Imisebenzi yezobukhosi eSomalia I-25 Iminyaka ibe neempembelelo zokusebenza e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSiriya nase-Yemen namhlanje

Ngo-Ann Wright, uAgasti 21, 2018.

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, intatheli yaqhagamshelana nam malunga nememorandam enesihloko esithi "Imiba yezomthetho kunye namalungelo oluntu kwimisebenzi yezomkhosi ye-UNOSOM" endiyibhalileyo kwi1993, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha, ndandiyintloko yeCandelo lezoBulungisa leMisebenzi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo eSomalia (UNOSOM). Ndaye ndagxothwa kwiSebe laseMelika ukuba ndisebenze kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo eSomalia ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wam wangaphambili ngoJanuwari 1993 nomkhosi wase-US wokuphinda umisele inkqubo yamapolisa aseSomalia kwilizwe elingena rhulumente.

Uphengululo lwentatheli lukhumbule iingcamango zomkhosi zamagosa kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula eye yasetyenziswa kwi-Clinton, Bush, Obama kunye nolawulo lweTrump ebuyela kwi-US / UN imisebenzi yaseSomalia iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu edlulileyo.

NgoDisemba 9,1992, inyanga yokugqibela yobongameli bakhe, uGeorge HW Bush wathumela ama-Marine aseMelika angama-30,000 eSomalia ukuba avulele abantu baseSomalia abalambileyo ukutya okulawulwa yimikhosi yaseSomalia eyayidale indlala enkulu kunye nokusweleka kwilizwe lonke. NgoFebruwari ka-1993, ulawulo olutsha lukaClinton lwajika umsebenzi wobuntu waya kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo nakwimikhosi yase-US yarhoxiswa ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, ngoFebruwari nango-Matshi, i-UN ikwazile ukufumana amazwe ambalwa kuphela ukuba afake isandla kwimikhosi ye-UN. Amaqela omkhosi waseSomalia abeke esweni izikhululo zeenqwelo moya kwaye amisela ukuba iUN ibinamajoni angaphantsi kwama-5,000 1993 njengoko babebala inani leenqwelo moya ezithatha umkhosi kunye nokuzisa imikhosi eSomalia. Abaphathi bemfazwe bagqiba kwelokuba bahlasele imikhosi ye-UN ngelixa babephantsi kwamandla bezama ukunyanzela i-UN ukuba ishiye iSomalia. Uhlaselo lomkhosi waseSomalia lenyuka ngexesha leNtwasahlobo yowe-XNUMX.

Njengoko amabutho aseMelika / i-UN asebenza ngokulwa namajoni aqhubeka ngoJuni, kwakukho ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabasebenzi be-UN malunga nokuphambukiswa kwezibonelelo ezivela kwimisebenzi yoluntu yokulwa nemikhosi kunye nokunyuka kwabemi baseSomalia ababenokubulawa ngexesha lo msebenzi.

Inkokeli yezomkhosi eyayidumile eSomalia yayingu-General Mohamed Farah Aidid. U-Aidid wayesakuba yintloko jikelele kunye noonozakuzaku kurhulumente wase-Somalia, usihlalo we-United Somali Congress kwaye kamva wakhokela i-Somali National Alliance (SNA). Kunye namanye amaqela aphikisayo axhobileyo, umkhosi ka-General Aidid wanceda ukugxotha uzwilakhe uMongameli u-Mohamed Siad Barre ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya yase-Somaliya phaya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990.

Emva kwamandla ase-US / i-UN ezama ukuvala isiteshini somsakazo waseSomalia, ngoJuni 5, i-1993, jikelele u-Aidid, ukwandisa ngokubanzi ukuhlaselwa kwemikhosi yemikhosi ye-UN xa amajoni akhe ahlasela umkhosi wasePakistan oyingxenye Umsebenzi wokugcina uxolo lwe-UN, ukubulala i-24 kunye nokulimaza i-44.

IBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN liphendule kuhlaselo lomkhosi we-UN ngesiGqibo se-837 seBhunga lezoKhuseleko eligunyazisa "onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo" okubamba abo babandakanyeka kuhlaselo lomkhosi wasePakistan. Inkosi yezomanyano lweZizwe eziManyeneyo eSomalia, u-Admiral wase-US othathe umhlala-phantsi u-Jonathan Howe, wabeka i-25,000 bounty kwi-General Aided, okokuqala isibonelelo sasisetyenziswa yi-United Nations.

Imemorandam endandiyibhalile yakhula kwisigqibo sokuba iihelikopta zomkhosi wase-US zidubule ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esaziwa ngokuba yi-Abdi House eMogadishu, eSomalia ngexesha lokuzingelwa kweGeneral Aidid. Ngomhla we-12 kweyeKhala, umkhosi wezomkhosi wase-United States owawusilwa nxamnye noGeneral Aidid wakhokelela ekuswelekeni kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-60 baseSomalia, uninzi lwabo ingabantu abadala ababehlanganisene ukuxoxa ngendlela yokuphelisa ubutshaba phakathi kwamajoni kunye nemikhosi yase-US / ye-UN. Iintatheli ezine uDan Elton, Hos Maina, Hansi Kraus kunye no-Anthony Macharia abebeye kwindawo yemigcobo ukuyokuxela isenzo somkhosi wase-US esenzeka kufutshane nehotele yabo babulawa zizihlwele zaseSomalia ezazidibene zafumana uninzi lwabadala abahlonitshwayo beswelekile.

Ngokutsho imbali ye1^st Ibhatali ye22^nd Iintsana ezaziqhuba uhlaselo, “ngeeyure ezili-1018 nge-12 kaJuni, emva kokuqinisekiswa kwethagethi, imipu emithandathu yeCobra helikopta yadubula ngemijukujelwa elishumi elinesithandathu kwi-Abdi House; Imipu engama-30-millimeter nayo yasetyenziswa kakhulu. Inye yeeCobras yaqhubeka nokudubula NGOKUTSHA kunye nemijikelezo yompu endlwini de kwayiyure ezili-1022. ” Ekupheleni kwemizuzu emine, ubuncinci i-16 TOW imijukujelwa yokulwa itanki kunye namawaka angama-20mm emijikelezo yeenkanunu aye agxothwa kwisakhiwo. Imikhosi yase-US igcine ukuba banobukrelekrele obuvela kubantu abahlawulwayo ukuba u-Aidid uzokuzimasa intlanganiso.

Ngo-1982-1984, ndandinguMkhosi oMkhulu wase-US umqeqeshi woMthetho weMfazwe yoMhlaba kunye neeNdibano zaseGeneva e-JFK Centre for Special Warfare, eFort Bragg, eMantla Carolina apho abafundi bam babengamaQela aKhethekileyo ase-US kunye neminye imisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Ukusuka kumava am okufundisa imithetho yamazwe aphesheya malunga nokuqhutywa kwemfazwe, bendixhalabile malunga nefuthe lezomthetho e-Abdi House kunye nefuthe layo njengoko bendifumene ngakumbi iinkcukacha zomsebenzi.

NjengeNkosi eyiNtloko yeCandelo lezoBulungisa le-UNOSOM, ubhale imemorandam echaza inkxalabo yam kwigosa eliphezulu le-UN eSomalia, Ummeli oKhethekileyo we-UN uNobhala Jikelele uJonathan Howe. Ndabhala: “Umsebenzi we-UNOSOM wezomkhosi uphakamisa imiba ebalulekileyo yezomthetho kunye namalungelo oluntu ngokwembono ye-UN. Umcimbi ubhekisa ekubeni ingaba isigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko (emva kokubulawa komkhosi wasePakistan ngamajoni ka-Aidid) sigunyazisa i-UNOSOM ukuba 'ithathe onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo' ngokuchasene nabo banohlaselo kwimikhosi ye-UNOSOM eyenzelwe ukuba i-UNOSOM isebenzise amandla ayingozi kubo bonke. Abantu ngaphandle kokunikezela kuso nasiphi na isakhiwo esikrokrelwa okanye esaziwa njengezixhobo ze-SNA / Aidid, okanye iBhunga lezoKhuseleko livumele loo mntu ukrokrelwa ukuba unoxanduva lokuhlasela ngokuchasene nemikhosi ye-UNOSOM banethuba lokuvalelwa yimikhosi ye-UNOSOM kwaye bachaze ubukho babo indawo ye-SNA / Aidid kwaye emva koko bagwetywe kwinkundla yomthetho engathathi cala ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba banoxanduva lokuhlasela ngokuchasene nemikhosi ye-UNOSOM okanye ngabahlali nje (okwethutyana okanye isigxina) sesakhiwo, orhanelwa okanye esaziwa njengendawo ye-SNA / Aidid. ”

Ndibuze ukuba ingaba iZizwe eziManyeneyo kufuneka zijolise ebantwini kwaye "ingaba iZizwe eziManyeneyo kufuneka zibambelele kumgangatho wokuziphatha ophakamileyo koko kwakuthunywe ngaphambili ukukhusela ukutya eSomalia? ' Ndibhalile, “Siyakholelwa njengomgaqo-nkqubo, kufuneka kunikwe isaziso esifutshane kwangaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo esinabantu ngaphakathi. Ngokwezomthetho, isimilo kunye namalungelo oluntu, siyacebisa ngokuchasene nokwenza imisebenzi yezomkhosi enganiki saziso ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu abahlala kwizakhiwo. ”

Njengokuba umntu esenokukrokrela, imemorandam ebuza malunga nokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwezomkhosi khange ihlale kakuhle kwintloko ye-UN mission. Ngapha koko, u-Admiral Howe akazange athethe nam kwakhona ngexesha lam eliseleyo ne-UNOSOM.

Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi kwiinkampani zokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo ze-UN zazixhalabele kakhulu ukuba i-helicopter inamathele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kwaye iguqulele i-UN ibe yinqanaba elincinci ekulweni kwempi yaseSomalia. Uninzi lwabaqeshwa abakhulu be-UNOSOM bavuya gqitha kukuba ndibhale le memo kwaye omnye wabo wawafikela eWashington Post apho ibhalwe kwi-Agasti 4, i-1993 athi, "Ingxelo ye-UN igxeka amaTactics eMpiya aseSomalia. "

Kamva kamva, ekhangele emva, ingxelo yomlando wempi ye-1^st Ibhatali ye22^nd Iintsana zavuma ukuba ukuhlaselwa kuka-Abdi kwisakhiwo sase-Abdi kunye nelahleko enkulu yobomi esekwe kubukrelekrele obungeyonyani kwaba ngunobangela womsindo waseSomalia owakhokelela ekuphulukaneni nobomi emkhosini wase-US ngo-Okthobha ka-12. inokuba ibingumququ wokugqibela okhokelela ekulaleleni komkhosi weRanger ngo-Okthobha ka-1993. Njengomkhokeli we-SNA ebalisa ngohlaselo lwe-1993 kuJulayi eBowden Black Hawk: “Yayiyinto enye ukuba ihlabathi lingenelele londle abo babulawa yindlala, kwanokuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zincedise iSomalia ukuba yenze urhulumente woxolo. Kodwa ke eli shishini lokuthumela iiRanger zaseMelika zitshona zisiya esixekweni zibulala kwaye ziqweqwedisa iinkokheli zazo.

I-1995 Human Rights Watch ingxelo kwiSomalia uchonge uhlaselo kwindlu ka-Abdi njengokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nempazamo enkulu yezopolitiko yi-UN. “Ukongeza ekwaphuleni amalungelo oluntu kunye nomthetho wobuntu, ukuhlaselwa kwendlu ka-Abdi yayiyimpazamo enkulu kwezopolitiko. Kuthathwa ngokubanzi njengokubanga amaxhoba angathethekiyo, phakathi kwabo babhengeza uxolelwaniso, uhlaselo lwendlu yase-Abdi lwaba luphawu lokulahleka kwe-UN eSomalia. Ukusuka kwintshatsheli yezoluntu, i-UN yona yayisemgceni ngokuba umntu obukele nje ujonge ukubulala abantu abaninzi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngakumbi imikhosi yaseMelika, yaphulukana neninzi yezinto ezazisele zikumgangatho ophakamileyo wokuziphatha. Nangona ingxelo yesiganeko seCandelo lezoBulungisa leZizwe eziManyeneyo yakhalimela i-UNOSOM ngokusebenzisa iindlela zomkhosi ezibhengeziweyo kunye nokulwa okuvulekileyo kwimishini yokunceda, ingxelo ayizange ipapashwe. Njengakwimeko yabo yokuthandabuza ukwenza amalungelo oluntu abe yinxalenye yokujongana neenkokheli zemfazwe, abagcini boxolo bazimisele ukunqanda ukujongwa kweengxelo zabo ngokusondeleyo nangasesidlangalaleni ngokuchasene nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe. ”

Kwaye, imfazwe phakathi kwe-UN / US imikhosi yenzeke ekugqibeleni umnqweno wezopolitiko wolawulo lukaClinton ukuqhubeka nokubandakanyeka kwezempi eSomalia kwaye wandibuyisela eSomalia kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo ze-US eSomalia.

Ndabuya eSomalia ndisiya e-US ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi 1993. Ukulungiselela isabelo eKyrgyzstan kuMbindi weAsia, ndandikufundiso lwesiRashiya eArlington, eVirginia ngo-Okthobha u-4, 1993 xa intloko yesikolo solwimi seSebe likaRhulumente Igumbi lokufundela lam libuza, “Ngubani kuni nguAnn Wright?” Xa ndazichazayo, wandixelela ukuba uRichard Clarke, umlawuli weMicimbi yeHlabathi kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko likaZwelonke ufowunile wacela ukuba ndize kwangoko eWhite House ndizokuthetha naye ngento eyenzekileyo eSomalia. Umlawuli emva koko wabuza ukuba ndizivile na iindaba zabantu abaninzi baseMelika eSomalia namhlanje. Andizange.

Ngo-Oktobha i-3, i-1993 US Rangers kunye neeForam eziZodwa zathunyelwa ukuba zibambe ezimbini eziphezulu ze-Aidid aides kufuphi ne-Olympic Hotel e-Mogadishu. Iinqwelo ezimbini ze-helikopta zase-US zadutshulwa ngamabutho empi kunye ne-helicopter yesithathu yatshatyalaliswa njengoko yabuyiselwa kwisiseko sayo. Umsebenzi wokuhlangula wase-US othunyelwe ukuza kunceda i-helicopter crewred down and damaged partly demanding a second mission mission with vehicles armored by UN forces that had not been informed of the original mission. Amajoni ayishumi elinesibhozo ase-US afela ngo-Oktobha 3, usuku olubi kakhulu lokulwa nokufa kwabantu abaxhatshazwa yi-US Army ukususela kwimfazwe yaseVietnam.

Ndaya e taxini ndaya e White House ndadibana no Clarke kunye nomqeshwa omncinci we NSC uSusan Rice. Kwinyanga eyi-18 kamva iRis wonyulwa njengoNobhala oNcedisayo weMicimbi yase-Afrika kwiSebe likaRhulumente kwaye ngo-2009 wonyulwa nguMongameli u-Obama njenge-Ambassador yase-United States kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo kwaye ngo-2013, njengoMcebisi woKhuseleko kaZwelonke ka-Obama.

UCarlke wandixelela ngokusweleka kwamajoni aseMelika alishumi elinesibhozo eMogadishu kwaye abaphathi bakaClinton bathathe isigqibo sokuphelisa ukuzibandakanya kwabo eSomalia-kwaye ukwenza njalo, i-US yayidinga iqhinga lokuphuma. Kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba andikhumbuze ukuba xa ndingena eofisini yakhe ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi ukubuya kwam eSomalia, ndandimxelele ukuba i-US ayikaze ibonelele ngenkxaso-mali epheleleyo yeenkqubo kwiNkqubo yezoBulungisa ye-UNOSOM kwanokuba inkxaso-mali yamaSomalia Inkqubo yamapolisa ingasetyenziselwa ngokufanelekileyo inxenye yendawo engeyiyo eyomkhosi wokhuselo eSomalia.

UClake wandixelela ukuba iSebe likaRhulumente sele livumile ukumisa ulwimi lwamaRussia kwaye ndiza kuthatha iqela elivela kwiSebe lezoBulungisa kwiNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho noQeqesho lwaMazwe ngamazwe (ICITAP) ndibuyele eSomalia ndiphumeze enye yezindululo kwiingxoxo zam naye-ukuyila isikolo sokuqeqesha amapolisa eSomalia. Uthe siza kuba ne- $ 15 yezigidi zeedola kule nkqubo-kwaye kufuneka ndibe neqela eSomalia ekuqaleni kweveki ezayo.

Kwaye senze njalo-kwiveki elandelayo, besineqela labantu abayi-6 abavela e-ICITAP eMogadishu. Ekupheleni kuka-1993, kwavulwa isikolo samapolisa. I-US yaphelisa ukubandakanyeka kwayo eSomalia phakathi ku-1994.

Zithini izifundo ezivela eSomalia? Ngelishwa, zizifundo ezingakhange zithotyelwe kwimikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria nase Yemen.

Kuqala, umvuzo owanikwa u-General Aidid waba ngumfuziselo wenkqubo yesisa esetyenziswa yimikhosi yase-US ngo-2001 nango-2002 eAfghanistan nasePakistan kwimisebenzi yeAl Qaeda. Uninzi lwabantu abaphela kwintolongo yase-US eGuantanamo bathengwa yi-US ngale nkqubo kwaye kuphela yi-10 yabantu be-779 abavalelwe eGuantanamo abaye batshutshiswa. Abanye abatshutshiswanga kwaye emva koko bakhululwa baya kumazwe abo okanye kumazwe wesithathu kuba babengenanto yakwenza neAl Qaeda kwaye babethengiswe ziintshaba ukwenza imali.

Okwesibini, ukusetyenziswa ngokungalinganiyo kwamandla okuqhushumbo kwesakhiwo sonke ukubulala abantu ekujoliswe kubo kuye kwaba sisiseko senkqubo yokubulala i-drone yase-US. Izakhiwo, amatheko amakhulu omtshato, kunye nothotho lweemoto ziye zacinywa yimipu yesihogo somlilo weedrones zokubulala. Umthetho woMlo woMhlaba kunye neeNdibano zeGeneva zihlala zinyhashwa e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSyria nase-Yemen.

Okwesithathu, ungaze uvumele ubukrelekrele obubi buyeke ukusebenza komkhosi. Ewe umkhosi uza kuthi awuyazi into yokuba ubukrelekrele babubi, kodwa umntu kufanele ukuba asikrokrele eso sizathu. “Besicinga ukuba zikhona izixhobo zentshabalalo e-Iraq” - yayingezobukrelekrele obubi kodwa yayiyinjongo yokudala ubukrelekrele ukuxhasa nantoni na ebiyinjongo.

Ukungazithobeli izifundo zaseSomalia kudale umbono, kwaye enyanisweni, inyani emkhosini wase-US ukuba ukusebenza komkhosi akunaziphumo zomthetho. E-Afghanistan, eIraq, eSyria naseYemen amaqela abahlali ayahlaselwa aze abulawe ngaphandle kokugwetywa kwaye ubunkokeli obuphakamileyo bezomkhosi baphande ukuba ingaba imisebenzi iyahambelana nomthetho wamanye amazwe. Ngokumangalisayo, kubonakala ngathi kulahlekile kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abaphezulu ukuba ukungabikho koxanduva lokuphendula kwimisebenzi yezomkhosi yase-US kubeka abasebenzi bezomkhosi base-US kunye neendawo zase-US ezinje ngoonozakuzaku baseMelika kwiziphambuka zabo banqwenela ukuziphindezela ngale misebenzi.

Malunga noMlobi: UAnn Wright usebenze iminyaka engama-29 kwi-US Army / Army Reserves kunye nomhlala phantsi njengeColonel. Wayengunozakuzaku wase-US eNicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia, Afghanistan naseMongolia. Uyekile kurhulumente wase-US ngo-Matshi 2003 ngokuchasene nemfazwe yase-Iraq. Ungumbhali-mbhali "Wokungavisisani: Amazwi Esazela."