Inkolelo-mfundiso: Imfazwe ayinakugwema

Inyani: Imfazwe yinto yokhetho lwabantu olungagqithwanga ngumthetho nawuphi na umgaqo wezinto eziphilayo okanye i-biological determinism.

Ukuba imfazwe yayingenakukhunjulwa, bekungekho ncinane ekuzameni ukuyivala. Ukuba imfazwe yayingenakukhunjulwa, ingxaki yokuziphatha ingenziwa ukwenzela ukunciphisa umonakalo wayo ngelixa iqhubeka. Kwaye kuninzi iziganeko eziza kwenziwa ukuze zilungiselele ukuphumelela iimfazwe ezingenakupheka kulolu cala okanye kwicala. Enyanisweni, oorhulumente benza oku nje, kodwa ukugxilwa kwabo kuphutha. Imfazwe ayinakupheka.

Ngona ubundlobongela kwizinga elincinci alinakukhunjulwa, kodwa umsebenzi onzima kakhulu wokuphelisa ubundlobongela iiligidi eziligidi ezidlulileyo kwixesha elilula, ukuba lilucelomngeni, umsebenzi wokuphelisa ukuxhelwa kwenkunzi. Imfazwe ayikho into eyenziwe ngumlilo wokutshisa. Kuthatha iminyaka yokulungiselela kunye nokufundiswa, ukuveliswa kwempahla kunye nokuqeqeshwa.

Imfazwe ayikho. Akukho nto efana neendlela zangoku zeemfazwe zazikho kwiminyaka emininzi okanye kwiminyaka emashumi edlulileyo. Imfazwe, ekhoyo kwiifom ezahluke ngokupheleleyo, sele ingabikho kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu kunye neyokuqala. Ngeli xesha lithandwa kakhulu ukuthetha ukuba bekukho imfazwe kwindawo ethile emhlabeni, kuye kwahlala kukho ukungabikho kwemfazwe eninzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Iintlanga kunye neentlanga zanamhlanje ziye zahamba emashumi eminyaka kunye neenkulungwane ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Anthropologists xoxa ingaba nantoni na efana nemfazwe yafunyanwa kwimibutho yabazingeli-abaqokeleli, apho abantu bavela khona kwiindawo ezininzi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Zininzi iintlanga ezimbalwa okhethiweyo ukuba angabi namkhosi. Nantsi i uluhlu.

Ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokugwema ukuvelisa iingxabano kuyinxalenye yempendulo, kodwa ukuvela kweengxabano (okanye ukungavumelani okukhulu) akunakukhunjulwa, yingakho kufuneka sisebenzise ngakumbi kwaye singonakalisi izixhobo ukulungisa iingxabano kunye nokufumana ukhuseleko.

Amaziko ahlala iminyaka emininzi, kwaye ezibhalwe zingenakupheka, zendalo, ezibalulekileyo, kunye neminye imiqathango yokungeniswa kokungathandabuzeki okufanayo, sele iphelile kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka ukuguqulwa kwamanzi, ukunikela komntu, ukulingwa ngetyala, ukunyuka kwegazi, ukuxubha, isithembu, ukugwetywa, kunye nobugqila. Ewe, ezinye zeendlela ezikhoyo zikhona kwifom eyancitshiswe kakhulu, amabango alahlekayo zihlala zenziwa malunga nokubaluleka kobukhoboka, kwaye ikhoboka elinye likhulu kakhulu. Kwaye, ewe, imfazwe lelinye lawona maziko anengxaki anokuthi aneliswe kukuphela kwesiphelo. Kodwa imfazwe ixhomekeke kumaziko amakhulu afana nalawo aphelile ngokupheleleyo kwezinye iimeko, kwaye imfazwe ayisona sixhobo sisebenzayo sokuphelisa ubundlobongela obuncinci okanye ubugrogrisi. Izixhobo zenyukliya azikuthinteli (kwaye zinokuququzelela) uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, kodwa amapolisa, ezobulungisa, ezemfundo, ezoncedo, ukungabi nabundlobongela- zonke ezi zixhobo zinokugqibezela ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. Yintoni enokuthi iqale iya kuzisa abatyali mali abaphambili behlabathi emfazweni ukuya kwinqanaba labo bangaphantsi kwabo, kwaye bayeke ukubaphatha abanye ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zehlabathi. Njengoko izinto zimi, i-96% yoluntu ilawulwa ngoorhulumente abatyala imali encinci emfazweni kwaye bandise izixhobo ezimbalwa zemfazwe kunokuba kunjalo i-United States. Ukuba imfazwe ibubuntu, ayinakuba yimfazwe kwinqanaba lase-US. Ngamanye amagama, ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi “ubunjani bomntu,” elingazange lanikwa nayiphi na ingcaciso ehambelanayo, ngekhe ulisebenzisele i-4% yoluntu eyenzekayo, kungasathethwa kangako ngabantu abanamandla phakathi kwe-4% yoluntu eyenzekayo. Kodwa ukukhulisa i-US ibuyele kwinqanaba lamaTshayina lokutyala imali emfazweni, emva koko bobabini babuyela kwinqanaba laseSaudi, njalo njalo, banokuthi babange umdyarho weengalo eziya kuthi zenze ingxoxo yomlomo kwityala lokupheliswa kwemfazwe. ucenga ngakumbi.

Izifo Zethu:

Imfazwe, njengabanthropologists bathanda Douglas Fry ukuphikisana, mhlawumbi sele ijikeleze ingqungquthela yakutshanje yezinto zethu. Asizange siguquke nayo. Kodwa siye sajika ngemilinganiselo yentsebenziswano kunye nokunyaniseka. Ngeli xesha lwakutsha nje le-10,000 iminyaka, imfazwe ibe yintsholongwane. Ezinye iindawo azizange zikwazi imfazwe. Abanye baye bazi kwaye bayishiya.

Nakwinkulungwane yakutshanje, uninzi lweOstreliya, iArctic, iNortheast Mexico, iGreat Basin yaseNyakatho Melika, kunye neYurophu ngaphambi kokunyuka kweenkcubeko zamaqhawe zomkhosi wenza ubukhulu becala okanye ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Kutshanje mininzi imizekelo. Ngowe-1614 iJapan yazihlukanisa neNtshona nakwimfazwe enkulu de kwangowe-1853 xa uMkhosi Waselwandle waseUnited States wanyanzelela ukuba ungene. Ebudeni baloo maxesha oxolo, inkcubeko iyakhula. Ikoloni yasePennsylvania okwexeshana yakhetha ukuhlonipha abantu bomthonyama, ubuncinci xa ithelekiswa namanye amathanga, kwaye yayilwazi uxolo kwaye yaphumelela.

Kanye njengoko abanye bethu bakuthola kunzima ukucinga nje ngehlabathi ngaphandle kwemfazwe okanye ukubulala, uluntu oluntu lufumene nzima ukucinga umhlaba ngezo zinto. Indoda yaseMalaysia, yabuza isizathu sokuba engayi kudubula umcibisholo kumakhoboka, wathi "Ngenxa yokuba iya kubabulala." Wayengakwazi ukuqonda ukuba nabani na ongakhetha ukubulala. Kulula ukumrhaxela ukuba wayengenalo ingcamango, kodwa kulula kangakanani ngathi ukuba sicinge inkcubeko apho kungekho mntu wayenokukhetha ukubulala kwaye imfazwe ayengaziwa? Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kulula okanye kunzima ukuzicingela, okanye ukudala, oku kunqunywe ukuba yinkcubeko kungekhona yeDNA.

Ngokwamangqina, imfazwe "yendalo." Kodwa kukho imfuneko enkulu yokulungiselela imeko yokulungiselela abantu abaninzi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimfazwe, kwaye ubuninzi beengxaki zengqondo ziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo bathathe inxaxheba. Ngokwahlukileyo, akukho mntu oyedwa owaziwayo ukuba uye wazisola ngokuziphatha okubi okanye emva kokuphazamiseka kwengxaki yoxinzelelo kwimfazwe.

Kwezinye iindawo iintombi zabesifazane ziye zacatshulwa ngaphandle kokuveliswa kweemfazwe kangangokuba zandiswe. Kucacile ukuba, lo ngumbuzo wenkcubeko, kungekhona ukuveliswa kwemfuza. Imfazwe inokuzikhethela, ingenakugwema, kubafazi kunye namadoda ngokufanayo.

Ezinye iintlanga zityalo kakhulu kwiimpi kunokuba zininzi kwaye zithathe inxaxheba kwiimfazwe ezininzi. Ezinye iintlanga, phantsi kokunyanzeliswa, zidlala indima ezincinci kwiimfazwe zabanye. Ezinye iintlanga ziye zashiya ngokupheleleyo imfazwe. Abanye abazange bahlasele elinye ilizwe ngeenkulungwane. Abanye baye bafaka umkhosi wabo kumyuziyam.

KwiNgxelo yaseSeville malunga nobuNdlobongela (PDF), oososayensi abaphambili ekuziphatheni bayayiphikisa imbono yokuba ubundlobongela babantu [umz. imfazwe] umiselwe ngokwebhayoloji. Ingxelo yamkelwa yi-UNESCO.

Amaqumrhu eNkcubeko Yethu:

IMfazwe idlulela phambili i-capitalism, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo iSwitzerland luhlobo lwentlanga-ntloko njengokuba iUnited States. Kodwa kukho inkolelo ephakamileyo yokuba inkcubeko ye-capitalist - okanye uhlobo oluthile kunye nesantya sokuhaha nokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokubona okufutshane-kubandakanya imfazwe. Enye impendulo kule nkxalabo yile ndelayo: nayiphina impawu yoluntu efuna imfazwe ingatshintshwa kwaye ayinakukuphepha. Inkqubo yemikhosi yemikhosi ayiyinto engapheliyo kwaye ingavumiyo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo kunye nezakhiwo zezoqoqosho ezixhomekeke kwiminqweno aziguquki.

Kukho umqondo apho oku kungabalulekanga; oko kukuthi, kufuneka simise ukutshabalalisa indalo kunye nokulungiswa kolawulo olonakele njengoko nje sifuna ukuphelisa imfazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba nayiphi enye inguqu ixhomekeke kwabanye ukuba baphumelele. Ngaphezu koko, ngokudibanisa loo maphulo kumanyathelo apheleleyo okutshintsha, amandla amaninzi aya kwenza ukuba ngamnye uphumelele.

Kodwa kukho enye ingqondo apho oku kubalulekile; oko kukuthi, sifuna ukuqonda imfazwe njengendalo yendalo kunye nokuyeka ukuyicinga njengento esisetyenziswe yimikhosi engaphaya kolawulo lwethu. Ngaloo ndlela kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba akukho mthetho we-physics okanye i-sociology idinga ukuba sibe nemfazwe kuba sinamanye amaziko. Enyanisweni, imfazwe ayidingi impilo ethile okanye imilinganiselo yokuphila kuba nayiphi na indlela yokuphila ingatshintshwa, kuba iinkqubo ezingapheliyo kufuneka ziphele ngeenkcazo okanye ngaphandle kwemfazwe, kwaye ngenxa yokuba imfazwe ihlwempu kwiintlanga ezisetyenziswayo.

Iingxaki Ngaphandle Kwelawulo Lwethu:

Imfazwe kwimbali yabantu kuze kube kweli nqanaba a ngqi nelane ngobuninzi bendawo okanye ubunqongophala bemithombo. Ingcamango yokuba utshintsho lwemozulu kunye neentlekele ezibangelwayo ziya kuvelisa iimfazwe zibe yiziprofeto ezizimeleyo. Akulona ukubikezela kusekelwe kwiingqinisiso.

Inkcenkcesha yokukhula kwemozulu yenyuka kwaye isondela sisizathu esihle sokuba sikhuphe imveli yethu yemfazwe, ukwenzela ukuba sikulungele ukujongana neengxaki ngezinye iindlela, ezingonakalisi iindlela. Kwaye ukuhanjiswa ezinye okanye zonke iifizi zemali namandla okuya kwimfazwe nokulungiswa kwemfazwe emsebenzini ophuthumayo wokukhusela imozulu kungenza umehluko omkhulu, zombini ngokuphelisa omnye wethu yingozi imisebenzi kunye nenkxaso-mali yenguqu kwizinto ezizinzileyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, inkolelo ephosakeleyo yokuba iimfazwe kufuneka zilandele imozulu yemozulu izakukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwemali kwindlela yokulungiswa kwempi, ngaloo ndlela kuqhubise ubunzima bemozulu kunye nokwenza ukuba kubekho uhlobo olulodwa lwenkathazo nolunye.

Ukulwa Imfazwe Inokwenzeka:

Ingcamango yokuphelisa indlala ehlabathini yayikhe yathandwa njengento ebalulekileyo. Ngoku kuqondwa ngokubanzi ukuba indlala iyakunqandwa - kunye neqhezu elincinci lento esetyenziswe kwimfazwe. Nangona izixhobo zenyukliya azizange zichithwe kwaye zipheliswe, kukho inkululeko ethandwayo eyenza ukwenza loo nto.

Ukuphelisa yonke imfazwe yimbono efumene ukwamkelwa kwamanye amaxesha nangeendawo. Kwakudume kakhulu kwi-United States, umzekelo, kwi-1920 kunye ne-1930. Ukuvota akusoloko kwenziwa kwenkxaso yokupheliswa kwemfazwe. Nantsi imeko enye xa kwenziwa eBrithani.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umbono uye wasasazwa ukuba imfazwe isisigxina. Lo mbono mtsha, awuguquki, kwaye awunasiseko.