Akukho nto izukileyo ngemfazwe okanye ngokubulala. Iindleko zomntu zemfazwe zifikelela ngaphaya kwenkundla yedabi- inefuthe elihlala lihleli kumaqabane, abantwana, abantakwabo, oodade, abazali, ootatomkhulu, abazala, oomalume noomalume kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kufunyenwe uninzi lwamajoni kwimbali azimisele ukubulala abanye abantu kwaye ukwenza njalo kuyacaca ukuba kuyaphikisana nendalo yabo. Njengephepha-mvume lokusebenzisa ubundlobongela ekusombululeni ungquzulwano, ke, iziphumo zokubulala emfazweni zimbi… kwaye iziphumo zobundlobongela obugunyaziswe ngurhulumente zihlala zibatshabalalisa abo babizwa ngokuba ngabaphumeleleyo kunye naboyisiweyo. Yimeko yokuphumelela.
UGeorge Bush wayethe sijongene nengozi "ye-axis yobubi" yiKorea, i-Iran ne-Iraq. Ulawulo luka-Obama ngelishwa lonyuse inani lamazwe ekujoliswe kuwo. Ngelixa, uMartin Luther King, Omnci.athi ububi obungenakuchukunyiswa emhlabeni bubuhlwempu, ubuhlanga kunye nemfazwe. Ububi bukaKumkani kathathu budlalwa yonke imihla kwimigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ase-US. Mhlawumbi ukuba uBush kunye no-Obama banomdla wokuphelisa ubunqolobi baya kujonga ngakumbi kuhlalutyo olunzulu kakhulu lukaKumkani.
Ukutyhubela imbali, iingxoxo-mpikiswano ziye zalandela ngeyona ndlela yokusombulula ukungavisisani. Ukhetho ngokubanzi lubundlobongela kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokungabinobundlobongela. Kukwabonakala ngathi kukho umahluko ocacileyo kwizimo zengqondo phakathi kwendlela "abantu" ngaphakathi kurhulumente abasombulula ukungavisisani kunye nendlela ukusonjululwa phakathi "kwamazwe" kusonjululwa ngayo. Kukule ngxabano kunye nezigqibo zabo apho indlala, ubuhlanga kunye nemfazwe ziyasebenzisana.
Uninzi lwabantu ehlabathini lusombulula ukungaboni ngasonye ngendlela engenabundlobongela (okt ingxoxo, izivumelwano zomlomo). Ugqirha King uthe injongo yotshintsho olungenabundlobongela ekuhlaleni okanye ekusombululeni ungquzulwano olungenabundlobongela ayikokufuna ukuziphindezela kodwa kukutshintsha intliziyo yalonto ibizwa ngokuba lutshaba. “Asisoze sayiphelisa intiyo ngokudibana nentiyo; Sitshabalalisa utshaba, utshilo, “ngokususa ubutshaba. Ngokwendalo indalo iyatshabalalisa kwaye iyachitha. ”
Uninzi lwamazwe lukwanemithetho echasene nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kobundlobongela. Kwimibutho yoluntu yase-US, umzekelo, umntu akufuneki abulale ngabom omnye umntu. Ukuba kunjalo, basemngciphekweni wokutshutshiswa ngurhulumente onokuthi ubangele, emva kwetyala lokuchophela ityala, kwelo lizwe ngokwalo libulala umntu ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo. Ukohlwaya e-US, nangona kunjalo, kugcinelwa abo bangenazo izibonelelo. Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-United States kuphela kwelizwe lasentshona elisasebenzisa isohlwayo sokufa, esinyanzeliswa kubantu abahlwempuzeke kakhulu kwaye ngokungafaniyo nabebala-abantu abadla ngokungabi nayo indlela yokuzikhusela. Isigwebo sentambo ngumzekelo ocacileyo wobundlobongela obugunyazisiweyo (okanye uloyiko) njengendlela yokusombulula ukungavisisani. Ngokwamagama kaGqr. King, umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseMelika unobuhlanga, ngokuyintloko umlo ngokuchasene namahlwempu kwaye, ngesigwebo sentambo, ubonakalisa abantu abangafuniyo ukuxolela.
Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ndandifuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngemfazwe kwaye ngokungakhathali ndaphanda ezinye zabahlobo bakabawo ababelwile eJamani ngexesha le-WWII. Babengathethi nam. Abayi kwabelana nganto. Kuthathe ixesha ukuqonda intsingiselo yokwaliwa kwabo. Imfazwe, ndifundile, iyafana nolo dushe, iintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka okungamangalisiyo ukuba ukwabelana ngamava yinto uninzi lwabantu olungazimiselanga kuyenza. Kwincwadi yakhe Into Yonke Umntu Okumele Ayazi Ngayo Imfazwe, uChris Hedges, umbhaleli ubhala athi, “Sikhuthaza imfazwe. Siguqula sibe kukuzonwabisa. Kwaye kuyo yonke le nto siyalibala ukuba yeyiphi na imfazwe, yenzani kubantu abaphethwe yiyo. Siyacela abo basemkhosini kunye neentsapho zabo ukuba benze imibingelelo enombala ubomi babo bonke. Abo bayithiye kakhulu imfazwe, ndiyifumene, ngamagorha ayaziyo. ”
Ekusombululeni ukungavisisani "phakathi kwamazwe", phakathi kwabantu abanengqiqo ubuncinci, imfazwe ihlala ithathwa njengendawo yokugqibela yezizathu, hayi esona sincinci sisesona sonakalisayo. Ingcinga "yemfazwe nje" isekwe kwisiseko-sokuba yonke enye into izamile ukusombulula imbambano ngaphambi kokuba kulwelwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukucaphula uGqirha uKing kwakhona, ngobulumko wabuza ukuba kutheni "ukubulala ummi kwilizwe lakho kululwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukubulawa kwabemi belinye ilizwe emfazweni sisenzo sobugorha?" Amaxabiso agqwethiwe ukuze aqiniseke.
I-United States inembali ephawulekayo yokusebenzisa ubudlova obugqithisileyo kwizame zokulungisa iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuqhelekileyo umnqweno wokulawula nokufikelela kwimithombo yendalo, njengeoli. Ngokuqhelekileyo yi-US ecacileyo malunga nezizathu zayo zokulwa. Uhanahaniso luyadlula ngexesha elinye ixesha ulutsha lwethu lufundiswa ukubulala.
Ngokuhambelana nobubi obuthathu bobuhlanga, ubuhlwempu kunye nemfazwe, iinjongo zeemfazwe zase-US zinokufanelana ngokucacileyo nakubani na ohlaselwa kwisiganeko sethu sasekhaya. Le nto ihlala ihlwempuzekileyo kunye nabantu abanemibala kunokuba banamabhanki amaninzi abacebile nabamhlophe abonakele, iinkokheli zenkampani kunye namagosa karhulumente, njl. Ukuphendula kwiinkqubo zaseburhulumenteni zase-US kunye neenkqubo zenkundla kunqongophala kwaye inkalo yeklasi kunye nokungalingani kubaluleke kakhulu ngokubanzi kunye ukungalingani kuya kuba kubi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, isiganeko saseFerguson kunye nabanye abantu abangabaninzi kulo lonke elaseU.S. kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa kakubi kwempilo ebomnyama, ewe, njengemizekelo eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha eMelika. Njengobuthakathaka bethu basekhaya, ukuhlasela kwe-US kuye kwachasene kakhulu, kuluhlomele kwaye kumazwe anemibala yabantu, apho i-US ingaqinisekiswa khona, ubuncinci, ngokusindiswa kwexesha elifutshane.
Ubundlobongela bunempembelelo "ekhohlakeleyo" kuthi njengoluntu. Ayilunganga kuthi nokuba uyayijonga. Kwiminyaka ethile eyadlulayo isazinzulu ngemvelaphi yabantu sase-Bhritane u-Colin Turnbull wafunda ifuthe lesigwebo sentambo e-United States. Wenza udliwanondlebe noonogada ababekwicala lokufa, abantu abatsala iswitshi ukuze babanjwe ngumbane, amabanjwa akwindawo yokufa kunye namalungu osapho abo bonke aba bantu. Impembelelo ezimbi zengqondo kunye neengxaki zempilo ezixhaphakileyo kubo bonke abo babandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ekubulaweni kukarhulumente zazinzulu. Akukho namnye owasindayo kweso sihelegu.
Iinzululwazi ngezoluntu ziye zaqala nokujonga ifuthe "lemfazwe" eluntwini. Inesiphumo "sobundlobongela" kuthi. Kuyaziwa ukuba eyona nto ibumba indlela esiziphatha ngayo lusapho kunye noontanga abasingqongileyo. Kodwa zeziphi i-sociologists ezingakhange zijonge ziimpembelelo zemigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe kwindlela aziphathe ngayo. Abanye oonontlalontle bafumanise ukuba emva kwemfazwe kukho ukwanda kokusetyenziswa komntu kubundlobongela kumazwe abo boyisiweyo nabaphumeleleyo kwimbambano. Iingcali kwezentlalo ziye zajonga kwimodeli yamagqala enobundlobongela, kunye nemodeli yokuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho kunye nabanye ukucacisa le nto. Inkcazo ekuphela kwayo ebonakala ngathi inyanzelekile kukwamkelwa kukarhulumente ngokusetyenziswa kobundlobongela ukusombulula ukungavisisani. Xa onke amasebe orhulumente ukusuka kwisigqeba, ukuya kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwiinkundla zamkela ubundlobongela njengendlela yokusombulula ukungaboni ngasonye, kubonakala ngathi icoca abantu - sisibane esiluhlaza ukusebenzisa okanye ukuthatha ubundlobongela njengekhosi eyamkelekileyo ubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Mhlawumbi enye yezona mpikiswano ziphikisayo ngokuchasene nokuthumela abasetyhini abasetyhini kunye namadoda emfazweni kukuba uninzi lwethu alufuni ukubulala konke konke. Ngaphandle kokuba sifundisiwe ukuba amadabi angaba nobungangamsha kangakanani, uninzi lwethu aluhambelani nesicelo sokubulala. Kwincwadi yakhe enomdla Ekubulaweni: Iindleko zeengqondo zokufunda ukubulala kwiMfazwe kunye neMbutho (1995), ugqirha wengqondo uLt Colonel Dave Grossman ufunda isahluko sonke esithi "Abangacimi mlilo kuyo yonke iMbali." Uphando lufumanise ukuba kwimbali yonke, nakweyiphi na imfazwe, yi-15% ukuya kuma-20% amajoni azimisele ukubulala. Le pesenti isezantsi iyonke kwaye isebenza kumajoni kwilizwe ngalinye kwimbali erekhodiweyo. Into enomdla kukuba, nokuba umgama ukusuka elutshabeni awunyanzelisi ukuba kubulawe. UGrossman unika into enika umdla ethi “Nokuba kunale nto, kuphela yi-1 yepesenti yomqhubi wenqwelomoya wase-US owenza i-40% yabo bonke abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abaziintshaba abadutyulwa ngexesha le-WWII; uninzi aluzange ludubule mntu okanye luzame. ”
I-US ngokucacileyo ayiyixabisanga le pesenti isezantsi yababulali, ke yaqala ukutshintsha indlela abaqeqesha ngayo umkhosi wayo. Abantu baseMelika baqala ukusebenzisa indibaniselwano ye "Pavlant conditioning" ye-IP Pavlov kunye ne-BF Skinner kuqeqesho lwabo, nto leyo eyenze ukuba amajoni ethu angakwazi ukuwaphindaphinda. Olunye ulwandle lundixelele ukuba kuqeqesho olusisiseko awupheleli "ekuqheliseleni" ukubulala ngokungapheliyo kodwa kuyafuneka ukuba ubize igama elithi "bulala" ukuphendula phantse yonke inkqubo. U-Grossman uthe: "Ngokukodwa ijoni liyiphindaphindile le nkqubo, kangangokuba xa libulala edabini, kwelinye inqanaba liyaziphika ukuba libulala omnye umntu." Ngemfazwe yaseKorea ama-55% amajoni ase-US abenakho ukubulala kwaye nge-Vietnam i-95% emangalisayo yayikwazi ukwenza njalo. UGrossman ukwatsho ukuba iVietnam ngoku iyaziwa njengemfazwe yokuqala yamachiza apho umkhosi wase-US watyisa amajoni ethu izixa ezikhulu zamachiza ukuthomalalisa iingqondo zabo ngelixa babesenza ubundlobongela kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba benza kwa-Iraq.
Ephendula umbuzo wepesenti esezantsi yababulali emfazweni, uGrossman uthi “Njengokuba ndiwujongile lo mbuzo kwaye ndifunda inkqubo yokubulala emfazweni ngokwembono yombhali-mbali, ugqirha wengqondo kunye nejoni, ndaqala ukuqonda ukuba Inye into ephosakeleyo kukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kokubulala emfazweni, into ephendula lo mbuzo nokunye. Le nto ilahlekileyo yinto elula neyobonakalisayo yokuba kukho uninzi lwamadoda oluchasene nokubulala abanye abantu. Ukuxhathisa kunamandla kangangokuba, kwiimeko ezininzi, amajoni kwindawo yedabi aya kufa ngaphambi kokuba oyise. ”
Inyaniso yokuba asifuni ukubulala sisiqinisekiso sobuntu bethu. Ngaba ngenene siyafuna ukuguqula isimilo samadoda nabafazi bethu abancinci babe ngoochwephesha, ababulali abanezakhono? Ngaba ngenene sifuna ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kolutsha ngale ndlela? Ngaba ngokwenene sifuna ukuba ulutsha lwethu luhluthwe ubuntu babo kunye nolwabanye? Ayilixesha lokuba sijongane nobubi bokwenyani emhlabeni, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yobubi bubuhlanga, intlupheko kunye nemfazwe nayo yonke loo nto inxulunyaniswa nokubawa kolawulo lwezixhobo zehlabathi ngokusixabisa sonke? Ngaba ngenene sifuna iidola zethu zerhafu zisetyenziselwa ukubulala amahlwempu ehlabathi, ukutshabalalisa amazwe abo kwaye kusenze sibe nobundlobongela kwinkqubo? Ngokuqinisekileyo sinokwenza ngcono kunale!
UHeather Grey uvelisa "Uxolo nje" kwi-WRFG-Atlanta 89.3 FM egubungela iindaba zalapha ekhaya, zengingqi, zesizwe nezamazwe aphesheya. Ngo-1985-86 wakhokela inkqubo engenabundlobongela eMartin Luther King, Jr. Centre for Non-Violent Social Change in Atlanta. Uhlala eAtlanta kwaye unokufikelelwa kuyo njepeacewrfg@aol.com.
