I-Iron Cage yeMfazwe: Inkqubo yeMfazwe yangoku ichazwe

(Eli candelo le-3 le World Beyond War iphepha elimhlophe Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe. Qhubeka phambili | okulandelayo icandelo.)

Xa amazwe aqala ukuqala kwihlabathi la mandulo bajamelene neengxaki esisandul 'ukusilungisa. Ukuba iqela lezoxolo lijongene nelizwe elinempi, elinokwenza imfazwe, babenokukhetha ezintathu kuphela: bangenise, babaleke okanye baxelise isimo semfazwe kunye nethemba lokuphumelela empini. Ngale ndlela i-international community yaba ngumkhosi kwaye ihlala ikhona. Ubuntu buzitshiywe ngaphakathi kwintsimbi yesinyithi. Ingquzulwano yaba yintlanzi. Imfazwe kukulwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa phakathi kwamaqela okukhokelela kwinani elikhulu labalimazi. Imfa nayo ithetha, njengombhali John Horgan ubeka, impi, inkcubeko yemfazwe, imikhosi, iingalo, amashishini, imigaqo-nkqubo, izicwangciso, ipropaganda, ukubandlulula, ukucamngca okwenza iqela elibulalayo kungekhona nje kuphela kodwa kunokwenzeka.^note1

Kwimeko yokuguqulwa kwemfazwe, iimfazwe azithethi kuphela kwilizwe. Omnye unokuthetha ngeemfazwe ezingqungquthela, apho imfazwe eqhelekileyo, inkohlakalo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nezinye iintlobo zobundlobongela obukhulu obungabonakaliyo.^note2 Abadlali abangekho boombuso badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimfazwe, esoloko ithatha indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-asymmetric warfare.^note3

Nangona iimfazwe ezithile zibangelwa yiziganeko zengingqi, 'aphuli' ngokukhawuleza. Ziyiphumo elingenakukupheka kwenkqubo yoluntu ekulawuleni ukulwa kwemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, iNkqubo yeMfazwe. Imbangela yeemfazwe ngokubanzi yiNkqubo yeMfazwe eyilungiselela ihlabathi phambili kwimfazwe ethile.

Inkqubo yeMfazwe ihlala kwiinkolelo zeenkolelo kunye nezithethe eziye zangena kwixesha elide kangangokuthi ukunyaniseka kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kuthathwa ngokungenanto kwaye zihamba zingenakunqandwa nangona zibonakaliswa zibuxoki.^note4 Phakathi kweeNtsholongwane zeMfazwe ezifanayo zilandelayo:

Inkqubo yeMfazwe iquka amaziko kunye nobuchwephesha bezobuchwepheshe. Ingxininiswe ngokubanzi kuluntu kwaye iindawo zayo ezihlukeneyo zondla komnye nomnye ukwenzela ukuba inamandla kakhulu.

Iimfazwe zilungelelanise, ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla okulungelelaniswa kwangaphambili kwiNkqubo yeMfazwe echaphazela onke amaziko oluntu. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States (umzekelo oqinileyo wokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yemfazwe), kungekhona nje kuphela kukho amaziko okwenza imfazwe afana nesigqeba esiphezulu sikarhulumente apho intloko kaRhulumente iphinda ibe yintloko kumbutho, umbutho wezempi ngokwawo (umkhosi , i-navy, i-air force, ulondolozo wonxweme) kunye ne-CIA, iNSA, ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, iiKholeji zeMfazwe eziliqela, kodwa imfazwe yakhiwe kwimo qoqosho, yaqhubela phambili imveli kwiziko nakumaziko enkolo, isithethe esenziwa kwiintsapho, imicimbi yezemidlalo, eyenziwa kwimidlalo kunye namafilimu, kwaye ixhaswa yiendaba. Cishe akukho ndawo ifundayo ngenye indlela.

Omnye umzekelo omncinane wendlela enye yenkcubeko yokulwa nokulwa. Iintlanga zenza ubude obukhulu ukuba zifake abantu abatsha emkhosini, bebize, "iNkonzo." Abaqashi baye kwixesha elide ukwenza "iNkonzo" ibonakale ibonakalayo, inika imali kunye nemfundiso yokufundisa kunye nokuyibonisa njengento enomdla neyothando. Akunakuze kubekho ukuhlaselwa kwezinto eziphantsi. Ukufunyanwa kwamaphepha okuposa akubonakalisi ukuba amajoni aphelile kunye neendawo ezixatywayo kunye nabantu abafa.

E-US, i I-Armed Marketing and Group Research Assets Isebe ligcina iinqwelo zamarori ezinomgangatho ophezulu, ezikhangayo, ezibandakanyekayo, zizukisa imfazwe kwaye zenzelwe ukufumana "nzima ukufikelela kwizikolo eziphakamileyo." Le nqanawa ibandakanya "i-Army Adventure Semi" kunye ne "All Army Experience" nabanye.^note5 Abafundi banokudlala emasimuleni kwaye balwe neentlanzi okanye bathabathe i-apache ukuhlasela i-helicopter kwaye banike iigesi ze-Army kwi-ops yesithombe uze ufumane umgca wokujoyina. Iilori zisendleleni zeentsuku ze-230 ngonyaka. Iimfuneko zemfazwe zithathwa ngokungabonakaliyo kwaye umonakalo owonakalisayo ongabonakaliyo.

Inkcubeko yezempi ibangele inkululeko yoluntu. Ngexesha leemfazwe, inyaniso yintlungu yokuqala njengoko oorhulumente baxhaphaza kwaye banqanda ingxoxo ekhululekile kunye nokuchasana. Ngoku kutshanje oorhulumente basebenzisa i-electronic surveillance of citizens, ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphandle kokuvalelwa okanye ukupheliswa nokuhlushwa, konke okuchanekileyo egameni lokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Iimfazwe zibangela inxalenye ethile kwisimo esithile esicacileyo. Oorhulumente baye baphumelela ekuzikholiseni ngokwabo kunye nezihlwele zabantu ukuba zimbalwa iimpendulo zengcinezelo: zingenise okanye zilwe, zilawulwe yizo "zilo" okanye zibethe eBomb Age. Bahlala bekhankanya "i-Munich Analogy," - xa i-1938 yaseBrithani ibuwula ngobukhulu bukaHitler kwaye ekugqibeleni, ihlabathi limele lilwe namaNazi. Intsingiselo kukuba iBritish "yavuka" kuHitler yayiza kubakho phantsi kwaye bekungekho iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwi-1939 Hitler yahlasela iPoland neBrithani bakhetha ukulwa. Izigidi zabantu zafa.^note6 Ishushu kakhulu "iMfazwe Yomswabala" enokuqhutyelwa kwintambo yeenkliya zenu. Ngelishwa, kwi-21 yekhulu leminyaka, kuye kwacaca ngokucacileyo ukuba ukwenza imfazwe akusebenziyo ukudala uxolo, njengokuba kunjalo kwiGulf War, i-Afghan War kunye ne-Syria / ISIS imfazwe ngokucacileyo. Sifake kwi-permawar. UKristin Christman, Paradigm For Peace, libonisa ngendlela yokufanisa enye indlela, indlela yokuxazulula iingxaki kwimibambano yamazwe ngamazwe:

Sokuphelisa imfazwe kuphela xa sitshintsha i-mindset, cela imibuzo efanelekileyo ukuze ufumane izizathu zendlela yokuziphatha komgwenxa kwaye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukubona ukuba ukuziphatha komntu ungomnye wabo. Njengeyeza, unyanga kuphela iimpawu zesifo aziyi kuphilisa. Ngamanye amagama, simele sibonakalise ngaphambi kokukhipha umpu. Lo mxholo woxolo unjalo.

Inkqubo yeMfazwe ayisebenzi. Awuyi kuzisa uxolo, okanye nokhuseleko oluphantsi. Oko kuvelisa kukungakhuselekanga. Sekunjalo siyaqhubeka.

Iimfazwe ziphela; kwiNkqubo yeMfazwe wonke umntu kufuneka aqikelele kuwo wonke umntu. Ihlabathi yindawo eyingozi kuba iMfazwe yeNkqubo yenza ukuba kunjalo. Yi Hobbes'imfazwe yazo yonke into.' Iintlanga zikholelwa ukuba zixhoba ngeenjongo kunye nokusongelwa kwezinye iintlanga, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba amandla omkhosi abanye azimisele ukutshatyalaliswa kwabo xa behluleka ukubona iimpazamo zabo, ukuba izenzo zabo zidala ukuziphatha abamoyikayo kunye neengalo zabo njengeentshaba zibe yimifanekiso yesikrini somnye nomnye. Imizekelo ibanzi: Imfazwe yama-Arab-Israel, imbambano ye-India-Pakistan, imfazwe yaseMelika malunga neloyiko elidala amajelo. Icala ngalinye lijongene neqhinga eliphezulu. Icala ngalinye lidibanisa elinye ixesha ngelixa lixilisa igalelo layo elilodwa kwimpucuko. Ukongezwa kule ntsholongwane yintambo yemigodi, ngokukodwa ioli, njengoko iintlanga zilandela umlinganiselo wezoqoqosho wokukhula okungapheli kunye nokulutha kweoli.^note8 Ngaphezu koko, le meko yokungakhuseli ngonaphakade inikezela abantu abanobuqili abanobuchule kunye neenkokheli ithuba lokubamba amandla okwepolitiko ngokugubungela ukwesaba okukhulu, kwaye kunika ithuba elihle lokufumana inzuzo kubenzi bezandla abaxhasayo abapolitiki abavutha amalangabi.^note9

Ngale ndlela i-War System ikwazi ukuzibhokoxa, ukuziqinisa nokuzimelela. Ukukholelwa ukuba ihlabathi liyindawo eyingozi, iintlanga zizithembe kwaye zenze ngokubambisana ngokubambisana, ngaloo ndlela zibonakalisa kwezinye iintlanga ukuba iindawo eziyingozi kwaye ngoko kufuneka zixhobe kwaye zenze okufanayo. Injongo kukusongela ubundlobongela obuxhobileyo kwimpikiswano enethemba lokuba "liya kuphazamisa" kwelinye icala, kodwa le nto ihluleka rhoqo, kwaye ke umgomo awuyikuphepha ukungquzulwano, kodwa ukuwunqoba. Ezinye iindlela zokulwa neemfazwe eziphantse ziphantse zifuneke kwaye ingcamango yokuba kunokunye okunye ukulwa neMfazwe ngokwayo, phantse kungeke kwenzeke kubantu. Omnye akafumani nto into engayifuniyo.

Akusenelisekile ukuphelisa imfazwe ethile okanye inkqubo yezixhobo ezithile ukuba sifuna uxolo. Inkqubo yonke yenkcubeko yeNkqubo yeMfa kufuneka ithathelwe indawo yenkqubo eyahlukileyo yokulawula ingxabano. Ngethamsanqa, njengoko siza kubona, inkqubo enjalo isele ikhulile kweli hlabathi.

Inkqubo yeMfazwe iyona khetho. Isango kwi-cage yensimbi, eqinisweni, sivulekile kwaye siyakwazi ukuhamba xa sikhetha.

(Qhubeka phambili | okulandelayo icandelo.)

Sifuna ukuva kuwe! (Nceda wabelane ngeengxelo ezingezantsi)

Oku kukhokelela njani nina ukucinga ngendlela eyahlukileyo malunga neendlela zokulwa nemfazwe?

Yintoni ongayongeza, okanye utshintshe okanye umbuzo malunga nalo?

Yintoni ongayenza ukuze uncede abantu abaninzi baqonde malunga nale ndlela yokulwa nemfazwe?

Ungathatha njani inyathelo ukwenza le nto ibe yimfazwe inyaniso?

Nceda wabelane ngokubanzi kweli nqaku!

Izithuba ezihambelanayo

Bona ezinye izithuba ezinxulumene nazo “Kutheni le nto enye iNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweHlabathi inqweneleka kwaye iyimfuneko?”

khangela Itafile epheleleyo ephakathi Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe

amaNqaku:
1. Imfa yinkinga yethu engxamisekileyo. Masisombulule. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
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3. Imfazwe engaqhelekanga iqhutywe phakathi kwamaqela okulwa apho amandla amachiza athile, amaqhinga okanye amaqhinga ahlukeneyo kakhulu. I-Iraq, iSiriya, i-Afghanistan yiyona mizekelo eyaziwayo kakhulu. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
4. Iimfazwe zaseMelika. Iilusions and Realities (2008) nguPaul Buchheit ucacisa i-19 impazamo malunga neemfazwe zase-US kunye neenkqubo zemfazwe yase-US. Imfazwe kaDavid Swanson ngu-Lie (2010) iphikisana neengxelo ze-14 ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iimfazwe. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
5. I-Mobile Exhibit Inkampani inikeza "uluhlu lwemiboniso enjengeemoto ezininzi zeMiboniso, i-Interactive Semis, i-Adventure Semis, ne-Adventure Trailers eyenziwa ngabaqashi beeMpi ukuze baxhumane nabantu baseMelika kunye ne-Army yaseMelika kunye nokuphakamisa ukulwa kolwazi kwiziko lephakamileyo nakwiikholeji. abafundi kunye namaziko abo anompembelelo. Jonga iwebhusayithi: http://www.usarec.army.mil/msbn/Pages/MEC.htm (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
6. Amanani ahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kumthombo. Uqikelelo luvela kwi-50 yezigidi ukuya ku-100 izigidi zabantu. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
7. IParadigm yeNgcaciso yewebhusayithi (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
8. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle amaxesha e-100 angenelela kwimfazwe yoluntu xa ilizwe elilwa imfazwe linamafutha amakhulu. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo "I-oyile ngaphezu kwamanzi" inokufumaneka apha. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
9. Ubungqina obunzulu bentlalo kunye nobungqina be-anthropology bunokufumaneka kule ncwadi: Pilisuk, Marc, noJennifer Achord Rountree. 2008. Ubani Abazuzekileyo Kubudlova Bomhlaba Nemfazwe: Ukufumanisa Inkqubo Yokubhubhisa. Nordstrom, uCarolyn. 2004. Iimvulo zeMfazwe: Ubundlobongela, Amandla, kunye namaZiko ngamazwe ngamazwe angama-25. (Ibuyela kwinqaku eliphambili)