NguCraig Etchison, Phd
UJohn F. Kennedy wabulawa kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo. Kungekudala emva kokufa kwakhe, iCongress yadlula i-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution eyathumela i-United States amandla apheleleyo kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam, ukuqala kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yemfazwe eyakhokelela kwimfazwe (ekuthiwa) engapheliyo-okanye ixesha elide lokulwa nobunqolobi. Kodwa ukuba u-JFK wayephila, iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo yokungaphumeleli kwe-adventurism yasemkhosini ngekhe yenzeke, nangona singasoze sazi ngokuqinisekileyo. Ilizwe lethu linokuba laphila ngokweyona minqweno liphezulu kwaye likhokele ihlabathi kwindlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo—indlela yoxolo.
Loo ndlela yachazwa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kuka-JFK kwidilesi yokuqala awayinikela kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington, DC, intetho eyayi, ngokudabukisayo, yayingaqatshelwanga kwaye yayikhunjulwa ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo izindululo zaloo ntetho zisabonelela ngemephu yotshintsho oluhle e-US, utshintsho oluya kunceda wonke ummi weli lizwe kunye nomntu wonke kwihlabathi. Kungekudala ngaphambi kwedilesi ye-JFK kunye neyona mincinane yemida, ihlabathi liye layinqanda imbubhiso yenyukliya ngexesha lentlekele ye-missile yaseCuba-ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba i-JFK yala ukuzithoba kuxinzelelo oluvela kwiinjengele ezazikhuthaza ngamandla ukubetha kwenyukliya okokuqala kwiSoviet Union. Iinjengele zazizama ukufaka imikhosi emikhulu eVietnam, ishishini lomkhosi i-JFK laligqibe kwelokuba liquqe emva konyulo luka-1964.
Kwintetho yakhe ye-AU, endaweni yokuncoma umkhosi wase-US, u-JFK wagqiba kwelokuba “… Iimbono zeJFK ezinombono zinokubaluleka okumangalisayo kunikwe urhulumente wethu ukuba afune izisombululo zomkhosi kuzo zonke iintlobo zeengxaki. Ukusonjululwa kweengxaki ngaphandle komkhosi womkhosi kubonakala kungekho ngqondo-ngqondo xa kuqwalaselwa ukusilela okukhulu komkhosi womkhosi ekudaleni ihlabathi elinoxolo kule minyaka ingamashumi amahlanu idlulileyo.
Umbono kaKennedy woxolo yayingeyiyo “… iPax Americana enyanzeliswe kwihlabathi ngezixhobo zemfazwe zaseMelika.” UJFK wayeqonda ukuba iPax Romana nePax Brittania yayingamaxesha emfazwe engapheliyo, apho ugonyamelo ngokuqhelekileyo lwalukhokelela kugonyamelo olungakumbi, kungekhona uxolo. Namhlanje i-US ichitha iibhiliyoni zeedola ukugcina iplanethi, izibandakanya kwiimfazwe ezingenamsebenzi ze-drone, kwaye isebenzisa imikhosi ekhethekileyo ye-ops ngaphandle kwe-purview yeCongress kwinzame elilize lokulawula ihlabathi. Le ndlela yomkhosi kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle ivelise ihlabathi elizaliswe bubundlobongela obungancitshiswanga kunye nembuyekezo ebulalayo ngokungalindelekanga. Inkitha yabantu abamsulwa ehlabathini lonke ijamelene nogonyamelo lwemihla ngemihla—singasathethi ke ngokunqongophala kokutya, amanzi nokusesikweni—okudla ngokuphembelela ubugrogrisi ekucingelwa ukuba silwa nabo.
Kwaye e-US? Sichitha iibhiliyoni zeerandi kwizixhobo—kwanakwizixhobo ezinjengeetanki neenqwelo-moya ezingafunwayo okanye ezingafunwa ngumkhosi—ngelixa izigidi zingasebenzi, ngoxa ummi omnye kwabathandathu esoloko ethwaxwa yindlala. Ngaba okungekho sikweni okunjalo kunokuthetheleleka okanye, ngokwemigaqo yezoqoqosho kuphela, kuqhubeke?
UMongameli uKennedy waba nombono “...uxolo lokwenene, uhlobo loxolo olwenza ubomi emhlabeni bube nentsingiselo, uhlobo olwenza abantu nezizwe bakhule kwaye babe nethemba nokwakhela abantwana babo ubomi obungcono—kungekhona nje uxolo kubantu baseMelika kodwa uxolo. kuwo onke amadoda nabafazi—kungekhona nje uxolo kwixesha lethu kodwa uxolo oluhlala luhleli.” Wayeqonda ukuba olo xolo luya kufuna utshintsho olukhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika olawulwa yi-complex yezobuntlola zasemkhosini ezazisitya imfazwe kunye namalungiselelo emfazwe. Ihagu yePentagon yakhululwa ukuba ikhuphe uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukazwelonke njengoko yayifuna-imibuzo embalwa ebuzwayo-akukho ngxelo iyimfuneko-ngokoqobo-ngaphandle komonakalo owenzekayo emhlabeni jikelele okanye ukubola kweziseko zophuhliso kunye nokukhula kwentsilelo, zombini imali kunye nokuziphatha, ekhaya.
I-JFK yabonisa ukuba imfazwe ngexesha lenyukliya—imfazwe yenyukliya yayisezingqondweni zabaninzi ngaloo mihla—ayinangqiqo xa utshintshiselwano olunye lwaluya kutshabalalisa amashumi ezigidi zezigidi luze lushiye umhlaba ugqunywe yityhefu ebulalayo. Ukulinganisa okukwinqanaba eliphezulu kwekhompyuter kubonisa ukuba ukudubula kweebhombu zenyukliya ezimbalwa ukuya kumashumi amahlanu kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo kunokubangela ubusika benyukliya, okunokuphelisa uluntu emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo amaRussia kwaye sigcina amashumi amawaka eemfazwe zenyukliya kunye nemijukujelwa ukuzihambisa, exabisa omabini la mazwe iibhiliyoni zeedola minyaka le. IPakistan, iIndiya, i-Israel, neBritane nazo zinezixhobo ezininzi zenyukliya. Masingalibali, kwakhona, ukuba ukutshintshiselana ngenyukliya ngenxa yempazamo okanye ukungafundi kakuhle—okanye into nje elula njengesixhobo esingaphumeleliyo—kunokukhokelela kwintshabalalo. Olo kusilela kwenzeka ngowe-1983 xa inkqubo yokulumkisa ngesathelayithi yeSoviet ayizange isebenze kakuhle, kodwa ngenxa yenkalipho yelinye igosa laseSoviet elingazange liqalise ugwayimbo lokuziphindezela—njengoko umyalelo walo wawufunayo—sisenokungabikho namhlanje.
Umongameli u-Eisenhower wabonisa ukuba ukuchitha iibhiliyoni zeedola kwizixhobo "... ezonakalisa kuphela kwaye zingalokothi zidale ..." yayiyinkunkuma embi. Qwalasela imfazwe yase-Iraq engafunekiyo apho siya kuchitha ngaphezulu kweetriliyoni ezintathu zeedola ukubulala amakhulu amawaka, ukuthumela izigidi elubhacweni, kwaye silishiye ilizwe likwimeko embi, lihlaselwa phantse mihla le ziibhombu zabanqolobi—iziqhushumbisi eziye zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-850 uninzi lwabemi abamsulwa ngexesha lemfazwe. inyanga iphelile nje ngoku ndibhala oku.
Luphi uxolo okanye ukhuseleko okanye ithuba lobomi obuqhelekileyo awayethetha ngabo uKennedy? Sizuze ntoni i-adventurism yethu yezomkhosi? Ngaba baseIraq? KuMbindi Mpuma omkhulu? Ehlabathini? Sichitha amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka ngamnye sixhasa malunga newaka leziseko zomkhosi kwihlabathi jikelele. Singabona bahlambululi bezixhobo kwihlabathi, sibalelwa kwi-78% yazo zonke izixhobo ezithengiswayo emhlabeni, ikakhulu koozwilakhe. Luphi uxolo kolu tyalo mali? Luphi ukhuseleko? Inceda njani izigidi zabemi base-US abahlwempuzekileyo? Izinceda njani izigidi ehlabathini lonke ezithwaxwa bubuhlwempu nokuphelelwa lithemba—yaye apho kuphuma khona abaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo bengenathemba kangangokuba bakulungele ukuziqhumisa ukuze babulale abantu abambalwa abamsulwa?
Siqalise imfazwe yokoyikisa ngeedrones zethu ezithi, njengazo zonke izixhobo, zibulale ngokungakhethiyo. Amanani karhulumente akacacanga. Akukho mfuneko yokuba abavoti bazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni. Kodwa i-Bureau of Investigative Journalism, elandelela uhlaselo lwe-drone iminyaka elishumi elinesibini, ithi olu hlaselo lubulele i-4,000 uninzi lwabemi ePakistan, Yemen naseSomalia. Abemi ababengenzi nto ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nomsebenzi wobomi. Ithini loo nto ngemilinganiselo yethu? Siyithethelela njani loo nto yokuxhela? Siyazi nokuba ukugqithiswa komkhosi okunjalo kwandisa inzondo ye-US Uvoto lwamva nje lwePew ePakistan-ekuthiwa liqabane-lubonise ukuba i-75% yabemi ithatha i-US njengotshaba. Leyo yimivuzo yogonyamelo olwenziwa lelinye ilizwe kwelinye.
Kuthekani ukuba, endaweni yokuthumela i-drones e-Afghanistan nasePakistan-kunye namazwe amaninzi e-Afrika-sithumele ubuchule bethu bokulima, ekwakheni iziseko zamanzi acocekileyo kunye nogutyulo, ekusekeni izibonelelo zelanga kumazwe apho ukukhanya kwelanga kuninzi? Kuthekani ukuba sithumela ngaphandle iitrektara endaweni yeetanki, iziyobisi ezisindisa ubomi endaweni yeedrone, irayisi endaweni yompu? Besiya kujongwa njani lihlabathi? Ngaba ihlabathi belingayi kuba yindawo ekhuselekileyo ukuba besijongwa njengabancedi kunokuba sijongwe njengabanqolobi? Ngaba ukunikela ithemba bekungayi kukhokelela kwihlabathi elinoxolo ngakumbi apho abantu bebeya kuhlala baze bakhule ngaphandle koloyiko—kanye njengokuba uKennedy wayecinga njalo?
U-JFK uthe kufuneka “… siphinde sihlole izimo zethu zengqondo—njengabantu ngabanye nanjengesizwe…” malunga noxolo nokuba nokwenzeka koxolo. Wabonisa ukuba isimo sethu sengqondo ngoxolo asinakoyiswa kuba oko kukhokelela kwintshabalalo. Sidale iingxaki kwaye sinokuzisombulula. Ngaba ubizo olunjalo kwindlela entsha yokucinga lunokufaneleka ngakumbi namhlanje xa iinkokeli zethu zithetha ngemfazwe engapheliyo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, uJFK wayesazi ukuba "... ukufuna uxolo akukhona njengento ephawulekayo njengokusukela imfazwe-kwaye rhoqo amazwi omsukelayo awela ezindlebeni ezingevayo. Kodwa asinamsebenzi ungxamisekileyo. ”
Kennedy waphawula ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlanga lwethu, imfundiso, okanye ibala, sonke singabantu—sineemfuno ezifanayo, amathemba afanayo, noloyiko olufanayo. Wasicela ukuba sihlolisise isimo sethu sengqondo kwabo sicinga ukuba ziintshaba zethu kuba silahlekelwa yimbono echanileyo xa siqala ukubona abanye ngendlela engafanelekanga kuphela. I-JFK ibuze ilizwe "... ukuba ingaboni kuphela imbono egqwethekileyo neyinqwenelayo yelinye icala, ukungajongi impixano njengento engenakuthintelwa, indawo yokuhlala njengento engenakwenzeka, kwaye unxibelelwano luyinto nje yokutshintshiselana ngezisongelo."
Ngexesha lethu, senza umonakalo omkhulu eluxolweni ukuba asiqondi ukuba uninzi lwamaSilamsi lufuna uxolo njengoko uninzi lwamaKristu. Ewe, abambalwa be-jihadists abagqwesileyo baye bagqwetha yonke ingcamango ye-jihad ukuthethelela ubunqolobi, kodwa akufuneki sivumele i-stereotype esekelwe kwiimfama ezimbalwa, kuba ngoko asinabulungisa kuninzi. Oko akukhokeleli kuxolo kodwa kungquzulwano oluqhubekayo, kuluntu olubetha igubu elingapheliyo loloyiko oluququzelelwa ngabezopolitiko kunye noonondaba ngenjongo yokuqhubela phambili imisebenzi kunye nokwenza imali. Yaye abantu kuyo yonke indawo—apha nakwamanye amazwe—ngabo abalahlekileyo.
UJFK ubhale wathi, “… Sonke sihlala kule planethi incinci. Sonke siphefumla umoya ofanayo. Sonke siyalixabisa ikamva labantwana bethu. Kwaye sonke singabantu abafayo. " Ngaba le nyaniso ayifanele ibe sisiqalo? Cinga ngekhono lokudala amandla ezopolitiko apho, kunokuba sikhuthaze inkolo yobundlobongela, njengoko sisenza ngoku, sasikhuthaza inkolo yobubele. I-JFK iqhubeka ithi "... ukusasaza ityala okanye ukukhomba umnwe wesigwebo" yinto ephuthileyo. "Kufuneka sijongane nehlabathi njengoko linjalo." Simele siziphathe ngendlela yokuba iintshaba zethu—kule meko, nawuphi na umbutho wabanqolobi okanye wabanqolobi—zikufumanise kuluncedo kakhulu ukuvumelana ngoxolo. Asiyenzi loo nto xa sibandakanyeka kwimfazwe yedrone ebulala abantu abamsulwa, eyenza ukudibana okuqhelekileyo kobomi-indibano yokuthetha ngeefama, iintsapho, okanye imitshato-ingenakwenzeka. Oko kudala iPTSD kumawaka abantwana abamsulwa. Iinqwelo-moya eziziinqwelo-moya azinakuze zisibhabhele zisise kwihlabathi elinoxolo—kuphela kwihlabathi elizaliswe bubugrogrisi obungakumbi.
Inqaku elinye elenziwe nguJFK kwidilesi yakhe libonakala lifanelekile ngokujonga into ebizama i-US kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo. “Kuba akuthandabuzeki ukuba, ukuba zonke iintlanga bezinokuyeka ukungenelela kulawulo lwabanye, uxolo beluya kuqinisekiswa ngakumbi.” Indlela yethu yedemokhrasi ayinakunyanzeliswa kwabanye ngokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yasemkhosini, i-ops emnyama yiCIA, okanye i-blackmail yezoqoqosho. Bekufanele ukuba sikufundile oko kwiintsilelo zethu ezininzi. Amazwe kufuneka azigqibele ngokwawo ukuba loluphi uhlobo lorhulumente oluyilungele kakuhle imeko yawo. Ewe, i-US inokunceda abantu bamanye amazwe ngokwala ukuthengisa izixhobo koozwilakhe abakhohlakeleyo, into sonke esizimisele ukuyenza i-JFK ikwasicelile ukuba “… sivavanye isimo sethu sengqondo malunga noxolo nenkululeko apha ekhaya.
Umgangatho nomoya woluntu lwethu kufuneka uzithethelele kwaye uxhase imigudu yethu kumazwe angaphandle.” Ngaba likhona ixesha elingcono lokuzibandakanya koku? Ngexesha apho amazwe amaninzi awisa imithetho yokuthintela abemi bemibala ukuba bavote. Xa ubungxowankulu bokudla abantu buqhubeleka nokususa ubutyebi belizwe lethu busiwe kwi-1% ngelixa amanani ahlala esanda abemi esiwa kwintlupheko. Ngaba kukho nasiphi na isityholo esikhulu semigaqo-nkqubo yethu yangoku kunento yokuba abemi abaninzi base-US bajongana nokunqongophala kokutya, ukuba sinamashumi amawaka abantu abangenamakhaya, ukuba iziseko zethu ziyawohloka?
Umhlaza omkhulu wombutho wezobuntlola kushishino lomkhosi utya undoqo woMgaqo-siseko wethu. Lo mhlaza wondla iingeniso ezilihlazo kunye nezinto eziluncedo kwabambalwa ngoxa utyeshela iimfuno ezisisiseko zabaninzi—abalapha nakwamanye amazwe. Lo mhlaza utya amaziko ethu asisiseko kurhulumente njengoko ukubawa kwabambalwa abangenabubele nabangaziphethe kakubi begqwetha eyona mibono isisiseko yabaseki. Njengoko lo mhlaza usanda, utya inkululeko yethu esisiseko—ukususela ekubeni sibe ngasese ukusa kubuchule bethu bokudlulisela ubomi obungcono kubantwana bethu, nto leyo esikhumbuza amazwi anamandla kaGqr. King athi: “Isizwe esiqhubeka unyaka nonyaka sichitha imali eninzi. kukhuseleko lwasemkhosini kunakwinkqubo yokuphucula uluntu kusondela ekufeni ngokomoya.”
Ukukhupha umhlaza kwisakhiwo sobuntlola bezomkhosi-kwemizi-mveliso akusayi kuba lula-kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akuyi kuba lula kubantu abatyhafileyo. Amandla akrwada akwicala lomkhosi wezobuntlola, nangona amandla okuziphatha akwicala labo baya kubona ukuphela kwayo. Iindleko ziya kwenziwa. UJames W. Douglass kuphando lwakhe olugqwesileyo lwe-JFK kunye ne-Unspeakable yenza ingxoxo enamandla yokuba ukufuduka kwe-JFK kude nemfazwe ukuya eluxolweni yabeka isoyikiso esibi kakhulu kwi-complex yezobuntlola zomkhosi kunye nomnqweno onganelisekiyo wemfazwe. Ungenzi mpazamo, indawo yomkhosi-yemizi-mveliso iya kukhusela i-turf yayo ngawo onke amandla amakhulu kunye nobundlobongela obukhoyo.
Ukuzisa olu tshintsho lusisiseko soluntu kuya kufuna amandla abantu abaneentliziyo ezilungileyo abaphuma kuzo zonke iimbombo zelizwe lethu. Abafundi, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngokungoyiki kwabo kunye nokuzimisela ukulwela ilungelo. Izifundiswa eziphande umhlaza kwaye zinokuchaza unyango olufunekayo. Siza kufuna abantu epulpitini abafana noWilliam Sloan Coffin kunye noGqr Martin Luther King ukuba baduma ngokuchasene nokungalingani okugqithisileyo okubekwe ngumkhosi kwimiqolo yabemi bethu, singasathethi ke ngokuphulukana kwabo nenkululeko. Kwaye inkitha yabanye abaza kunikela ngexesha labo-kunye neevoti zabo-ukusibuyisela kwidemokhrasi enentsingiselo apho uxolo luyeyona njongo iphambili.
Kwintetho yakhe, uKennedy wabuza umbuzo obalulekileyo ekufuneka siwuphendule ukuba sinqwenela ukukhusela ibhekoni yethu yenkululeko kwimikhosi efihlakeleyo ye-plutocracy kunye nemfazwe esele inyuka ngoku. Wathi, "...ayiloxolo, kuhlalutyo lokugqibela, ngokusisiseko ngumba wamalungelo oluntu-ilungelo lokuphila ubomi bethu ngaphandle koloyiko lwentshabalalo-ilungelo lokuphefumla umoya njengoko indalo ibonelela-ilungelo lezizukulwana ezizayo ubukho obuphilileyo?” Ukuba sikholelwa ukuba impendulo ngu-ewe, ngoko sinomsebenzi we-herculean phambi kwethu kuba imbali isixelela ngokucacileyo ukuba ii-arhente zamandla azizange zinikezele ngokuzithandela loo mandla. Ndiyathemba ukuba uninzi lwethu lufumana enye indlela yomsebenzi we-herculean ayamkelekanga.
