Kwi mazwi nge-8 ka-Epreli 2018, uMtshutshisi weNkundla yamaLungelo oLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe (i-ICC), uFatou Bensouda, walumkisa ngelithi abo babulala abantu basePalestina kufutshane nomda waseGaza no-Israyeli banokutshutshiswa yi-ICC. Uthe:
“Ndinenkxalabo enkulu ukuba ndibone ubundlobongela kunye nokuwohloka kwemeko eGaza Strip kwimeko yoqhankqalazo lwabantu abaninzi. Ukusukela nge-30 ka-Matshi 2018, ubuncinci ama-27 asePalestine axelwe ukuba abulawa yimikhosi yezokhuselo yakwa-Israeli, nangaphezulu kwewaka elingxwelerhekileyo, uninzi, ngenxa yokudutyulwa kusetyenziswa iimbumbulu kunye neembumbulu zerabha. Ubundlobongela obujoliswe kubahlali - kwimeko efana naleyo ixhaphakileyo eGaza - bunokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho waseRoma… “
Waqhubeka wathi:
“Ndiwakhumbuza onke amaqela ukuba imeko yasePalestine iphantsi kovavanyo lweOfisi yam [jonga ngezantsi]. Ngelixa uviwo lokuqala lungelilo uphando, naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olutsha olwenziwe kwimeko yasePalestine lunokuphononongwa yiOfisi yam. Oku kusebenza kwiziganeko zeeveki ezidlulileyo nakuso nasiphi na isiganeko esizayo. ”
Ukusukela kwisilumkiso soMtshutshisi, inani lokufa kwabantu basePalestine kunye nokulimala sele linyukile, ama-60 abulawa ngomhla we-14 kuMeyi ngomhla i-US eyidlulisele ngayo indlu yozakuzo isuka eTel Aviv isiya eJerusalem. Ngomhla we-12 kuJulayi, ngokwe-Ofisi ye-UN yoLungelelaniso lwezeMicimbi yaBantu (i-UN OCHA), I-146 Palestinians yabulawa kwaye i-15,415 yalimala okoko uqhankqalazo lwaqala ngomhla we-30 ngoMatshi. Kwabalimeleyo, i-8,246 yayifuna unyango esibhedlele. Elinye ijoni lakwa-Israeli libulewe ngemipu evela eGaza. Akukho bantu bakwa-Israyeli babuleweyo ngenxa yoqhankqalazo.
Oluqhanqalazo, olufuna isiphelo sokuvalwa kwe-Israel eGaza kunye nelungelo lokubuya kweembaleki, kwenzeke kwiiveki ezikhokelela kwi-70th isikhumbuzo seNakba, xa, njengoko ilizwe lakwa-Israyeli labakho, malunga ne-750,000 yamaPalestina agxothwa kumakhaya abo kwaye zange bavunyelwe ukuba babuye. Phantse i-200,000 yezi mbacu zanyanzeliswa ukuba ziye eGaza, apho bahlala khona kunye nenzala yabo namhlanje kwaye benza malunga ne-70% yabemi baseGaza abayi-1.8 yezigidi, abahlala kwiimeko ezilusizi phantsi kolawulo oluqatha olubekwe ngu-Israyeli ngaphezulu kweshumi leminyaka elidlulileyo. Akumangalisi ukuba amawaka abantu basePalestine bezilungiselele ukubeka emngciphekweni ubomi kunye nemilenze bekhalazela imeko yabo.
Ipalestine inikezela kulawulo kwi-ICC
Isilumkiso soMtshutshisi sichanekile ngokupheleleyo. I-ICC inokuzama abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu kunye nohlanga ukuba lunikwe igunya lokwenza njalo. Abasemagunyeni basePalestine banikezela igunya ku-1 Januwari 2015 ngokungenisa isibhengezo kwi-ICC phantsi kweNqaku 12 (3) ye-ICC's Rome Statement "ebhengeza ukuba urhulumente welizwe lasePalestina ngokwenjenje uyalawula igunya leNkundla ngeenjongo zokuchonga, ukutshutshisa kunye nokugweba ababhali kunye nokuhambisana nolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphakathi kolawulo Inkundla ibambe inkundla ePalestine kuhlangene neMpuma yeJamani, ukusukela ngeyeSilimela 13, 2014 ”.
Ngokubuyisela umva ukwamkelwa kolawulo lwe-ICC ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abasemagunyeni basePalestina banethemba lokuba i-ICC iya kugxeka abasemkhosini bakwa-Israeli ngezenzo ngomhla okanye emva kwaloo mhla, kubandakanya ne-Operation Khusela i-Edge, uhlaselo lomkhosi wakwa-Israyeli eGaza ngoJulayi / Nge-Agasti 2014, xa babulawa ngaphezulu kwewaka lamawaka amabini ePalestine.
Eli ayiloxesha lokuqala ukuba abasemagunyeni basePalestine bazame ukunika ulawulo lwe-ICC ngokwenza isibhengezo esilolu hlobo. Ngomhla wamashumi amabini ananye kuJanyuwari ngo-21, kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba u-Operation Cast Lead, owokuqala kohlaselo olukhulu lwakwa-Israyeli eGaza, benze okufanayo isibhengezo. Kodwa oku akuzange kwamkelwe nguMtshutshisi we-ICC, kuba ngelo xesha iPalestine yayingamkelwa njenge-UN njengelizwe.
Yamkelwa yi-UN ngoNovemba 2012 xa i-UN General Assembly yadlula isisombululo 67 / 19 (ngamavoti ali-138 ukuya kwele-9) enika amalungelo abagcini basePalestine kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo "njengelizwe elingelolungu" kwaye ichaza indawo yayo ukuba "yintsimi yasePalestine ekuhlalwa kuyo ukusukela ngo-1967", oko kukuthi, i-West Bank (kubandakanya neMpuma yeJerusalem) neGaza . Ngenxa yoku, uMtshutshisi wakwazi ukwamkela igunya lasePalestine ngomhla woku-1 kweyoMqungu ngowama-2015 kunye nokuvula uviwo lokuqala “kwimeko yasePalestine” ngomhla we-16 kuJanuwari 2015 (jonga Ukukhutshwa kweendaba nge-ICC, i-16 ngoJanuwari 2015).
Ngokutsho IOfisi yomtshutshisi ye-ICCInjongo yolu vavanyo lokuqala "kukuqokelela lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze kufikelelwe kwisigqibo esigqibeleleyo sokuba ingaba sikhona na isizathu esifanelekileyo sokuqhubeka nophando". Ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu kamva olu vavanyo lokuqala luyaqhubeka. Ngamanye amagama, uMtshutshisi kusafuneka enze isigqibo sokuba aqhubeke na nophando olupheleleyo, olunokuthi ekugqibeleni lukhokelele ekutshutshisweni kwabantu. Umtshutshisi Ingxelo ye-2017 yonyaka epapashwe ngoDisemba i-2017 ayibonisanga ukuba siza kwenziwa nini isigqibo.
(Ngokuqhelekileyo urhulumente unika igunya kwi-ICC ngokuba liqela likarhulumente kuMgaqo waseRoma. Nge-2 Januwari 2015, abasemagunyeni basePalestine bafaka amaxwebhu afanelekileyo ukulungiselela loo njongo kuNobhala Jikelele we-UN, u-Ban Ki-moon, umemezele Ngomhla we-6 kuJanuwari ngo-2015 ukuba uMgaqo waseRoma “uza kuqala ukusebenza kuRhulumente wasePalestine ngomhla woku-1 ku-Epreli 2015”. Ke, ukuba abasemagunyeni basePalestine bebekhethe le ndlela yokunika igunya lolawulo lwe-ICC, iNkundla ngeyingazange ikwazi ukutshutshisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe phambi komhla woku-1 ku-Epreli ngo-2015. ngomhla okanye emva komhla we-13 kuJuni 2014, kubandakanywa ngexesha le-Operation Protective Edge, banokutshutshiswa.)
“Ukuthumela” yiPalestine njengeqela likarhulumente
Iyaqondakala into yokuba iinkokheli zasePalestine zikhathazekile kuba kungaphaya kweminyaka emithathu kungakhange kubekho nkqubela-phambili ibonakalayo ekwenzeni u-Israyeli abhukishe amatyala enziwe kwimimandla yasePalestine eyayihleliwe kwiminyaka emininzi. La matyala aqhubekile engagungqi ukusukela ngeyoMqungu ngo-2015 ngethuba uMtshutshisi eqala uviwo lokuqala, ukubulawa kwabantu abangaphezu kwekhulu ngumkhosi wase-Israeli kumda waseGaza ukusukela nge-30 kaMatshi yeyona ibalaseleyo.
Iinkokheli zasePalestine bezibonelela uMtshutshisi ngeengxelo zarhoqo ngenyanga ezibonisa ukuba zithini amatyala aqhubekayo kwa-Israyeli. Kwaye, kumzamo wokukhawulezisa imicimbi, nge-15 kaMeyi 2018 iPalestine yenze ngokusemthethweni "Ukuthumela”Njengeqela likarhulumente malunga" nemeko yasePalestine "eya kwi-ICC phantsi kwamaNqaku 13 (a) kunye ne-14 yoMthetho waseRome:" Umbuso wasePalestine, ngokuhambelana namaNqaku 13 (a) kunye ne-14 yoMthetho waseRome wamanye amazwe. Inkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho, ibhekisa imeko ePalestine ukuze iphandwe yiOfisi yoMtshutshisi kwaye icele ngokukodwa uMtshutshisi ukuba aphande, ngokuhambelana nolawulo lwethutyana lweNkundla, oludlulileyo, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo nolwexesha elizayo kulawulo lwenkundla, olwenziwe kuzo zonke iindawo ummandla welizwe lasePalestine. ”
Akukacaci ukuba kutheni le nto ingenakwenziwa nje ukuba iPalestine ibe lilungu lombuso kummiselo ka-Epreli ka-2015. Akukacaci nokuba “ukuthunyelwa” ngoku kuya kuyikhawulezisa inkqubela kuphando - kuye impendulo “Ukuthumela”, Umtshutshisi wathi uviwo lwangaphambili luya kuqhubeka njengakuqala.
Zeziphi izinto ezenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu / ulwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni?
Ukuba uMtshutshisi uyaqhubeka nokuvula uphando malunga "nemeko yasePalestine", emva koko izityholo zinokuthi ekugqibeleni zisiwe ebantwini ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kunye / okanye ulwaphulo mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu. Aba bantu kungenzeka ukuba bebesebenzela ilizwe lase-Israeli ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba amalungu e-Hamas kunye namanye amaqela asePalestine nawo aya kubekwa ityala.
Inqaku lesi-7 loMgaqo waseRoma lidwelisa izinto ezenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu. Olona phawu luphambili kulwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo kukuba sisenzo "esenziwe njengenxalenye yohlaselo olubanzi okanye olucwangcisiweyo olujoliswe kubo nabaphi na abantu abangahlaliyo". Ezo zenzo zibandakanya:
- Ku bulala
- ukugqogqa
- Ukugxothwa okanye ukuhanjiswa ngokuqatha kwabantu
- sentuthumbo
- ulwaphulo-mthetho localucalulo
Inqaku lesi-8 loMthetho waseRome lidwelisa izinto ezenza "ulwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni". Ziquka:
- ukubulala ngabom
- Ukuphathwa gadalala okanye ukuphathwa gadalala
- ukutshutshiswa okuninzi kunye nokwabiwa kwepropathi, okungekho semthethweni ngenxa yemfazwe
- ukugxotha ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukugqithisela okanye ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni
- ukuthathwa kwamabanjwa
- ukujongisa ngabom uhlaselo ngokuchasene nabemi ngolu hlobo okanye ngokuchasene nabahlali ngokungathathi nxaxheba ngqo kwimfazwe
- ngabom isikhokelo sokuhlaselwa ngokuchasene nezinto zabantu, oko kukuthi, izinto ezingezizo iinjongo zomkhosi
Kunye nezinye ezininzi.
Ukutshintshelwa kwabemi beendawo zokuhlala
Elinye lamva, kwiNqaku 8.2 (b) (viii), "kukudluliselwa, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, liGunya eliSebenzayo lamalungu abemi balo kulo mmandla uhlala kuwo".
Ngokucacileyo, olu lwaphulo-mthetho lubalulekile kuba u-Israyeli udlulise i-600,000 yabemi bayo waya kwi-West Bank, kubandakanya ne-East Jerusalem, indawo ahlala kuyo ukusukela ngo-1967. Ke, akukho mathandabuzo amancinci okuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, njengoko luchaziwe Ummiselo waseRoma, uzibophelele- kwaye uzakuqhubeka nokuzibophelela kwikamva elibonakalayo, kuba ayinakulindeleka into yokuba nawuphi na urhulumente wase-Israeli ozayo ayiphelise ngokuzithandela le projekthi yobukoloniyali ngokuzithandela okanye uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lwamazwe aphesheya luya kusetyenziswa ukuyiphelisa.
Ekukhanyeni koku, kukho ityala lokuqala lokuba abantu bakwa-Israyeli abanoxanduva lwale projekthi yobukoloniyali, kubandakanya iNkulumbuso yangoku, banetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu baseMelika kunye nabanye ababonelela ngemali kule projekthi banokutshutshiswa ngokunceda nasekuqhubeni ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo lwemfazwe. Bobabini uMmeli wase-US kwa-Israyeli, uDavid Friedman, kunye nomkhwenyana kamongameli wase-US, u-Jared Kushner, babonelele ngemali yokwakha indawo yokuhlala.
The UMavi Marmara Ukuthumela
U-Israel wayesele enebrashi ne-ICC xa ngoMeyi 2013 umanyano lweComoros, nelilungu le-State Statement, wathumela uhlaselo lomkhosi wase-Israel malunga UMavi Marmara inqanawa ngomhla wama-31 kuCanzibe ngo-2010 kuMtshutshisi. Olu hlaselo lwenzeka kumanzi aphesheya, xa yayiyinxalenye yoncedo oluya eGaza, kwaye lwakhokelela ekuswelekeni kwabantu abayi-9 abakhweli. Inkqubo ye- UMavi Marmara ibhaliswe kwiComoros Islands kwaye phantsi kweNqaku 12.2 (a) loMgaqo waseRoma, i-ICC inolawulo ngokubhekisele kulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe, kungekuphela nje kwindawo yeqela likarhulumente, kodwa nakwiinqanawa okanye kwinqwelomoya ebhaliswe kwiqela likarhulumente.
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Novemba ka-2014, uMtshutshisi, uFatou Bensouda, walile ukuvula uphando, nangona kunjalo ukugqiba ukuba "kukho isiseko esifanelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe phantsi kolawulo lweNkundla yamatyala oLwaphulo-mthetho lwaMazwe ... lwenziwe kwenye yeenqanawa, UMavi Marmara, xa imikhosi yezomkhosi yase-Israeli yangena kwi-'Gaza Freedom Flotilla 'kwi31 ngoMeyi 2010 ”.
Nangona kunjalo, uthathe isigqibo sokuba “iimeko ezinokwenzeka ezinokuthi zivele kuphando lwesi sehlo azizukuba 'ngumxhuzulane owaneleyo' ukuthethelela inyathelo elithathwa yi-ICC”. Kuyinyani ukuba inqaku le-17.1 (d) loMthetho waseRome lifuna ukuba ityala libe "ngumxhuzulane owaneleyo wokuxhasa inkundla."
Kodwa, xa umanyano lweComoros lwasifaka isicelo kwi-ICC sokuba kuphononongwe isigqibo soMtshutshisi, i-ICC Pre-Trial Chamber zixhaswa isicelo kwaye wacela uMtshutshisi ukuba aphinde asiqwalasele isigqibo sakhe sokungaqalisi uphando. Ukuqukumbela kwabo, iijaji utsho ukuba uMtshutshisi wenze uthotho lweempazamo ekuvavanyeni ubunzulu bamatyala anokubakho ukuba uphando lwenziwe kwaye wamcela ukuba asiqwalasele isigqibo sakhe sokungaqalisi uphando ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphandle kwala magama abalulekileyo avela kubagwebi, uMtshutshisi wanyusa isibheno nxamnye nesi sicelo "ukuba siphinde siqwalasele", kodwa isibheno sakhe ziweyo yi-ICC Appeals Chamber nge-Novemba ka-2015. Waye wanyanzeleka ukuba "asithathele ingqalelo" isigqibo sakhe sangoNovemba 2014 sokungaphakamisi uphando. Ngo-Novemba ngo-2017, yena umemezele ukuba, emva “kokuqwalaselwa kwakhona” efanelekileyo, wayenamathela kwisigqibo sakhe sokuqala ngoNovemba 2014.
isiphelo
Ngaba uphando lokuqala loMtshutshisi malunga "nemeko yasePalestine" luza kujamelana nemeko efanayo? Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Ngokwayo, ukusetyenziswa komlilo ophilayo ngumkhosi wase-Israeli ngokuchasene nabemi kufutshane nomda neGaza kwakukubi kakhulu kunokuhlaselwa komkhosi wakwa-Israyeli UMavi Marmara. Kwaye zininzi ezinye iimeko ezifanelekileyo apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe luye lwenziwa ngabantu base-Israeli, umzekelo, ngokulungiselela ukuhanjiswa kwabemi bakwa-Israyeli baye kwimimandla ehleliyo. Ke, amathuba okuba uMtshutshisi ekugqibeleni ayakufumanisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe lwenziwe, kodwa linyathelo elibalulekileyo ukusuka apho ukuchonga abantu abanoxanduva kunye nokwakha amatyala ngokuchasene nabo ukuze babenetyala kunye neemvume ezikhutshwe yi-ICC ukubanjwa.
Nangona kunjalo, nokuba abantu bayabekwa ityala, akunakulindeleka ukuba baphinde bajongane netyala e-The Hague, kuba i-ICC ayinakubazama abantu abangekhoyo-kwaye, kuba i-Israel ayililo iqela le-ICC, ayinasibophelelo sokunikezela abantu i-ICC iya kuvavanywa. Nangona kunjalo, njengo-Mongameli wase-Sudan u-Omar Hassan al-Bashir, owabekwa ityala yi-ICC ngo-2008, abantu abatyholwayo kuya kufuneka bakuphephe ukuhamba besiya kumacandelo e-ICC hleze babanjwe banikwe.
Qaphela inqaku
Ngomhla we-13 kaJulayi, iQela eliPhambi kweTyala le-ICC likhuphe "Isigqibo kulwazi kunye nokufikelela kumaxhoba eMeko ePalestine”. Kuyo, i-Chamber yayalela ulawulo lwe-ICC "ukuba luseke, ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, inkqubo yolwazi yoluntu kunye nemisebenzi yokufikelela kuluntu ukuze kuxhamle amaxhoba kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekayo kwimeko yasePalestine" kwaye "benze iphepha elinolwazi Iwebhusayithi yeNkundla, ngakumbi ejolise kumaxhoba kwimeko yePalestine".
Ekukhutshweni komyalelo, i-Chamber ikhumbule ngendima ebalulekileyo edlalwe ngamaxhoba kwinkqubo yenkundla, yaze yadlulisela kwisibophelelo seNkundla sokuvumela iimbono kunye neenkxalabo zamaxhoba ukuba zingeniswe ngokufanelekileyo, kubandakanywa ngexesha lokubhalwa kwangaphambi kokuqala koviwo. Umyalelo wathembisa ukuba "xa umtshutshisi ethatha isigqibo sokuvula uphando, Iqela liya kuthi, kwinqanaba lesibini, likhuphe eminye imiyalelo".
Eli nyathelo lingaqhelekanga liGumbi eliPhambi kweTyala, elithetha ukuba amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe akhona ePalestine, athathwa ngaphandle koMtshutshisi we-ICC. Ngaba oku kunokuba yinto encinci kuye yokuqalisa uphando olusemthethweni?
