezulu ngokuphindwe kaliwaka kunesikhokelo sezindlu esisemthethweni selothe evumelekileyo kumphezulu.
Amaqela e-JROTC kunye ne-Young Marines evela kwizikolo zesithili zihlala zidubula apho. I-Young Marines, kufanele kuqatshelwe, ivulekele abantwana 3rd ibakala nangaphezulu. Aba bantwana bayayithanda imipu. Xa izikolo kwilizwe lonke zingasebenzisi amagumbi azo okufundela kunye neendawo zokuzilolonga kudederhu lokudubula, ziya kwiindawo ezinje.
“Asizange silumke kakhulu,” watsho omnye umntwana. "Sasifumana ilothe ezandleni zethu kwaye sitye ukutya kweminwe."
Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukungena komoya akuphumeleli ukuhambisa amasuntswana elothe asemoyeni ehle kubadubuli. Abantwana baphefumla ilothe, batya ilothe nelothe efunxayo ngokudibana nolusu lweendawo ezimdaka.
Ngo-2013 iqela labazali eMontgomery County, eMaryland laya kumagosa esithili malunga neenkxalabo zabo malunga nokubakho kokuvezwa okukhokelayo kumagumbi okufundela aqhelekileyo asetyenziselwa zombini iindidi zokudubula kunye nezifundo zemfundo. Amagosa esikolo saseMontgomery akhankanya iziphumo zeHET/Rodosevich ezisetyenziswa yiCMP.
UMontgomery uthe abantwana abathatha inxaxheba ekudubuleni imipu yomoya banokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuvezwa kwesikhokelo ngokuhlamba izandla zabo emva kokudubula kunye nokungatyi ukutya okanye iziselo kuluhlu. Kwaba njalo. "Nciphisa ngokufanelekileyo." Oko akuthethi ukuphelisa. I-CDC ithi akukho nqanaba legazi elikhuselekileyo lelothe kubantwana.
I-Affluent Fairfax County, eVirginia yajongana nelinye iqela labazali abazimiseleyo, abalungelelanisiweyo abanenkxalabo efanayo. Ngokungafaniyo neMontgomery, i-Fairfax yathatha inyathelo ngoko nangoko, yakuba ngamagosa esikolo uye waqaphela iindawo zokudubula! Akukho mntu kwiofisi esembindini owayesazi ukuba uluhlu lukhona, kodwa, kwityala labo, bayalela ngoko nangoko ukuvavanywa kokukhokela.
Uthuli lwelothe lwagubungela amagumbi okufundela apho iimvavanyo zaziqhutyelwa khona. I-county yavala uluhlu kwaye yaqesha iikontraka ukuba zicoce i-lead ngaphandle kwamagumbi. Iileta zathunyelwa kubazali babafundi abathi amagosa esikolo afumanisa ukuba basenokuba bachanabeke eluthulini. Abadlali be-Wrestlers eNtabeni yeVernon basebenzisa igumbi lokudubula le-JROTC lokuziqhelanisa ne-wrestling.
I-Fairfax yavala kwangoko ukusetyenziswa kweembumbulu zelothe ezikolweni, kodwa kulungile kwiMontgomery engummelwane.
I-CMP iphuhlise imithetho engqongqo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kwayo akukho kwaye iinkqubo zayo ezicetyiswayo azichanekanga. Umzekelo, ukucoca iidiphozithi zelothe kumgca wokudutyulwa kunye nendawo ekujoliswe kuyo, i-CMP icebisa, "i-mopping emanzi ngamaxesha athile kunye nesisombululo samanzi kunye ne-tri-sodium phosphate" (TSP) kufuneka yenze iqhinga." Nangona kunjalo, iSebe leZindlu kunye noPhuhliso lweDolophu lase-US liyayivala i-tri-sodium phosphate xa icoca i-lead kuba iyingozi kwindalo kwaye ayikho ngcono kunezinye ii-arhente zokucoca ezingenabungozi.
Abafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo bawela rhoqo umgca wokudubula. Xa ixesha leklasi liphelile, imigangatho inokuhlala ingacocekanga, kwaye umgca wokudubula ungabikho, kwaye ifanitshala iphinda ilungiswe ngelixa iqela elilandelayo labafundi lifaka isicelo kwisifundo esingahambelaniyo. Ngeli xesha, uthuli olulothe luvuthululelwa emoyeni luze lucholwe ngabafundi kwizihlangu, iinwele, iimpahla, kunye noobhaka ukuze bahanjiswe kuso sonke isikolo. Abantwana bafana ne-mops yothuli, besasaza izinto ezibulalayo kwisakhiwo sonke.
Inkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-1 ubudala eConnecticut yafunyanwa inamanqanaba aphezulu okukhokela kwegazi ngexesha lotyelelo lukagqirha. Ubhengezo lwalandwa kumsebenzi kayise njengonogcino kwindawo yokudubula yangaphakathi.
EWaimea, eHawaii iNkqubo yokuPhawula iMenehune yeSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo i-ROTC ineenkqubo zokusebenza eziyalela abasebenzi abagciniweyo ukuba “batshayele iipeliti zelothe.”
Ngaba izakudlala ePeoria? Kuyabonakala ukuba kunjalo. I-Richwoods High School Marine Corps Uluhlu lweqela leqela le-Rifle lineendlela ezintandathu zokudubula, kodwa xa zineemidlalo zompu womoya zamanani amakhulu, iqela lisebenzisa i-roller skating rink yasekhaya.
