Idatha eza kwenziwa esidlangalaleni kule veki ityhila ubungakanani bezixhobo ezisetyenziswe "kwiithagethi ezithambileyo"
Iirekhodi ezichaza imijikelo eyi-181,000 yeembumbulu zeuranium eziphelelweyo ezadutyulwa ngo-2003 yimikhosi yaseMelika e-Iraq ziye zavunjululwa ngabaphandi, bemele awona maxwebhu abalulekileyo oluntu okusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphikisanayo ngexesha lohlaselo olukhokelwa yi-US.
NguSamuel Oakford, Iindaba zeIRIN
I-cache, eyakhutshwa kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington ngo-2013 kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayikwenziwanga esidlangalaleni, ibonisa ukuba uninzi lwe-1,116 yokuhluthwa okwenziwa ngabasebenzi bejethi ye-A-10 ngoMatshi nango-Epreli ka-2003 yayijoliswe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "ziithagethi ezithambileyo" njenge. iimoto kunye neelori, kunye nezakhiwo kunye neendawo zomkhosi. Oku kuqhuba ngokunxuseneyo nee-akhawunti zokuba izixhobo zokudubula zasetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lweethagethi kwaye hayi ngokuchasene neitanki kunye nezithuthi ezixhobileyo apho iPentagon igcina iimbumbulu zeDU ezingene kakhulu zenzelwe zona.
Izigodo zoqhankqalazo zanikezelwa ekuqaleni ngenxa yesicelo soMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi nguVimba woKhuseleko weSizwe weYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington, kodwa khange zivavanywe kwaye zicazululwe ngokuzimeleyo kude kube ngoku.
Ebutsheni balo nyaka, iNdawo yoLondolozo lweeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo ibonelele ngeerekhodi kubaphandi kwi-Dutch NGO PAX, kunye neqela lenkxaso, i-International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons (ICBUW), ababeloba ulwazi olutsha. I-IRIN ifumene zombini idatha kunye nohlalutyo olwenziwe yi-PAX kunye ne-ICBUW, equlethwe kwingxelo eya kupapashwa kamva kule veki.
Uqinisekiso lokuba izixhobo zokudubula zisetyenziswe ngokungenamkhethe kunokuba zazivunyiwe ngaphambili zinokuhlaziya iifowuni zezazinzulu ukuba zijonge nzulu kwiziphumo zempilo ze-DU kubemi babahlali kwiindawo zongquzulwano. Izixhobo zokudubula ziye zarhanelwa - kodwa azizange zingqinwe - zibangele umhlaza kwaye iziphoso zokuzalwa, phakathi kweminye imiba.
Kodwa njengomsebenzi wokungakhuseleki okuqhubekayo e-Iraq kunye nokungafuni okubonakalayo kwicala likarhulumente wase-US ukwabelana ngedatha kunye nokwenza uphando, kusekho ukunqongophala kwezifundo ze-epidemiological e-Iraq. Oku kudale ivacuum apho ithiyori ziye zanda malunga ne-DU, ezinye iyelenqe.
Ulwazi lokuba i-DU yadutyulwa kwilizwe liphela, kodwa ukubhideka malunga nokuba yeyiphi kwaye yeyiphi imilinganiselo eye yakhathaza i-Iraqis., ngoku abaphinde bajongana nelizwe elithwaxwa yimfazwe, ukufa, nokugxothwa.
Namhlanje, ezi nqwelo-moya zifanayo ze-A-10 ziphinda zibhabha phezu kwe-Iraq, kunye naseSyria, apho zijolise khona imikhosi ebizwa ngokuba yi-Islamic State. Nangona amagosa eendaba asemkhosini wase-US esithi i-DU ayigxothwanga, akukho zithintelo zePentagon ezichasene nokwenza oko, kwaye ulwazi oluphikisanayo olunikezelwe kwiCongress luphakamise imibuzo malunga nokuthunyelwa kwalo kunyaka ophelileyo.
Inkungu yenzululwazi
I-uranium ephelelweyo yinto eshiyekileyo xa i-uranium-235 ye-radioactive substance ityetyiswa – ii-isotophu zayo zahlulwa kwinkqubo esetyenziselwa ukwenza zombini iibhombu zenyukliya namandla.
I-DU ayinayo i-radioactive encinci kuneyokuqala, kodwa isathathwa njengekhemikhali eyityhefu kunye "nengozi yempilo yemitha xa ingaphakathi emzimbeni", ngokutsho kwi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US.
Oogqirha abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba naziphi na iziphumo ezibi zempilo ezinokubakho zinokwenzeka isuka ekuphefumleleni amasuntswana emva kokuba isixhobo se-DU sisetyenzisiwe, nangona ukuginya kukwayinkxalabo. Nangona uphononongo luye lwenziwa kwiindawo zaselabhoratri kunye nakumanani amancinci amagqala, akukho phando lubanzi lwezonyango olwenziweyo kuluntu oluvezwe kwi-DU kwiindawo zongquzulwano, kubandakanya ne-Iraq.
Kukho "ubungqina obucacileyo obuthe ngqo be-epidemiological" obubonisa ukuhambelana phakathi kwe-DU kunye nemiphumo yezempilo kwezi zicwangciso, uDavid Brenner, umlawuli we-Columbia University's Centre for Radiological Research, uchaze i-IRIN. Emva kokufumana isigulo sokuqala sokulandelela - umzekelo umhlaza wemiphunga - uBrenner uthe uphononongo olunjalo luya kufuna "ukuchonga abantu ababhengeziweyo, kwaye emva koko balinganise ukuba bekuphi ukuvezwa komntu ngamnye". Kulapho idatha yokujolisa ingena khona.
Idatha inokuba luncedo kwiinzame zokucoca, ukuba zinokuthi zenziwe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Kodwa kuphela i-783 ye-1,116 ye-flight logs iqulethe iindawo ezithile, kwaye i-US ayizange ikhuphe idatha enjalo kwi-Gulf War yokuqala, xa ingaphezulu 700,000 imijikelo yagxothwa. Amatsha ntliziyo aye zibiwe olo ngquzulwano “lweyona tyhefu” kwimbali.
Ngaphakathi e-United States, i-DU ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo, kunye nemida yokuba yimalini enokugcinwa kwiindawo zomkhosi, kunye neeprothokholi zokucoca zilandelwa kuluhlu lokudubula. Ngo-1991, xa kwaqhambuka umlilo kwisiseko somkhosi waseMelika eKuwait kwaye iimbumbulu ze-DU zangcolisa indawo, urhulumente wase-US wahlawula ukucoca kwaye wasusa i-cubic metres ye-11,000 yomhlaba kwaye wathunyelwa e-US ukuze agcinwe.
Ukoyika ukuba ukuchitha imijikelo ye-DU kunokuhlala kuyingozi iminyaka, iingcali zithi amanyathelo anje - kunye namanye afanayo athatyathwe kwiiBalkans emva kweengxabano apho - kusafuneka enziwe e-Iraq. Kodwa okokuqala, abasemagunyeni kuya kufuneka bazi ukuba bajonge phi.
"Awukwazi ukuthetha izinto ezinentsingiselo malunga nomngcipheko we-DU ukuba awunaso isiseko esicacileyo sokuba izixhobo zisetyenziswe phi kwaye ngawaphi amanyathelo athathiweyo," utshilo uDoug Weir, umququzeleli wamazwe ngamazwe e-ICBUW.
Yintoni eboniswa yidatha – kwaye yintoni engayiboniyo
Ngokukhutshwa kwale datha entsha, abaphandi basondele kwesi siseko kunanini ngaphambili, nangona umfanekiso awukapheli. Engaphezulu kwe 300,000 Imijikelo ye-DU kuqikelelwa ukuba yagxothwa ngexesha lemfazwe ka-2003, ikakhulu yi-US.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-FOIA, ekhutshwe yi-US Central Command (CENTCOM), yonyusa inani leendawo ezaziwayo ezinokungcoliseka kwe-DU ukusuka kwimfazwe ye-2003 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-1,100 - ngokuphindwe kathathu kunama-350 amagosa kwinkonzo yokusingqongileyo yase-Iraq axelele i-PAX ukuba iyayazi. kunye nokuzama ukucoca.
Eminye imijikelo engama-227,000 yento ebizwa ngokuba “yingxubevange yokulwa” - indibaniselwano uninzi lweembumbulu zeArmour-Piercing Incendiary (API), eziqulathe ii-DU, kunye ne-High-Explosive Incendiary (HEI) iimbumbulu - kwaxelwa ukuba zagxothwa kwii-sorties. Kumlinganiselo oqikelelweyo we-CENTCOM we-4 API kwimbumbulu nganye ye-HEI, abaphandi bafike kumjikelo we-181,606 we-DU ochithiweyo.
Ngelixa ukukhutshwa kwe-FOIA ka-2013 kubanzi, ayikabandakanyi idatha esuka kwiitanki zase-US, okanye ireferensi yongcoliseko olunokwenzeka oluvela kwiindawo zokugcina ngexesha lemfazwe, okanye nantoni na malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-DU ngamahlakani ase-US. I-UK ibonelele ngolwazi olunxulumene nokudubula okulinganiselweyo ngamatanki aseBritane ngo-2003 kwi-arhente yezokusingqongileyo ye-UN, i-UNEP.
Uphononongo lwango-1975 loMkhosi woMoya wase-US lucebise ukuba izixhobo ze-DU zithunyelwe kuphela “ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokuchasene neitanki, abathwali bezixhobo zabasebenzi okanye ezinye iithagethi ezinzima”. Kwacetyiswa ukuba ukusasazwa kwe-DU ngokuchasene nabasebenzi makuthintelwe ngaphandle kokuba akukho zixhobo zifanelekileyo zikhoyo. Iirekhodi zokudubula ezintsha, zibhale i-PAX kunye ne-ICBUW kuhlalutyo lwabo, "zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba izithintelo ezicetywayo kuphononongo azizange zinganakwa". Ngokwenene, kuphela yi-33.2 yeepesenti ye-1,116 ekujoliswe kuyo edweliswe yayingamatanki okanye izithuthi ezixhobileyo.
"Kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ngaphandle kwazo zonke iingxoxo ezinikwe yi-US, ukuba ii-A-10s ziyafuneka ukoyisa izixhobo, uninzi lwezinto ezibethiweyo ibiziithagethi ezingajoliswanga, kwaye uninzi lwezo njongo bezikufutshane neendawo ezihlala abantu," uWim Zwijnenburg, umphandi ophezulu kwi-PAX, uxelele i-IRIN.
Inkungu esemthethweni
Ngokungafaniyo nemigodi kunye neembumbulu ezihlangeneyo, kunye nezixhobo zebhayoloji okanye zekhemikhali - kwaneelaser ezimfamekisayo - akukho sivumelwano sinikezelwe ekulawuleni ukuveliswa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-DU.
"Ubusemthethweni bokusebenzisa i-DU kwiimeko zongquzulwano oluxhobileyo alunasiphelo," uBeth Van Schaack, unjingalwazi wamalungelo oluntu kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford, kunye nowayesakuba ligosa leSebe lase-US, uxelele i-IRIN.
Umthetho wesintu wamazwe ngamazwe wongquzulwano ngezixhobo kubandakanya ukuvalwa kwezixhobo ezinokuthi zilindeleke ukuba zenzakalise ixesha elide kunye nokwalelwa kweendlela zemfazwe ezibangela ukwenzakala okugqithisileyo kunye nokubandezeleka okungeyomfuneko. "Ukungabikho kwedatha engcono kwimiphumo yangoku kunye nexesha elide le-DU kwimpilo yabantu kunye nendalo yendalo, nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukusebenzisa le migaqo kunye naluphi na uhlobo," kusho uVan Schaack.
Kwi 2014 Ingxelo ye-UN, urhulumente wase-Iraqi wabonisa "inkxalabo yakhe enzulu malunga nemiphumo eyingozi" ye-uranium ephelile esetyenziswe kwiingxabano kwaye yabiza isivumelwano esivimbela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokudluliselwa. Yahlaba ikhwelo kumazwe asebenzisa izixhobo ezinjalo kungquzulwano ukuba anike amagunya asekuhlaleni “inkcazelo ethe kratya ngendawo ezisetyenziswa kuyo nezixa ezisetyenziswayo,” ukuze avavanye aze aquke ungcoliseko.
Ukuthula nokubhideka
U-Pekka Haavisto, owayengusihlalo we-UNEP emva kongquzulwano e-Iraq ngo-2003, uxelele i-IRIN ukuba yayiqhelekile ngelo xesha ukuba iimbumbulu ze-DU zibethe izakhiwo kunye nezinye izinto ekujoliswe kuzo ezingaxhotyiswanga rhoqo.
Nangona iqela lakhe e-Iraq belingakhange linikwe umsebenzi ngokusemthethweni wokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-DU, iimpawu zayo bezikuyo yonke indawo, utshilo. E-Baghdad, izakhiwo zobulungiseleli zaziphawulwe ngomonakalo ovela kwi-DU munitions, iingcali ze-UN ezinokuthi zicace ngokucacileyo. Ngelixa uHaavisto kunye noogxa bakhe bemka eIraq kulandela ibhombu ka-2003 eyayijolise kwihotele yaseBaghdad esebenza njengekomkhulu le-UN, wathi kukho imiqondiso embalwa yokuba imikhosi ekhokelwa yiMelika yaziva inyanzelekile ukuba icoce iDU okanye yazise iIraqis apho idutyulwe khona. .
“Xa sasisingatha umba we-DU, siye sabona ukuba imikhosi eyisebenzisayo ineendlela zokukhusela abasebenzi babo,” utshilo uHaavisto, ngoku olilungu lePalamente eFinland.
“Kodwa ke ingqiqo efanayo ayisebenzi xa uthetha ngabantu abahlala kwiindawo ekujoliswe kuzo-leyo ngokuqinisekileyo ibindiphazamisa. Ukuba ucinga ukuba inokubeka umkhosi wakho engozini, ewe, kukho iingozi ezifanayo kubantu abathi emva kwemfazwe bahlala kwiimeko ezifanayo. "
Iidolophu ezininzi kunye nezixeko zase-Iraq, kuquka i-Fallujah, ziye zabika iziphene zokuzalwa apho abantu bendawo bakrokrela ukuba banokudibaniswa ne-DU okanye ezinye izinto zemfazwe. Nokuba azihambelani nokusetyenziswa kwe-DU - Fallujah, umzekelo, akukho zimpawu zokukhutshwa kwe-FOIA - abaphandi bathi ukubhengezwa ngokupheleleyo kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo ye-DU kubaluleke kakhulu ukuyilawula njengesizathu.
“Ayiyodatha [entsha] kuphela ephathelele, kodwa izithuba ezikuyo nazo,” utshilo uJeena Shah, unjingalwazi wezomthetho kwiYunivesithi yaseRutgers oncede abameli ukuba bazame ukujolisa iinkuni kurhulumente wase-US. Omabini amagqala ase-US kunye nama-Iraqis, wathi, adinga yonke idatha kwiimbumbulu ezinetyhefu, ukuze abasemagunyeni “baqhubele phambili ulungiso lweendawo ezinetyhefu ukukhusela izizukulwana ezizayo zase-Iraqis, kwaye babonelele ngokhathalelo lwezonyango oluyimfuneko kwabo benzakaliswe kukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo”.
Ngaba i-DU ibuyile?
Kule veki, isithethi sePentagon siqinisekisile kwi-IRIN ukuba akukho "sithintelo somgaqo-nkqubo wokusetyenziswa kwe-DU kwimisebenzi ye-Counter-ISIL" e-Iraq okanye eSiriya.
Kwaye ngelixa i-US Air Force iphika ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba i-DU munitions isetyenziswe yi-A-10s ngexesha lolo msebenzi, amagosa oMkhosi woMoya anike inguqu eyahlukileyo yeziganeko ubuncinane kwilungu elinye leCongress. NgoMeyi, ngesicelo sombutho, i-ofisi yoMmeli wase-Arizona uMartha McSally - owayesakuba ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya i-A-10 ene-A-10s esekelwe kwisithili sakhe - wabuza ukuba iimunitions zeDU zisetyenzisiwe na eSyria okanye eIraq. Igosa lonxibelelwano le-Air Force liphendule nge-imeyile ukuba imikhosi yaseMelika idubule imijikelo eyi-6,479 ye "Combat Mix" eSyria ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezimbini - "i-18th Kunye ne23rd kaNovemba ka-2015”. Igosa lichaze umxube "unomlinganiselo we-5 kwi-1 ye-API (DU) ukuya kwi-HEI".
"Ke ngoko, sichithe ~i-5,100 imijikelo ye-API," wabhala, ebhekisa kwimijikelo ye-DU.
uhlaziyo: Ngomhla we-20 ngo-Oktobha, i-CENTCOM iqinisekise ngokusemthethweni kwi-IRIN ukuba imbumbano ekhokelwa yi-US idubule iimbumbulu ze-uranium (DU) eziphelileyo kwiinjongo zaseSiriya kwi-18 kunye ne-23 kaNovemba 2015. Yathi izikhali zakhethwa ngenxa yobume bezinto ekujoliswe kuzo ngezo mini. Isithethi se-CENTCOM sithe ukukhanyelwa kwangaphambili kungenxa "yempazamo ekuchazeni uluhlu olusezantsi."
Loo mihla yawela phakathi kwexesha elibukhali logwayimbo olukhokelwa yi-US ngokuchasene neziseko ze-oyile ze-IS kunye nezithuthi zothutho, ezibizwa ngokuba yi "Tidal Wave II". Ngokutsho kweengxelo zomdibaniso womanyano, amakhulu eelori zeoyile zatshatyalaliswa kwisiqingatha sesibini sikaNovemba eSyria, kubandakanya I-283 kuphela kwi-22 kaNovemba.
Umxholo wee-imeyile kunye nempendulo ye-Air Force ekuqaleni yathunyelwa kwi-activist yendawo ye-anti-nyukliya uJack Cohen-Joppa, owabelana nabo nge-IRIN. Iofisi kaMcSally kamva yaqinisekisa umxholo wazo zombini. Ukufikelelwa kule veki, amagosa amaninzi aseMelika akakwazanga ukuchaza umahluko.
