NguNicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War, Novemba 29, 2019
Njengoko abantu baseMelika bahlala phantsi kwisidlo sangokuhlwa koMbulelo, ii-Iraq zazilila I-40 abaqhankqalazi babulewe ngamapolisa nangamajoni ngoLwesine eBaghdad, Najaf nase Nasiriyah. Phantse ababhikishi be400 babulewe ukusukela kumakhulu amawaka abantu abathathe izitalato ekuqaleni kuka-Okthobha. Amaqela oluntu achaze ingxaki eIraq njenge “Ukuphalazwa kwegazi,” Inkulumbuso u-Abdul-Mahdi ubhengeze ukuba uza kurhoxa, kwaye ne-Sweden ivulekile uphando ngokuchasene noMphathiswa woKhuselo waseIraq uNajah Al-Shammari, ongummi waseSweden, ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ebantwini.
Ngoku ka Al Jazeera, "Abaprotestanti bafuna ukubhukuqwa kodidi lwezobupolitika olubonwa njengonakele kwaye lusebenza kwamanye amazwe ngelixa uninzi lwe-Iraq luthwaxwa yindlala ngaphandle kwemisebenzi, ezempilo okanye imfundo." Kuphela yi-36% yabantu abadala baseIraq banemisebenzi, kwaye ngaphandle kokucuthwa kwecandelo likarhulumente phantsi kokusebenza kwe-US, izinto ezishiyekileyo zisasaziqesha abantu abaninzi kunecandelo labucala, eliye landa kakhulu phantsi kobundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi semfundiso ehlaselekileyo yase-US.
Ingxelo yaseNtshona ilungiselela lula i-Iran njengoyena mdlali welinye ilizwe u-Iraq namhlanje. Kodwa ngeli xesha i-Iran ifumene impembelelo enkulu kwaye ikho enye yeethagethi koqhanqalazo, uninzi lwabantu abalawula i-Iraq namhlanje basengabakhutshiweyo ngaphambili i-US ibhabhekile yangena ngemikhosi yayo ngo-2003, "beza eIraq bephethe iipokotho ezingenanto ukuzalisa" njengoko umqhubi weteksi eBaghdad uxelele intatheli yaseNtshona ngelo xesha. Oyena nobangela wengxwabangxwaba yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho ezingapheliyo ze-Iraq kukungcatsha kwabo ilizwe labo, urhwaphilizo lwabo lwendalo kunye nendima engekho mthethweni yase-US ekutshabalaliseni urhulumente wase-Iraq, bayinikezela kubo kwaye babagcine bekwiminyaka eli-16.
Ukukhohlakala kwamagosa ase-US nase-Iraq ngexesha lokuhlala kwe-US zibhalwe kakuhle. Isisombululo se-UN Security Council i-1483 yaseka ingxowa-mali ye- $ 20 yezigidigidi ye-Iraq yokusebenzisa ii-Iraq izinto ezazibanjwe ngaphambili, imali eyayishiywe kwinkqubo ye-UN "yeoli yokutya" kunye neengeniso ezintsha zeoyile e-Iraq. Uphicotho olwenziwe yi-KPMG kunye nomvavanyi okhethekileyo wafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwalo mali ibiwe okanye inyanzeliswa ngamagosa ase-US kunye nase-Iraq.
Amagosa esiko laseLebhanon afumane i-13 yezigidi zeedola kwimali yenqwelomoya ye-Iraq ye-Intanethi uFalah Naqib. Umphathi wolwaphulo-mthetho emsebenzini uPaul Bremer wagcina ingxowa-mali ye-600 yezigidi zeedola engenamaphepha. Inkonzo yoorhulumente base-Iraq nabasebenzi be-602 baqokelele imivuzo ye-8,206. Igosa lomkhosi wase-US liphindwe kabini ixabiso kwisivumelwano sokwakha isibhedlele, laxelela umphathi wesibhedlele ukuba imali eyongezelelweyo "yiphakheji yomhlala phantsi." Ikontraka yase-US yafaka isigidi se-60 yezigidi kwisivumelwano semali esiyi- $ 20 yezigidi kwisivumelwano semali yokwakha isamente, uxelele amagosa eIraq ukuba kufanelekile ukuba abonge i-US ibasindise kuSaddam Hussein. Ikontraktha yombhobho yase-US ihlawulise i- $ 3.4 yezigidi zabasebenzi abangafumaneki kwaye “ezinye iindleko ezingezizo.” Ngaphandle kweekhontrakthi ze198 ezihlolwe ngumhloli jikelele, yi-44 kuphela ebinamaxwebhu okuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wenziwe.
Abarhwebi abahlawula i-US abasasaza imali ngeeprojekthi ezijikeleze i-Iraq baphose izigidi zeedola ngemali.Umhloli jikelele waphanda indawo enye, ngaseHillah, kodwa wafumana i- $ 96.6 yezigidi zeedola engafakwanga kuloo ndawo kuphela. Ummeli omnye waseMelika akakwazanga ukwenza i-akhawunti ye- $ 25 yezigidi, ngelixa omnye enokunika i-akhawunti ye- $ 6.3 yezigidi kwi-23 yezigidi. I "Coalition Provisional Authority" isebenzisa iiarhente ezinje nge-Iraq iphela kwaye bezicima iiakhawunti zabo xa bemkile kwilizwe. Ummeli omnye owacelwayo umngeni ubuyile ngosuku olulandelayo kunye ne- $ 1.9 yezigidi kwisigidi semali engekhoyo.
Inkongolo yase-US ikwabhajetile i-18.4 yezigidigidi zeerandi yokwakha kwakhona e-Iraq ngo-2003, kodwa ngaphandle kwe- $ 3.4 yezigidigidi yaphambukiselwa “kukhuseleko,” ngaphantsi kwe- $ 1 yezigidigidi yayo yakha yanikezelwa. Abantu abaninzi baseMelika bakholelwa ukuba iinkampani zeoyile zase-US zenze njengabaphangi e-Iraq, kodwa ayiyonyani leyo. Izicwangciso ezenziwa ziinkampani zeoyile zaseNtshona kunye no-Sekela Mongameli Cheney kwi 2001 wayenayo loo njongo, kodwa umthetho wokunika iinkampani zeoyile zaseNtshona imali ethathe inxaxheba “kwizivumelwano zokwabelana ngemveliso” (ii-PSAs) ezixabisa amashumi ezigidi ngonyaka, ukubetha nokubetha kwaye iNdibano yesiZwe ye-Iraqi yalile ukuyidlulisa.
Okokugqibela, kwi-2009, iinkokheli zase-Iraq kunye neenkosi zabo zase-US zayeka kwii-PSAs (okwangoku ...) kwaye zacela iinkampani zeoyile zakwamanye amazwe ukuba zenze ibhaso “kwizivumelwano zenkonzo” (TSAs) ixabisa i- $ 1 ukuya ku- $ 6 ngesiphekepheke ngasinye sonyuso lwemveliso ukusuka kwi-oyile ye-Iraq. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ukuvelisa kwandise ukuya kwi 4.6 million imiphanda ngosuku, yeyiphi 3.8 million zithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukusuka ekuthunyelweni kweoyile e-Iraq malunga neebhiliyoni zeedola ezingama-80 ngonyaka, iifemu zangaphandle ezinama-TSA zifumana kuphela i- $ 1.4 yezigidigidi, kwaye izivumelwano ezinkulu azibanjwa ziifemu zase-US. I-China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) ihola malunga ne- $ 430 yezigidi kwi-2019; I-BP ifumana imali eyi- $ 235 yezigidi; I-Melronas yaseMalaysia i- $ 120 yezigidi; I-Russia yeLukoil i- $ 105 yezigidi; kunye ne-Italy ye-ENI $ 100 yezigidi. Ininzi yeengeniso yeoyile ye-Iraq isahamba nangoku kwi-Iraq yeSizwe yeNkampani ye-Oyili (i-INOC) kurhulumente okhohlakeleyo wase-US eBaghdad.
Omnye umda wokubanjwa kwe-US yinkqubo yonyulo e-Iraq kunye nokuhweba okungekho mthethweni okuqhutywa kukarhulumente wesebe lase-Iraq. I Unyulo lwe-2018 waye wangenelwa ngamaqela e-143 ahlelwe kwi-27 umanyano okanye "uluhlu," kunye ne-61 namanye amaqela azimeleyo. Ngelishwa, oku kuyafana nokuklanywa, ukwahlulwahlulwahlulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo Inkqubo yezopolitiko I-Britane yadala ukulawula i-Iraq kwaye yahlula amaShiites kumandla emva kwemvukelo yase-Iraq ye-1920.
Namhlanje, le nkqubo yonakeleyo igcina amandla amakhulu ezandleni ze-cabal yomShiite okhohlakeleyo kunye nabapolitiki abangamaKurd abachitha iminyaka emininzi ekuthinjweni e-West, esebenza no-Ahmed Chalabi wase-Iraq wase-Iraq wase-Iraq (i-INC), u-Ayad Allawi wase-Iraq wase-Iraq. I-National Accord (INA) kunye neqela elithile leqela leShiite Islamist Dawa Party. Ukujika kweVoter kuye kwehla ukusuka kwi70% kwi2005 ukuya kwi44.5% kwi2018.
I-Ayad Allawi kunye ne-INA zaba sisixhobo se-CIA engenathemba bungled yemikhosi yomkhosi eIraq kwi1996. Urhulumente wase-Iraq walandela zonke iinkcukacha malunga neplani yerediyo evaliweyo enikelwe ngomnye wabacebisi iyelenqe kwaye babamba bonke abameli be-CIA ngaphakathi eIraq ngaphambi kwetyala. Yabulala amagosa angama-30 omkhosi yaza yafaka ikhulu elinye, ishiya i-CIA ingenangqondo yomntu ngaphakathi eIraq.
U-Ahmed Chalabi kunye ne-Inc bazalisa loo voti ngewebhusayithi yamanga athi amagosa ase-US afudumeza ukutya athabatha kwigumbi le-media ye-US yenkampani eendaba ukuba ahlasele i-Iraq. NgoJuni i-26th 2002, i-INC yathumela ileta kwiKomiti yolwabiwo-mali yeSenethi ukuyokwamkela inkxaso-mali engaphezulu kwe-US. Ichonge "Inkqubo yokuQokelelwa koLwazi" njengeyona nto iphambili kuyo Amabali e-108 malunga ne-Iraq yezixhobo eziyintsomi “Izixhobo Zokubhujiswa Kwabantu abaninzi” kunye neekhonkco kwiAl-Qaeda kumaphephandaba aseMelika nakumaphephandaba.
Emva kolo hlaselo, u-Allawi no-Chalabi baba ngamalungu aphambili e-US kwiBhunga loLawulo lase-Iraq. U-Allawi wonyulwa njenge-Nkulumbuso kurhulumente wethutyana wase-Iraq ngo-2004, kwaye u-Chalabi wonyulwa njengo-Sekela-Nkulumbuso kunye no-Mphathiswa we-oyile kurhulumente wotshintsho ngo-2005. UChalabi wasilela ukufumana isihlalo kunyulo lweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ka-2005, kodwa wonyulwa kamva kwindibano kunye Wahlala engumntu onamandla de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-2015. U-Allawi kunye ne-INA basabandakanyeka kurhwebo lwamahashe kwizikhundla eziphezulu emva kolonyulo ngalunye, ngaphandle kokufumana ngaphezulu kwe-8% yeevoti- kunye ne-6% kuphela ngo-2018.
Aba ngabaphathiswa abaphezulu bakarhulumente omtsha wase-Iraq owenziwe emva konyulo lwe-2018, eneenkcukacha ezithile zemvelaphi yabo yaseNtshona:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi -INkulumbuso (eFrance). Uzalelwe eBaghdad kwi1942. Utata wayengumlondolozi kurhulumente phantsi kobukhosi obuxhaswa ngabaseBritane. Uhlala eFrance esuka kwi1969-2003, wafumana i-Ph.D kwezopolitiko ePoitiers. E-France, waba ngumlandeli ka-Ayatollah Khomeini kunye nelungu elisekwe kwiBhunga eliPhezulu lase-Iran le-Islamic Revolution e-Iraq (SCIRI) e-1982. Wayengummeli we-SCIRI kwi-Iraqi Kurdistan kangangexesha le-1990s. Emva kohlaselo, waba ngumphathiswa wezeziMali kurhulumente wethutyana u-Allawi e-2004; USekela-Mongameli ovela kwi-2005-11; UMphathiswa we-oyile ovela kwi-2014-16.
UBharham Salih -UMongameli (e-UK nase-US). Uzalelwe eSulaymaniyah kwi1960. kwezobunjineli (Liverpool - 1987). Wajoyina i-Patriotic Union yaseKurdistan (PUK) ngo-1976. Wagwetywa iiveki ezi-6 ngo-1979 kwaye wayishiya i-Iraq wayokumela i-UK PUK eLondon ukusukela ngo-1979-91; intloko yeofisi yePUK eWashington ukusuka ngo-1991-2001. UMongameli we-Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) ukusukela ngo-2001-4; Sekela-PM kurhulumente wethutyana wase-Iraq ngo-2004; UMphathiswa woCwangciso kurhulumente wenguqu ngo-2005; Usekela-PM ukususela ngo-2006-9; Inkulumbuso ye-KRG ukusuka kwi-2009-12.
U-Mohamed Ali Alhakim -UMphathiswa Wezangaphandle (e-UK nase-US). Uzalelwe eNajaf kwi1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. kwiTekhnoloji yeTekhnoloji (eseMazantsi eCarlifonia), Unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseNorthe mpuma eBoston 1995-2003. Emva kohlaselo, waba nguSekela Nobhala-Jikelele kunye noMcwangcisi oCwangcisiweyo kwiBhunga loLawulo lase-Iraq; UMphathiswa wezoNxibelelwano kurhulumente wethutyana e-2004; Ukucwangciswa koMlawuli kwiCandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, kunye noMcebisi ngezoqoqosho kwiVP Abdul-Mahdi wase2005-10; kunye ne-Ambass ye-UN evela kwi2010-18.
UFuad Hussein Umphathiswa wezeziMali kunye no-Sekela-PM (eNetherlands naseFrance). Uzalelwe eKhanaqin (uninzi lwedolophu yaseKurdish kwiphondo laseDiyala) ngo-1946. Wajoyina i-Kurdish Student Union kunye ne-Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) njengomfundi e-Baghdad. Wahlala eNetherlands ukusuka ngo-1975-87; i-Ph.D engaphelelanga kubudlelwane bamanye amazwe; Utshatile umfazi ongumKristu ongumDatshi. Usekela-ntloko otyunjiweyo we-Kurdish Institute eParis ngo-1987. Wayezimase iinkomfa zezopolitiko zase-Iraq e-Beirut (1991), New York (1999) nase-London (2002). Emva kohlaselo, waba ngumcebisi kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezemfundo ukusukela ngo-2003-5; kunye neNtloko yaBasebenzi kuMasoud Barzani, uMongameli we-KRG, ukusukela ngo-2005 ukuya ku-17.
Thamir Ghadhban -Umphathiswa weoyile kunye nosekela PM (UK). Wazalelwa eKarbala ngo-1945. (UCL) kunye neM.Sc. kubuNjineli bePetroleum (kwiKholeji ye-Imperial, eLondon). Wajoyina i-Basra Petroleum Co kwi-1973. UMlawuli-Jikelele wezoBunjineli kunye noCwangciso kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weoyile wase-Iraq ukusukela ngo-1989-92. Ukuvalelwa entolongweni iinyanga ezintathu zehliswa kwisikhundla ngonyaka ka-3, kodwa akazange ayishiye i-Iraq, waphinda wonyulwa njengoMlawuli-Jikelele woCwangciso ngo-1992. Umphathiswa weoyile kurhulumente wethutyana ngo-2001; wonyulwa kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ngo-2004 kwaye wasebenza kwikomiti yamadoda ama-2005 awabumba umthetho weoyile osileleyo; Ikomiti yabacebisi abaziintloko yeNkulumbuso kwi-2006-16.
UMajor Jikelele (we-retd) uNajah Al-Shammari -UMphathiswa Wezomkhosi (eSweden). Uzalelwe eBaghdad kwi1967. I-Sunni Arab kuphela phakathi kwabaphathiswa abaphezulu. Igosa lezomkhosi ukusukela kwi1987. Wayehlala eSweden kwaye wayelilungu le-Allawi's INA ngaphambi kwe2003. Igosa eliphezulu kwimikhosi yase-Iraq exhaswe eIraq ngokuqeshwa kwi-INC, INA naseKurdish Peshmerga evela kwi2003-7. Usekela-mphathi "womkhosi ogwenxa" i-2007-9. Ukuhlala kwakhona eSweden 2009-15. Ummi waseSweden ukusukela kwi2015. Ingxelo ephantsi kophando malunga nezibonelelo zobuqhetseba eSweden, kwaye ngoku zolwaphulo mthetho ekubulaweni kwabaqhankqalazi ngaphezulu kwe-300 ngo-Okthobha-Novemba 2019.
Kwi-2003, i-US kunye nabalingane bayo baveza ngaphandle kokuchazwa, ubundlobongela obucwangcisiweyo kubantu base-Iraq. Iingcali kwezempilo zikawonke-wonke ziqikelela ukuba iminyaka emithathu yemfazwe kunye nokuhlala emkhosini ngenkani kubiza malunga I-650,000 i-Iraq ihlala. Kodwa i-US iphumelele ukumilisela urhulumente woopopu wabantu ababefudula bengama-Shiite nabase-Kurdish kwezopolitiko kwi-Green Zone eBaghdad, ngolawulo lwemali yeoyile ye-Iraq. Njengoko sibona, uninzi lwabaphathiswa kurhulumente wethutyana wase-US e-2004 basalawula i-Iraq namhlanje.
Imikhosi yase-US yathumela ugonyamelo oluqhubekayo e-Iraqis olwaxhathisa ukuhlaselwa kunye nemikhosi enobutshaba yokuhlaselwa kwelizwe labo. Kwi-2004, i-US yaqala ukuqeqesha umkhosi omkhulu we Iraq iiodolo zamapolisa Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, kunye neiyunithi zecommando eziye zathatyathwa kwi-ScIRI yeBadr Brigade yomkhosi njenge amaqela okusweleka eBaghdad ngo-Epreli 2005. Oku I-US ixhaswa ngumbuso woloyiko Ipeyinti ehlotyeni le-2006, kunye nezidumbu zabantu abaninzi njengoko amaxhoba e-1,800 eziswa kwiBaghdad morgue inyanga nenyanga. Iqela lamalungelo oluntu ase-Iraq avavanywa Imizimba ye3,498 yamaxhoba okubulawa ngokushwankathelweyo kwaye achonge i-92% yabo njengabantu ababanjiwe yimikhosi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi.
IArhente yezobukrelekrele yase-US ilandelwe "Uhlaselo olwenziwe lutshaba" Kuwo wonke lo msebenzi bafumanisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-90% yayichasene ne-US kunye nemikhosi emanyeneyo yomkhosi, hayi uhlaselo "lwamahlelo" kubantu. Kodwa amagosa ase-US asebenzise ibali "lobundlobongela behlelo" ukugxeka umsebenzi we-US Ministry of Interior of death squads kumajoni azimeleyo amaShiite njengo Muqtada al-Sadr's Umkhosi wamaMahdi.
Urhulumente wase-Iraqis uqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nanamhlanje usakhokelwa liqela elinye labantu base-Iraq ababuyileyo ekuthinjweni abaye batyhola iwebhu yamanga ukuya kwinqanaba lokulawula ukuhlasela kwelizwe labo e2003, emva koko bafihla emva kweendonga zeGreen Zone ngelixa i-US amandla kunye neqela lokufa uxheliwe abantu babo ukuba benze ilizwe 'likhuseleke' kurhulumente wabo okhohlakeleyo.
Kutshanje baphinda basebenza njengabatshisi njengeMelika iibhombu, i rockets kwaye izixhobo zokudubula zanciphisa uninzi lweMosul, isixeko sesibini eIraq, ukuba yingqushu, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinambini yokuhlala, urhwaphilizo nengcinezelo ekhohlakeleyo baqhuba abantu bayo ezandleni zeLizwe lamaSilamsi. Iingxelo zobukrelekrele bengama-Kurd ziye zatyhila ukuba ngaphezulu Abantu base40,000 babulawa kwintshabalalo ekhokelwa nguMosul. Kwisizathu sokulwa ne-Islamic State, i-US iphinde yaphinda yamisela isiseko esikhulu semikhosi yamajoni ase-US e-5,000 e-Al-Asad airbase kwiphondo lase-Anbar.
Iindleko zokwakha iMosul, iFallujah kunye nezinye izixeko kunye needolophu ziqikelelwa $ 88 billion. Kodwa ngaphandle kwe- $ 80 yezigidigidi ngonyaka kuthunyelo kumazwe angaphandle kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olungaphezulu kwe- $ 100 yezigidigidi, urhulumente wase-Iraq akabekanga mali kwaphela ukuze akhe kwakhona. Amazwe angaphandle, uninzi lwama-Arabhu atyebileyo, athembise nge-30 yezigidigidi zeedola, kubandakanya nje i-3 yezigidigidi ukusuka e-US, kodwa kuncinci kakhulu koko kuye kwahlangulwa okanye kusenokwenzeka.
Imbali ye-Iraq okoko i-2003 ibiyintlekele engapheliyo kubantu bayo. Uninzi lwesi sizukulwana sitsha se-Iraqis abakhulele phakathi kwamabhodlo kunye nongxwabangxwaba behleli e-US besakholelwa ekubeni abanakuphulukana nalo ngaphandle kwegazi labo kunye nobomi babo, njengoko thatha ezitratweni ukubuyisa isidima sabo, ikamva labo kunye nolawulo lwelizwe labo.
Iminwe yezandla zamagazi amagosa ase-US kunye noopopayi babo baseIraq kuyo yonke le ngxaki kufuneka eme njengesilumkiso esisiso kubantu baseMelika malunga nemiphumo ebangelwe yintlekele yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle osekwe kwisohlwayo, ukuhlangana, isoyikiso kunye nokusetyenziswa komkhosi ukuzama ukwenza Intando yeenkokheli zase-US ezilahlekisiweyo ebantwini kwihlabathi liphela.
UNicolas JSDavies ngumbhali we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq. Uyintatheli ezimeleyo kunye umphandi we-CODEPINK.
