Kuyisikhathi sokuphelisa ukubhaliswa kokubhaliswa kunye nokubuyisela amalungelo apheleleyo kubantu besazela.

NguBill Galvin noMaria Santelli, iZiko leNzululwazi kunye neMfazwe[1]

Ngomda wokulwa nabasetyhini kwii-Armed Forces zase-US eziphakanyisiwe ngoku, ukuxubusha kobhaliso olubhaliweyo lubuyela kwiindaba, iinkundla, kunye neeholo zendibano. Kodwa iingxaki zeNkqubo yokuNikwa kweNkonzo (SSS) Ukubhalisa kuya kunzulu kunokulingana ngokwesini. Kukho umdla omncinci wezopolitiko ekubuyiseleni umqulu. Ukuqulunqa ukubhalisa kusekho umthwalo kumadoda amancinane esizwe-kwaye ngoku, mhlawumbi bethu abasetyhini abasetyhini, njengokuba.

Izahlwayo ezingenabungozi ezibekwa kulabo abakhetha ukungabikho okanye ukungaphumeleli ukubhalisa kwenza ubomi bunzima kubabaninzi abaye baxhatshazwa, kwaye bajolise ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokungavumi ngenxa yenkolo abakholelwa ukuba ukubhalisa kwiNkonzo yokuKhetha yindlela yokuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe. Akukho thuba lokubhalisa njengomntu ongenalo unembeza. Ukukhuselwa ngokomthetho ngenxa yenkokheli enyanzelekileyo ngenxa yenkokheli kwanikezelwa kumanyathelo emininzi yamacoloni okuqala,[2] kwaye yabhalwa kwiingqungquthela zokuqala zezinto ezaba yiziQuqulelo zokuQala nokuBili kwiBhili yamaLungelo eMgaqo-siseko wase-US.[3] Esikhundleni sokuhlonipha nokuxhasa le ntlalontle kunye nokukhusela, abenzi bomthetho banamhlanje abaxhomekeke kubhaliso kwimithetho ephika imfundo, ingqesho kunye namanye amathuba angundoqo. Le mithetho ibingumthwalo ongamukelekiyo kulabo abangenako, ukubhalisa ngonembeza onobulungisa, kunye Enyanisweni bakhonza ukuhlwaya kwaye bahlalutye abo baphila ubomi babo ngokwenene kwisiseko sentando yesininzi.

Emva kwemfazwe eVietnam iphelile ngo-1975, ulungiso lokubhalisa lwaphela kwakhona. KuMongameli we-1980 uCarter ubuyisele ukubhalisa ukuthumela umyalezo kwiSoviet Union, eyayisandul 'ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan, ukuba i-US ingaba ilungele ukulwa nanini na. Lo usengumthetho welizwe namhlanje: malunga nawo onke amadoda ahlala e-US kunye nabo bonke abemi besilisa phakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 kunye ne-26 kufuneka babhaliswe kwiNkonzo yokuThetha.

Isohlwayo sokusilela ukubhalisa sinokubanzima kakhulu: yifelony yomanyano ephethe isohlwayo seminyaka emi-5 entolongweni kunye nesohlwayo esifikelela kwi- $ 250,000.[4] Ekubeni i-1980 izigidi zabaselula ziye zaphula umthetho ngokuhluleka ukubhalisa. Kwaye abo babhalisa, izigidi ezininzi zaphula umthetho ngenxa yokuhluleka ukubhalisa ngeli xesha elichazwe kumthetho.[5]  Ekubeni i-1980 isixa esiphezulu se-20 abantu baye batyhutshiswa ngenxa yokungakwazi ukubhalisa. (I-citshulwa yokugqibela yayinguJanuwari 23rd, i-1986.) Phantse bonke abo bashushiswa babengafuni ukuya empini ngenxa yokunyanzela inkululeko ababethetha ngokungekho ukubhaliswa njengengxelo yezenkolo, yezopolitiko okanye yezopolitiko.[6]

Ekuqaleni, urhulumente wenze icebo lokutshutshisa abantu abancinci bezahlula zikarhulumente kunye nokwesaba bonke abantu ukuba bahambisane nemfuneko yokubhalisa. (Isikrelemnesi, lesi sicwangciso sokunyanzeliswa sibizwa ngokuthi "ukukhuseleka ngokubanzi.") Isicwangciso siphenduliwe: abachasayo ngokwenkolo ngenxa yokutshutshiswa babekho kwiindaba ezihlwaya zithetha ngamanani abo, bethetha ukuba baphendula umgaqo ophezulu wokuziphatha, nokungathobeli ukubhaliswa ngokwenene ukwanda.

Ekuphenduleni, ukususela kwi-1982, urhulumente wezepolisi wenza umthetho wokugweba kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eyenzelwe ukunyanzelisa abantu ukuba babhalise kwiNkonzo yokuSebenza. Le mithetho, ebizwa ngokuthi "uSolomon" imithetho emva kokuba ilungu leNgqungquthela elazisa kuqala (kungekhona ngenxa yobungqina babo obuthathwayo!), Abagunyazisiweyo abangabhaliswanga banqatshelwe oku kulandelayo:

• I-Federal financial aid kubafundi beekholeji;
• Ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi we-Federal;
• Ingqesho kunye nee-arhente ezilawulayo;
• S. Ubunini kubafuduki.

I-Service Selective ichaze ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba iinjongo zabo kukunyusa izinga lokubhalisa, kungekhona ukutshutshisa abangabhalisi. Bavuyiswa ngokunyanisekileyo ukubhaliswa kwexesha elide kude kube yinye ijika i-26, emva kwexesha elingekho ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokusemandleni ukuba ubhalise. Ngenxa yokuba kunemimiselo emihlanu yemingcele yokuphulwa komthetho weNkonzo yoKhetha, xa umntu ongabhalisi ephendukela kwi-31[7] asinakutshutshiswa, kodwa ukukhanyela uncedo lwezezimali lwezemali, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, kunye nomsebenzi uyaqhubeka kulo lonke ubomi bakhe.

I-Service Selection iye yangqina phambi kweCongress ukuba akukho nto inokuyifumana ngokukhanyela ezi ntlawulo kulabo abadala kakhulu ukuba babhalise.[8] Nangona kunjalo, kwiingqinamba ezityhutyulweyo, izikhulu zorhulumente ziye zatsho ukuba ukufumana umntu ukuba abhalise ukwenza loo mntu, ngenxa yokuba ukuhluleka ukubhalisa kubangenakulungelelaniswa kule mivuzo "karhulumente. Inkonzo ekhethiweyo uGol Coronado ukugcina,

"Ukuba asiphumelelanga ukukhumbuza amadoda akwizixeko ezingaphakathi malunga noxanduva lwabo lokubhalisa, ngakumbi abantu abambalwa kunye nabaphambukeli, baya kuphoswa ngamathuba okuphumeza iphupha laseMelika. Baza kuphulukana nokufaneleka kwemali-mboleko yasekholejini kunye neegranti, imisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni, uqeqesho lomsebenzi kunye nabaphambukeli abaneminyaka yobudala, ubumi. Ngaphandle kokuba siphumelele ekufezekiseni ubhaliso oluphezulu, iMelika inokuba kwinqanaba lokudala i-underclass esisigxina. ”[9]

Esikhundleni sokusebenza ukuphelisa izihlwayo ezingabonakaliyo kwabangabhalisi, kwaye ngokwenene ukulinganisa indawo yokudlala kubo bonke, iNkonzo yokuSebenza ikhuthaze ukuba eyongezelelweyo Izohlwayo kwabo bangabhalisi kuyilo. NgokweNgxelo yoNyaka ye-SSS yowama-2015 kwiCongress, ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu samadoda abhaliswe kwi-FY 2015 anyanzeliswa ngamanyathelo anje ngemiqathango yelayisensi yokuqhuba okanye ukufikelela kuncedo lwezezimali.[10]

Kwiminyaka ukususela ekubeni urhulumente wesigqeba usebenzise izigwebo zeSolomon, i-44 ithi, iSithili sase-Columbia, kunye nemimandla emininzi imisele umthetho okhuthaza okanye uphoqe ukubhalisa ngeNkonzo yokukhetha. Le mithetho ithatha iifom ezininzi: ezinye zithi zithintele urhulumente karhulumente uncedo kubafundi abangabhalwanga; ezinye zokubhaliswa kweenkunkuma kumaziko karhulumente; abanye balabo abangabhalisi ukufundiswa kwimivuzo ye-out-of-state; kwaye abanye bathi bahlawule idibaniso zezi zihlwayo. Iingxowa-mthetho ezithintela umsebenzi kunye noorhulumente karhulumente baye badlula kwiindawo ze-20 kunye nommandla omnye.

Imithetho idibanisa ukubhalisa kwilayisenisi yokuqhuba, imvume yemfundi, okanye i-ID yesithombe ziyahluka ngobuso, ekufuneni ukubhaliswa ukuze afaneleke ukufumana i-ID okanye ilayisenisi, eyona nto ithathwa yinkoliso ezininzi, ukunika nje ithuba lokubhalisa. Amazwe kuphela awanamdluliyo nawuphi na umthetho welizwe ngokumalunga nokubhalisa kunye neNkonzo yokuSebenza yiNebraska, i-Oregon, iPennsylvania, iVermont ne-Wyoming.

Nakuphi na ukwaphulwa komthetho kuthwala isohlwayo xa umntu enetyala. Kodwa-kwaye kufanelekile ukuphinda- urhulumente awutshutshisi mntu ngenxa yokuphula umthetho weNkonzo yeeNkonzo ezikhethiweyo ukususela kwi-1986, ngelixa amawaka eminyaka abemi baseU.S. ukususela ngelo xesha.[11] Lo mkhuba wokubanjwa ngaphandle kokutshutshiswa okanye inkohlakalo inqumla inkqubo yomthetho esungulwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Ukongezelela, ukuhlawulisa abantu ngeendlela ezingahambelani netyala labo - inkohlakalo abangazange bahlawuliswe ngayo - iyaphikisana nenkqubo yethu yomgaqo siseko kunye nombono wethu wobulungisa. Ukuba kukho intando yezopolitiko yokunyanzelisa umthetho, abaphuli-mthetho kufuneka batyhutshwe kwaye banelungelo lokugwetywa ngabagwebi babo ontanga. Ukuba akukho mgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko wokunyanzelisa umthetho, umthetho kufuneka uhluthwe. 

Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba ulandele lo mthetho ongathandekiyo kunye nomthwalo, ukugqithiswa kwezopolitiko kunye neendaba zakutshanje kuye kwagxila ekukhuliseni kwabasetyhini. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 2, i-2016 oyiNtloko yeSigqeba soMkhosi kunye noMlawuli we-Marine Corps bobabini babingqina phambi kweKomiti yeeNkonzo zeeNkxaso zeSenate ekuncediseni ukunyusa ukubhaliswa kwabafazi. Kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva, ummeli uDuncan Hunter (R-CA) kunye noMmeli uRyan Zinke (R-MT) wazisa Umthetho we-Draft America's Daughters Act, okokuba, xa kudlulile, iya kwandisa imfuneko yobhaliso kubasetyhini. Kwakhona kuya kuba ngabafazi, kwaye ngokungafaniyo nabasetyhini, ukutshutshiswa kwezobulungisa, kunye nokuhlawulwa kwexesha elide ngenxa yokusebenza kwesazela.

Emuva kwi-1981, xa ubhaliso lobuSebenzi beSetyhini olukhethekileyo lubekelwe umngeni njengolucalulo ngokwesondo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ukuba ukubhaliswa kweNkonzo yoLungiselelo loLuntu olulodwa kuphela olusemthethweni. Bathi, "Abasetyhini abangekho kwiinkonzo zokulwa," azinjalo nje ukuba zenzeke ngokufanayo ngenjongo yokuqulunqa okanye ukubhaliswa kwidrafti, "kunye neCongress, ekubeni negunya lomgaqo-siseko" ukuphakamisa nokugcina "umkhosi, yayinegunya lokuqwalasela "imfuneko yempi" ngaphezu "kokulingana."[12]

Kodwa amaxesha antshintshile, kwaye ngoku ngoku abafazi bayabonwa ngokuba "bekhona ngokufanayo." Ngoku ukuba abafazi abasayi kuvinjelwa ekulwa, isizathu sokuba iNkundla ivumele ukuba inkqubo yokubhalisa yindoda ingekho. Amatyala amaninzi enkundleni kwiminyaka yamuva nje inzima umngeni-kuphela woluhlu olusisiseko somgaqo-siseko "okhuseleko olulinganayo", kunye nenye yeemeko ya phi kisana phambi kwe9^th Inkundla yeSithili yeBhunga leziBheno ngoDisemba 8, 2015. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 19, i-2016, inkundla yezibheno yanqabela izizathu zobuchwepheshe zokususa elo tyala kwaye zibuyiselwe kwakhona ukuze ziqwalaselwe.

Kodwa ukongeza abesetyhini kuluntu oluhlwaywe ngumgaqo-siseko wezomthetho kunye nomgaqo-siseko weNkqubo yoNyulo yeNkonzo ayisombulula.

Ngomthetho weeNkqubo zoNgcaciso weeNkonzo zikaRhulumente kunye noRhulumente okhoyo, ukuba umntu ufuna ukubuyela esikolweni kamva ebomini okanye afune umsebenzi kunye ne-arhente karhulumente karhulumente, unokufumana loo mathuba avaliwe ngenxa yokuba engabhalisi. Ngaphandle kwe-ID yesimboli okanye ilayisenisi yokuqhuba, amalungelo abantu ngabanye abanembeza ukuba bahambe baye banqanda. I-ID yesithunzi idla ngokufunekayo ukuthenga i-airline okanye ithikithi lokuqeqesha, okanye ithikithi yokuhamba kwezinye iindlela zokuthutha nakwi-US. Isibhengezo seSizwe samaLungelo eLuntu I-13.1 ithi, "wonke umntu unelungelo lokufuduka kunye nokuhlala ngaphakathi kwemida yelizwe ngalinye."[13] Impembelelo yale mithetho kukuphazamisa ilungelo eliyisiseko lomntu. Ukongezelela, ukuba iimfuno zee-ID ezibizwa ngokuba yiVotti eqhubekayo zisasazeka kwaye zixhaswa yiinkantolo, le mithetho inokunqanda ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa yezenzo zentando yesininzi yokuthetha: ivoti.

Bambalwa bangatsho ukuba abaphathi-mthetho emva kwezi myalelo zesohlwayo bazikhangela ngokuzikhethela kwaye benenjongo yokulimaza okanye ukuxosha amaqela athile, kodwa oko akusibi nangona umphumo wezenzo zabo. Ixesha livuthile ukujongana nale mithetho - adibanise abafazi besazela (okanye nabani nawabasetyhini) kwiqela elijeziswayo. Ixesha livuthiwe ukujongana neNkqubo yoNyulo lweeNkonzo, kwaye ngoFebhuwari 10, uMmeli Mike Coffman (R-CO), kunye nabameli Peter DeFazio (D-OR), Jared Polis (D-CO) kunye Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) wazisa ibhili oko kungaziphumeza zombini. I-HR 4523 inokuwutshitshisa umthetho weNkonzo yoKhetho loMkhosi, ishenxise imfuneko yobhaliso kuye wonke umntu, ngelixa ifuna ukuba "umntu angangalelwa ilungelo, ilungelo, isibonelelo, okanye isikhundla sengqesho phantsi komthetho we-Federal" ngokwala okanye ukusilela ukubhalisa phambi rhoxisa. Isikhalazo ngoku ijikeleza ukuxhasa lo mzamo ocacileyo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ngaphandle kokujikeleza okukunciphisa ukubhaliswa yobhaliso kukuphuhlisa iqela labantu abanokulwa. ” Injongo yobhaliso kukulungiselela imfazwe. Iintombi zethu bethu noonyana ufanelekile.

[1] Iziko elijongene nesazela kunye neMfazwe (CCW) yasekwa ngo-1940 ukukhusela amalungelo abo bangavumiyo ukuya emkhosini. Umsebenzi wethu uyaqhubeka namhlanje, ukubonelela ngenkxaso yezobuchwephesha kunye noluntu kubo bonke abo bachasayo ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba emfazweni okanye kumalungiselelo emfazwe.

[2] ULillian Schlissel, Isazela eMelika (ENew York: iDutton, 1968) iphe. 28

[3] Ibid, iphe. 47. Apha uSchlissel ucaphula uJames Madison, Izindululo kwiNkongolo zoMthetho wamaLungelo, Ama-Annals of Congress: Iingxabano kunye neNkcazo kwiNgqungquthela yase-United States, Vol. Mna, First Congress, Session Okokuqala, Juni 1789 (Washington DC: Gales kunye Seaton, 1834). Bona kwakho UHarrop A. Freeman, "I-Remonstrance for conscience", i-Univ. Penn. UMthetho uMfundisi, umz. 106, akukho. I-6, iphe. 806-830, kwi-811-812 (ngo-Apreli 1958) (echaza imbali ebhaliweyo ngokubanzi).

[4] Uhlelo lwe-50 USC. 462 (a) kunye ne-18 USC 3571 (b) (3)

[5] Inkqubo yeNkonzo yeeNyulo zoNyaka zeeNgxelo kwiNkomfa, i-1981-2011

[6] http://hasbrouck.org/draft/prosecutions.html

[7] Sisebenzisa isigamazwi "yena" kuba umthetho uphatha kuphela abesilisa ngeli xesha.

[8] URichard Flahavan, uMlawuli oDibeneyo weNkqubo yeNkonzo yokuSebenza, uLuntu kunye neMicimbi yoRhulumente, kwintlanganiso phakathi kweNkonzo yokuKhetha kunye nabasebenzi beZiko leNzululwazi kunye neMfazwe, ngo-Nov 27, 2012

[9] Fy 1999 INgxelo yoNyaka iCongress of eUnited States, ukususela uMlawuli okukhetha Service, p.8.

[10] https://www.sss.gov/Portals/0/PDFs/Annual%20Report%202015%20-%20Final.pdf

[11] ibid.

[12] Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 US 57 (1981).

[13] Isiqendu 13 yeSibhengezo soBuntu soLuntu http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml