Ngu-Erin Niemela kunye noTom H. Hastings
Intetho kaMongameli Obama yangoLwesithathu ebusuku kwi-Islamic State (ISIL) iphinde yazisa isizwe esidinwe yimfazwe kungenelelo olunobundlobongela e-Iraq, elinye ilizwe elidinwe yimfazwe. Ulawulo luka-Obama lubanga ukuba ukuhlasela kweenqwelomoya, abacebisi bomkhosi kunye nemanyano yomkhosi yamaSilamsi-yaseMelika zezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokulwa nobunqolobi, kodwa oko kububuxoki ngezizathu ezibini ezikhulu.
Enye, imbali yesenzo somkhosi wase-US e-Iraq sisicwangciso sokusilela ngokuphindaphindiweyo esineendleko eziphezulu kakhulu kunye neziphumo ezibi.
Okwesibini, i-scholarship kuzo zombini ubunqolobi kunye nokuguqulwa kongquzulwano kubonisa ukuba lo mxube wezicwangciso zilahlekileyo.
Abantu be-ISIL abango "mhlaza," njengoko uMongameli Obama esitsho. Ingxaki enkulu yempilo yoluntu jikelele kwaye inamacala amaninzi lubundlobongela, olwabelana ngeempawu nezifo ezininzi, ezinjengomhlaza, umlutha wemeth, uKufa okuMnyama kunye ne-Ebola. Ugonyamelo sisifo, asilonyango.
Lo mzekeliso usebenza kubundlobongela obenziwe yi-ISIL kunye ne-US ngokufanayo. Omabini athi asebenzisa ugonyamelo ukuze aphelise okungekho sikweni. Zombini i-ISIL kunye ne-US zenza abantu bangabi nabuntu ukuze bathethelele ubundlobongela. Ngokufana namakhoboka eziyobisi, omabini amaqela axhobileyo ayabahlukanisa kwaye abenzakalise ngokungakhethiyo abanye ngelixa esithi oko kuluncedo kumntu wonke.
Isifo sokukhotyokiswa asipheliswa xa amapolisa egqogqa ikhaya lekhoboka, ngempazamo adubula umntakwabo aze amdubula entloko. Umlutha-kule meko, ubundlobongela obenziwa ngamajoni kumacala onke-boyiswa ngendlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo abathi abaphengululi bobunqolobi kunye noguquko longquzulwano balufumene kwaye bacetyiswa iminyaka-ehlala ingahoywa ngolawulo olulandelelanayo lwase-US ngaphandle kobungqina obukhulayo. Nalu unyango olusibhozo oluxhaswa ngokwesayensi lwesoyikiso se-ISIL abanokuthi abo banyanisekileyo nabanombono wokwenene banokuthi kwaye kufuneka bathethelele.
Enye, yekani ukwenza abanqolobi ngakumbi. Lahla onke amaqhinga engcinezelo yobundlobongela. Ingcinezelo enobundlobongela, nokuba kukubetha emoyeni, ukuthuthunjiswa okanye ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, kuya kubuyisela umva kuphela. "Nangona ukuzithemba okuqhelekileyo kwiindlela zokuthintela, izenzo zengcinezelo azizange zikhokelele ekunciphiseni ubunqolobi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelele ekwandeni kobunqolobi," u-Erica Chenoweth noLaura Dugan batsho kwisifundo sabo se-2012 kwi-American Sociological Review kwiminyaka engama-20 yezicwangciso zokulwa nabanqolobi bakwaSirayeli. Ababhali bafumanise ukuba iinzame zokucinezela ezichasene nobunqolobi - ubundlobongela obusetyenziswa kubo bonke abantu apho iiseli zobugrogrisi zisebenza khona, njengokuhlaselwa kweenqwelomoya, ukutshatyalaliswa kwepropathi, ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, njl., kuhambelana nokunyuka kwezenzo zobugrogrisi.
Ababini, yeka ukuhambisa izixhobo zomkhosi kunye nezixhobo kummandla. Yeka ukuthenga nokuthengisa izinto, ingeniso kubathengisi abambalwa kwaye iyingozi kuye wonke umntu. Sele sisazi ukuba izixhobo zomkhosi zase-US ezithunyelwe eSyria, eLibya nase-Iraq, phakathi kwamanye amazwe aseMbindi Mpuma naseMntla Afrika (MENA), ziye zabanjwa okanye zathengwa kwaye zasetyenziswa yi-ISIL ngokuchasene nabemi.
Okwesithathu, qala ukuvelisa uvelwano lokwenyani kubemi abathi abanqolobi "bayakhusela." Uphononongo luka-2012 lwe-Chenoweth kunye neDugan lokuchasana nobunqolobi lukwafumanise ukuba iinzame zokungacaluli zokuchasana nobunqolobi-imivuzo emihle ezuzisa lonke iqela lezazisi apho abanqolobi bafumana inkxaso yabo - yayiyeyona isebenzayo ekunciphiseni izenzo zobunqolobi ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngakumbi xa ezo nzame bezizinziswa ixesha elide. -ixesha. Imizekelo yezi nzame iquka ukuphawula iinjongo zothethathethwano, ukurhoxisa amajoni, ukuphanda ngokunyanisekileyo amabango okuxhatshazwa nokuvuma iimpazamo, phakathi kwezinye.
Okwesine, yeka ukudala iindawo ekujoliswe kuzo zobunqolobi. Nabani na i-US efuna ukukhusela ngobundlobongela iba yinto ekujoliswe kuyo. I-Responsibility to Protect ayifuni ubundlobongela, kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo ongcono uya kuba kukubonisana kunye nokuxhasa imikhosi engaxhobileyo engasebenziyo esele iphumelele kwiindawo ezishushu zengxabano. Umzekelo, Amaqela oXolo lwamaSilamsi, abekwe eNajaf, eIraq isebenza nemibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe neyengingqi engekho phantsi korhulumente e-Iraq ukunciphisa ubutshaba kunye nokusebenzela abantu abasindileyo. Elinye iqela li I-Peaceforce force, Iqela eligcina uxolo lingaxhobanga elinomsebenzi oyimpumelelo South Sudan, esri Lanka kunye nezinye amabala ongquzulwano oluxhobileyo.
Eyesihlanu, ubundlobongela be-ISIL likhoboka eliphathwa ngcono ngongenelelo loluntu ngabachaphazelekayo abanenkathalo kodwa beqinile. Ungenelelo loluntu lujolise ekuziphatheni, hayi ubukho bomlutha, kwaye ugunyazisa intsebenziswano nabo bonke abachaphazelekayo abasemhlabeni, kubandakanya iSunni, Shi'a, Kurds, Christian, Yazidis, amashishini, abafundisi, ababoneleli bezempilo, abezopolitiko basekhaya kunye nenkolo. iinkokeli ukuba zingenelele kwizenzo ezitshabalalisayo zeqela. I-ISIL yenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngabantu ababesakuba ngabahlali - amalungu osapho, abahlobo kunye nabantwana boluntu; naluphi na ungenelelo lokwenene lobuntu kufuneka lubandakanye umsebenzi kunye nenkxaso yoluntu - hayi imikhosi exhobileyo yamazwe angaphandle.
Isithandathu, jonga umba we-ISIL njengengxaki yamapolisa asekuhlaleni, hayi ingxaki yasemkhosini. Akukho mntu uthanda iinqwelomoya zemfazwe zibhabha phezu kwekhaya lakhe okanye iitanki ziqengqeleka kwindawo yakhe, nokuba kuseFerguson, Mo. okanye Mosul, Iraq. Imisebenzi yobunqolobi kummandla ithintelwa kakuhle okanye incitshiswe zizisombululo ezisekelwe kuluntu ezinovakalelo ngokwenkcubeko kwaye ziphantsi kwemithetho esemthethweni.
Abasixhenxe, bamkele ukuthotyelwa komthetho wehlabathi, hayi ubupolisa behlabathi baseMelika. Lixesha lokomeleza ulongamo loluntu lwalo lonke uluntu, hayi arrogate amandla abo iijethi imfazwe nemijukujelwa.
Esibhozo, yeka ukuzenza inkokeli kwi-MENA. Yamkela ukuba imida yalapho iya kutsalwa ngokutsha ngabo bahlala apho. Lo ngummandla wabo kwaye bayayicaphukela iwaka leminyaka elipheleleyo lokudityaniswa kweemfazwe zomnqamlezo ezilandelwa yikoloniyalizim eyathi yanqunyulwa ngamagunya omkhosi azoba imida yawo kwaye akhuphe izixhobo zawo. Yeka ukondla loo mbali ende yokungenelela ngobundlobongela kwaye unike ummandla ithuba lokuphilisa. Ayizukuba buhle kodwa ukwenzeka kwethu okubi okuphindaphindiweyo e-Iraq kuye kwabangela ukufa okuninzi kunye nentshabalalo kaninzi. Ukuphinda olo nyango luyintlekele kwaye ulindele iziphumo ezahlukeneyo luphawu lwenkxwaleko yethu.
Ukukhotyokiswa bubundlobongela kuyanyangeka, kodwa kungekhona ngogonyamelo olungakumbi. Ukulamba nasiphi na isifo kusebenza ngcono kunokusondla kwaye ubundlobongela obuninzi buvelisa ubundlobongela obucacileyo. Ulawulo luka-Obama, kunye nolawulo lonke lwase-US olwandulelayo, kufanele ukuba bazi ngcono ngoku.
-isiphelo-
Erin Niemela (@erinniemela), PeaceVoice Umhleli kunye PeaceVoiceTV Umphathi weSiteshi, nguMgqatswa weNgcaciso kwiNkqubo yokuSombulula iiNgxwabangxwaba kwiYunivesithi yasePortland State, egxile ekuqulunqeni imidiya yongquzulwano olunobundlobongela nolungenabundlobongela. UGqr. Tom H. Hastings nguye PeaceVoice Mlawuli.
