NguJohn Scales Avery, ngoDisemba 14, 2018
Uthotho lodliwano-ndlebe lwabantu ababalaseleyo kwintshukumo yoxolo selunikwe iphephandaba I-Intanethi. Ngaphandle kokupapashwa kwi-Countercurrents, olu chungechunge luya kupapashwa njengencwadi. Olu dliwanondlebe nge-imeyile noGqr David Krieger yinxalenye yolu ngcelele.
UDavid Krieger, Ph.D. umsunguli kunye nomongameli we-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Phakathi kweendlela zakhe zobunkokeli ezibanika ithuba elide ekwakheni uxolo kwihlabathi liphela, ungumseki kunye nelungu le-Global Council of Abolition 2000, uceba kwi-World future Council, kwaye ungusihlalo weKomiti Elawulayo ye-International Network yeenjineli kunye Izazinzulu ngoXanduva lweHlabathi. Une-BA kwi-Psychology kwaye ubamba i-MA kunye ne-Ph.D. Iidigri kwiNzululwazi yezoPolitiko ezivela kwiDyunivesithi yaseHawaii ngokunjalo neJD evela kwiKholeji yoMthetho yaseSanta Barbara; wasebenza iminyaka eyi-20 njengejaji Ipro IiNkundla zikaMasipala zaseSanta Barbara kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo. UGqr Krieger ngumbhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye nezifundo zoxolo kwiXesha leNyukliya. Ubhale okanye uhlele ngaphezulu kweencwadi ze-20 kunye namakhulu amanqaku kunye nezahluko zencwadi. Ungumamkeli amabhaso nembeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iZiko le-OMNI loXolo, uBulungisa kunye ne-ecology Peace Writing Award kwiPoetry (2010). Unengqokelela entsha yemibongo enesihloko esithi Vuka. Ukutyelela ngakumbi ISiseko seNyukliya yoSondlo website: www.wagingpeace.org.
Yohane: Kudala ndiwuthanda umsebenzi wakho wokuzinikela nobugorha wobomi bonke bokupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Undenzele iwonga elikhulu lokundenza uMcebisi weNyukliya yoXolo lweSiseko seSiseko (NAPF). Nguwe uMseki kunye noMongameli we-NAPF. Ngaba ungasitshela kancinci malunga nosapho lwakho, kunye nobomi bakho bokuqala kunye nemfundo? Ngawaphi amanyathelo akukhokelele ekubeni ube ngomnye wabameli abaziwayo behlabathi ekuphelisweni ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zenyukliya?
Davide: John, usinike imbeko ngokuba ngumcebisi kwiNyukliya Age Peace Foundation. Ungomnye wabona bantu ndibaziyo ngobungozi benyukliya kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha kwikamva lobomi kwiplanethi yethu, kwaye ubhale ngokuqaqambileyo ngezi zisongelo.
Malunga nosapho lwam, ubomi bokuqala kunye nemfundo, ndazalwa kwiminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba idolophu yaseHiroshima neNagasaki zitshatyalaliswe zizixhobo zenyukliya. Utata wayengugqirha wabantwana, kwaye umama wayengumama wasekhaya kunye nevolontiya lasesibhedlele. Zombini zazinoxolo kakhulu, kwaye omabini awalahla umkhosi ngokungazinikeli. Ndingayichaza iminyaka yam yokuqala njengongenangxaki. Ndaya kwiKholeji yaseOccidental, apho ndafumana khona imfundo elungileyo yenkululeko. Emva kokuthweswa isidanga kwi-Occidental, ndaye ndaya eJapan, kwaye ndavuswa kukubona umonakalo owenziwa nguHiroshima no-Nagasaki. Ndiqaphele ukuba e-US, sizijonge ezi bhombu zisuka ngaphezulu kwelifu lamakhowa njengempumelelo kwezobuchwephesha, ngelixa eJapan iziqhushumbisi zazijongwa phantsi kwelifu lamakhowa njengeziganeko ezimbi zokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi.
Ukubuya kwam eJapan, ndaya kuthweswa isidanga kwiYunivesithi yaseHawaii ndaza ndafumana isidanga se-Ph.D. kwisayensi yezopolitiko. Ndaphinda ndabhalwa emkhosini, kodwa ndakwazi ukujoyina oovimba njengenye indlela yokufezekisa uxanduva lwam emkhosini. Ngelishwa, kamva ndabizelwa emsebenzini. Emkhosini ndala ukuya eVietnam ndaza ndayalela ukuba ndingayi emkhosini ngenxa yesazela. Ndikholelwa ukuba iMfazwe yaseVietnam yayiyimfazwe engekho mthethweni kunye nokuziphatha okubi, kwaye ndandingathandi njengesazela ukukhonza apho. Ndasa ityala lam kwinkundla yomanyano kwaye ekugqibeleni ndakhululwa emkhosini. Amava am eJapan nakwimikhosi yase-US yanceda ukumisa izimvo zam ngoxolo nakwizixhobo zenyukliya. Ndaye ndakholelwa ukuba uxolo lubalulekile kwiNyukliya Age kwaye kufuneka izixhobo zenyukliya zipheliswe.
Ubuntu kunye nezinto eziphilayo zisongelwa emngciphekweni wemfazwe otshabalalisa inyukliya. Inokwenzeka ngokusilela kwezobuchwephesha okanye komntu, okanye ngokuhamba ngokungalawuleki kwempi eyalwa ngezixhobo eziqhelekileyo. Ngaba unokuthetha okuthile ngale ngozi inkulu?
Zininzi iindlela apho kungaqala khona imfazwe yenyukliya. Ndiyathanda ukuthetha ngoo “M” abahlanu. Ezi zezi: ulunya, impambano, impazamo, ukungaziphathi kakuhle kunye nokukhohlisa. Kwezi zihlanu, bububi kuphela obuxhomekeke ekubeni kuthintelwe ukuthintela inyukliya kwaye oku akuqinisekanga. Kodwa ukuthintela inyukliya (isoyikiso sokuziphindezela kwenyukliya) ngekhe kusebenze ngokuchasene nobuhlanya, impazamo, ukungaziphathi kakuhle okanye ubuqhetseba. Njengoko ucebisa, nayiphi na imfazwe ngexesha lenyukliya inokunyuka iye kwimfazwe yenyukliya. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba imfazwe yenyukliya, nokuba ingaqala njani, ibangela eyona ngozi inkulu ejongene noluntu, kwaye inokuthintelwa kuphela ngokupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ezifezekiswe ngothethathethwano olunamanqanaba, anokuqinisekiswa, angenakuphinda aguqulwe kwaye acace gca.
Yohane: Ngaba ungazichaza iziphumo zemfazwe yenyukliya kumaleko we-ozone, kumaqondo obushushu ehlabathi, nakwezolimo? Ngaba imfazwe yenyukliya inokubangela indlala enkulu?
Davide: Ukuqonda kwam kukuba imfazwe yenyukliya iya kutshabalalisa ubukhulu be-ozone ivumela amanqanaba agqithisileyo emitha yelanga ukuba ifikelele emhlabeni. Ukongeza, imfazwe yenyukliya iya kunciphisa amaqondo obushushu ngokumangalisayo, ngokunokwenzeka iphose iplanethi kwi-Ice Age entsha. Iziphumo zemfazwe yenyukliya kwezolimo ziya kuphawulwa kakhulu. Izazinzulu zasemoyeni zisixelela ukuba, nokuba yimfazwe encinci "yenyukliya" phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan apho icala ngalinye lisebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya ezingama-50 kwelinye icala lezixeko zazingabeka umgxobhozo owaneleyo kwi-stratosphere ukuthintela ukufudumala kwelanga, ukunciphisa ixesha lokukhula, kunye nokubangela indlala enkulu Ukufa kwabantu abamalunga neebhiliyoni ezimbini. Imfazwe enkulu yenyukliya iya kuvelisa iziphumo ezibi nangakumbi, kubandakanya nokubulala ubomi obuntsonkothileyo emhlabeni.
Yohane: Kuthekani ngeempembelelo zemitha yelanga evela kukuwa? Ngaba ungazichaza iziphumo zovavanyo lwaseBikini kubantu beMarshall Islands nakwezinye iziqithi ezikufutshane?
Davide: Ukuwa kwemitha yenye yeengozi ezizodwa zezixhobo zenyukliya. Phakathi kowe-1946 nowe-1958, i-US yaqhuba iimvavanyo zayo zenyukliya ezingama-67 kwiiMarshall Islands, ezinamandla alinganayo okuqhushumba iibhombu ze-1.6 Hiroshima mihla le kangangesithuba seminyaka elishumi elinambini. Kwezi mvavanyo, ezingama-23 zaqhutywa kwiBikini Atoll kwiiMarshall Islands. Olunye lolu vavanyo lungcoliseko lweziqithi kunye neenqanawa zokuloba kumakhulu eekhilomitha kude neendawo zovavanyo. Ezinye iziqithi zisengcoliswe kakhulu ukuba abahlali babuye. I-US ibaphathe kakubi abantu baseMarshall Islands abaye bafumana iziphumo zokuwa kwe-radioactive njengeehagu zeguinea, befunda ukuba bafunde ngakumbi malunga nefuthe lemitha kwimpilo yabantu.
Yohane: I-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation ibambisene neMarshall Islands ngokumangalela onke amazwe atyikitye isivumelwano seNuclear Nonproliferation Treaty nesinezixhobo zenyukliya ngokwaphula iNqaku VI leNPT. Ungayichaza into eyenzekileyo? Umphathiswa wezangaphandle waseMarshall Islands, uTony deBrum, ufumene iMbasa yokuPhila ngokuLungileyo ngendima yakhe kwezomthetho. Ngaba ungasitshela okuthile malunga noku?
Davide: I-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation yathetha-thethana neMarshall Islands kumatyala abo obugebenga ngokuchasene namazwe alithoba axhobileyo (i-US, i-Russia, i-UK, i-France, i-China, i-Israel, i-Indiya, i-Pakistan kunye ne-North Korea). Isimangalo kwiNkundla yezoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe (ICJ) e-The Hague yayichasene namazwe amahlanu okuqala kula mazwe ngokusilela kwawo ekufezekiseni uxanduva lwawo lokuthomalalisa izixhobo phantsi kweNqaku VI leSivumelwano sokungahambisi ukwanda (NPT) kuthethathethwano lokuphelisa ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya. kunye nokufezekisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Amanye amazwe amane axhobile ngenyukliya, lawo angabandakanyekanga kwi-NPT, abekwa ityala ngokusilela okufanayo kuthethathethwano, kodwa phantsi komthetho wesiko wamazwe aphesheya. I-US yamangalelwa ngokongeza kwinkundla yomdibaniso yase-US.
Kumazwe alithoba, yi-UK, i-India kunye ne-Pakistan kuphela abalamkele ulawulo olunyanzelekileyo lwe-ICJ. Kwezi meko zintathu iNkundla igwebe ukuba kwakungekho mpikiswano eyaneleyo phakathi kwamaqela kwaye yawagxotha amatyala ngaphandle kokufikelela kummangalelwa. Iivoti zejaji ezili-16 kwi-ICJ zazisondele kakhulu; kwimeko yase-UK iijaji zahlula i-8 ukuya kwi-8 kwaye ityala lagqitywa ngevoti yokuphosa umongameli weNkundla, owayengumFrentshi. Ityala kwinkundla yomdibaniso yaseMelika lagxothwa ngaphambi kokufika kwetyala. IMarshall Islands yayililo kuphela ilizwe ehlabathini elizimisele ukucela umngeni kumazwe alithoba axhobile ngezixhobo zenyukliya kwezi zityholo, kwaye wakwenza oko phantsi kobunkokheli obunenkalipho bukaTony de Brum, owamkela amabhaso amaninzi ngobunkokheli bakhe kulo mba. Kwakulilungelo kuthi ukusebenza naye kula matyala. Okulusizi kukuba, uTony usweleke e2017.
Yohane: NgoJulayi 7, 2017, isiVumelwano sokuThintelwa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya (i-TPNW) sidluliselwe sisininzi esikhulu yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Le yayiyimpumelelo enkulu kumzabalazo wokuphelisa umhlaba kwengozi yokubhujiswa kwenyukliya. Ngaba ungasixelela okuthile ngemeko yangoku yeSivumelwano?
Davide: Esi siVumelwano sikwinkqubo yokufumana utyikityo kunye nohlengahlengiso. Iya kusebenza kwiintsuku ezingama-90 emva kwama-50th ilizwe lifaka ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukungena kulo. Okwangoku, amazwe angama-69 atyikitye kwaye i-19 iqinisekisile okanye yanikezela kwisivumelwano, kodwa la manani atshintsha rhoqo. I-ICAN kunye nemibutho esebenzisana nayo iyaqhubeka nokuphembelela amazwe ukuba ajoyine isivumelwano.
Yohane: I-ICAN yafumana imbasa yoxolo kaNobel ngemizamo yayo ekhokelela ekusekeni i-TPNW. Isiseko soXolo seXesha leNyukliya yenye yemibutho ye-468 eyenza i-ICAN, kwaye, ke, ngandlel 'ithile, sele usifumene imbasa yoxolo lukaNobel. Kaninzi ndityumbe wena, ngokobuqu, kunye ne-NAPF njengombutho weBhaso loxolo lukaNobel. Ngaba ungasijonga imisebenzi enokukufanelekela ukuba ufumane ibhaso?
Davide: John, undinyulile ngobubele kunye ne-NAPF amatyeli amaninzi kwi-Nobel Peace Prize, endikubulela ngokungazenzisiyo. Ndingathi eyona mpumelelo yam ibikukufumana kunye nokukhokela iSiseko seNyukliya yoXolo kwaye ndisebenze ngokuzinzileyo ngokungagungqiyo kuxolo kunye nokupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Andazi ukuba oku kungandenza ndifumane ibhaso loxolo likaNobel, kodwa ibingumsebenzi olungileyo kwaye onesidima endizingcayo ngawo. Ndivakalelwa kukuba umsebenzi wethu kwiSiseko, nangona ungowamazwe aphesheya, ujolise ikakhulu eMelika, kwaye lilizwe elinzima kakhulu ukwenza inkqubela phambili.
Kodwa ndingayithetha le nto. Kundonwabisile ukusebenzela iinjongo ezinomdla kubo bonke abantu kwaye, ekwenzeni lo msebenzi, ndidibene nabantu abaninzi abazinikeleyo abafanelwe ukufumana iNobel Peace Prize, kuquka nawe. Baninzi abantu abanetalente nabazinikeleyo eluxolweni nasekupheliseni intshukumo yenyukliya, kwaye ndiyabathoba bonke. Ngowona msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu, hayi amabhaso, nkqu neNobel, nangona ukwamkelwa okuza neNobel kunokunceda ekwenzeni inkqubela phambili. Ndicinga ukuba le ibiyimeko ye-ICAN, esiyijoyine ekuqaleni kwaye sisebenze ngokusondeleyo kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ke, sonwabile ukuba nenxaxheba kweli bhaso.
Yohane: Ubunzima bemveliso yasemkhosini kwihlabathi liphela lifuna ukujongana nobungozi ukucacisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwabo olukhulu. Ngaba ikhona into onokuyithetha malunga nengozi yokubakho kwebrinkmanship?
Davide: Ewe, izakhiwo zemikhosi-mveliso kwihlabathi liphela ziyingozi kakhulu. Ayisiyo-brinkmanship yabo kuphela eyingxaki, kodwa inkxaso-mali enkulu abayifumanayo isusa kwiinkqubo zentlalo zokhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, izindlu. nokukhusela okusingqongileyo. Isixa semali esiya kwinkampani yezomkhosi nakwimizi-mveliso kumazwe amaninzi, ngakumbi e-US, ngamanyala.
Kutshanje ndiye ndafunda incwadi enkulu, enesihloko Ukomelela ngoxolo, Ibhalwe nguJudith Eve Lipton no David P. Barash. Yincwadi ethetha ngeCosta Rica, ilizwe elanikezela ngomkhosi ngo-1948 kwaye lahlala ngoxolo kwindawo eyingozi ukusukela ngoko. Umbhalo ongezantsi wencwadi uthi “Indlela ukuXhobisa abaNtu kuKhokelela kuXolo nakuLonwabo eCosta Rica, kunye nokuFundiswa liLizwe liphela kwisizwe esincinci seTropiki.” Yincwadi entle ebonisa ukuba kukho iindlela ezingcono zokulandela uxolo kunokomelela emkhosini. Ijika i-dictum yakudala yamaRoma entloko. AmaRoma athi, "Ukuba ufuna uxolo, lungiselela imfazwe." Umzekelo waseCosta Rican uthi, "Ukuba ufuna uxolo, lungiselela uxolo." Yindlela ebonakala ngakumbi kwaye ihloniphekile eya eluxolweni.
Yohane: Ngaba ulawulo lukaDonald Trump lube negalelo kumngcipheko wemfazwe yenyukliya?
Davide: Ndicinga ukuba uDonald Trump ngokwakhe unegalelo kumngcipheko wemfazwe yenyukliya. U-narcissistic, mercurial, kwaye akaguquki ngokubanzi, eyindibaniselwano eyoyikisayo yomntu ophethe izixhobo zenyukliya ezinamandla emhlabeni. Ujikelezwe ngamadoda angama-Ewe, kubonakala ngathi amxelela oko afuna ukukuva. Ngaphaya koko, uTrump ukhuphe i-US kwisivumelwano ne-Iran, kwaye ubhengeze injongo yakhe yokurhoxa kwi-Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty neRussia. Ukulawulwa kukaTrump kwizixhobo zenyukliya zaseMelika kunokuba sesona sisongelo siyingozi kwimfazwe yenyukliya ukusukela ekuqaleni kwexesha leNyukliya.
Yohane: Ngaba unganokuthetha okuthile malunga nomlilo wangoku eCarlifonia? Ngaba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwintlekele kuyingozi nokuthelekiswa nengozi yentlekele yenyukliya?
Davide: Imililo yasendle eCalifornia ibisoyikeka, yeyona imbi kwimbali yaseCalifornia. Le mililo yoyikekayo yenye yokubonakalisa ubushushu behlabathi, njengoko kunjalo nangakumbi ukwanda kweenkanyamba, iinkanyamba nezinye izehlo ezinxulumene nemozulu. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba utshintsho olukhulu kwimozulu luyingozi xa kuthelekiswa nobungozi benyukliya. Intlekele yenyukliya inokwenzeka nanini na. Ngotshintsho lwemozulu sisondela kwindawo apho kungasayi kubakho kubuyela esiqhelweni kwaye umhlaba wethu ongcwele awusayi kuhlala ngabantu.
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I-John Scales Avery, Ph.D., eyayiyinxalenye yeqela elabelana nge1995 UNobel Peace Prize ngomsebenzi wabo wokulungiselela iiNkomfa zePugwash kwiSayensi neMicimbi yeHlabathi, ulilungu Inethiwekhi yeTRANSCEND Nxibelelanisa uNjingalwazi Emeritus kwi-HC Ørsted Institute, kwiYunivesithi yaseCopenhagen, eDenmark. Ungusihlalo we-Danish National Pugwash Iqela kunye neDanish Peace Academy kunye Ufumene uqeqesho kwi-theory ye-physics kunye ne-chemistry kwi-MIT, kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago nakwiDyunivesithi yaseLondon. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku kuzo zombini izihloko zesayensi kunye nemibuzo ebanzi yentlalo. Ezona ncwadi zakhe zakutshanje ziThethi zoLwazi kunye nokuzivelela kunye Impucuko yempucuko kwi-21st Century
