Zininzi Kangangezigidi eziye zabulawa kwi-Post-9 / 11 War? Icandelo 3: Libya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen

Kwingxenye yesithathu kunye yokugqibela yechungechunge lwakhe, uNicolas JS Davies uphando malunga nokufa kwabantu base-United States kunye neengxabano zempi e-Libya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen kwaye igxininisa ukubaluleka kwezifundo ezizeleyo zokufa kwezemfazwe.

NguNicolas JS Davies, Epreli 25, 2108, News Consortium.

Kwiindawo ezimbini zokuqala kule ngxelo, ndiqikelele oko Abantu abayi-2.4 babulawe ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-Iraq e-United States, ngelixa I-1.2 izigidi ziye zabulawa e-Afghanistan nasePakistan njengesiphumo semfazwe ekhokelwa yi-US e-Afghanistan. Kwinxalenye yesithathu neyokugqibela yale ngxelo, ndiya kuqikelela ukuba bangaphi abantu ababuleweyo ngenxa yokungenelela komkhosi wase-US kunye ne-CIA eLibya, eSyria, eSomalia naseYemen.

Kula mazwe ama-US ahlaseleyo kwaye azinzileyo ukusuka kwi-2001, i-Iraq kuphela ibe yinto yokufunda ngokubanzi "okusebenzayo" ekufundiseni ukufa okungekho okuchazwe ngenye indlela ekufeni. Ucwaningo oluthile lokusebenza ngokufayo lubonisa ukuba "igalelo" lihlola amakhaya ekufumaneni ukufa okungazange kubhengezwe ngxelo okanye ezinye iimithombo ezipapashwe.

Ezi zifundo zidla ngokuqhutywa ngabantu abasebenza kwintsimi yempilo karhulumente, njengeLes Roberts e-Columbia University, Gilbert Burnham kuYohn Hopkins noRyadh Lafta kwiYunivesithi yaseDidideriya eBaghdad, ababhalise 2006 Lancet isifundo Ukusweleka kwemfazwe e-Iraq. Ekukhuseleni izifundo zabo e-Iraq kunye neziphumo zabo, bagxininise ukuba amaqela abo e-Iraq azimeleyo kurhulumente wezemisebenzi kwaye loo nto ibiyinto ebalulekileyo ekujongeni izifundo zabo kunye nokuzimisela kwabantu e-Iraq ukuthetha ngokunyaniseka nabo.

Izifundo zokufa kwabantu ngokubanzi kwezinye iindawo ezixatywe yimfazwe (njenge-Angola, iBosnia, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, iGuatemala, iIraq, i-Kosovo, i-Rwanda, iSudan ne-Uganda) ibonise inani labantu abafa 5 kumaxesha e-20 abo babesele beboniswa ngxelo "engapheliyo" esekelwe kwiingxelo zeendaba, iirekhodi zesibhedlele kunye / okanye uphando lwamalungelo abantu.

Ukungabikho kwezifundo ezinzulu eAfghanistan, ePakistan, eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen, ndiye ndavavanya iingxelo zokufa kweemfazwe kwaye ndazama ukuvavanya ukuba yeyiphi i-mortal deaths ezi ngxelo ezixhamlayo ziyakuthi zibalwe iindlela esetyenzisiweyo, ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zokufa kwabangenayo ekufeni ngokubhekiselele ekufeni.

Ndiqikelele ukufa kuphela. Akukho luqikelelo lwam lubandakanya ukusweleka okuthe ngqo kwezi mfazwe, njengokutshatyalaliswa kwezibhedlele kunye neenkqubo zempilo, ukusasazeka kwezifo ezinokuthintelwa kunye nefuthe lokungondleki kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, okuye kwabaluleka kuwo onke la mazwe.

E-Iraq, ukulinganisa kwam okugqibela malunga nabantu abayi-2.4 ababuleweyo yayisekelwe ekukwamukelweni uqikelelo lwe 2006 Lancet isifundo kunye ne2007 Iingxelo zoPhando loRhwebo (ORB), ezazingqinelana kunye, kwaye emva koko zisebenzisa isilinganiselo esifanayo sokufa kwabafileyo ngokubhekiselele ekufeni (11.5: 1) phakathi Lancet kufunda kunye Iraq Count Count (IBC) kwi-2006 kubalo lwe-IBC kwiminyaka ukususela kwi-2007.

E-Afghanistan, ndiqikelele oko Ama-875,000 ase-Afghans abulawe. Ndacacisa ukuba iingxelo zonyaka ezimalunga nokwenzakala kwabantu Inkonzo yoNcedo lwe-UN ukuya e-Afghanistan (UNAMA) Zisekwe kuphela kuphando olugqityiweyo yiKhomishini yamaLungelo oluLuntu yaseAfghanistan (i-AIHRC), kwaye besazi ngaphandle kwamanani amakhulu eengxelo zokubhubha kwabantu i-AIHRC ingekaphandi okanye engekagqibi kuphando lwayo. Iingxelo ze-UNAMA zikwanazo naziphi na iingxelo konke konke ezivela kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe apho i-Taliban kunye neminye imikhosi yase-Afghanistan iyasebenza, kwaye apho uninzi okanye uninzi loqhankqalazo lomoya e-US kunye nokuhlasela ebusuku kwenzeka.

Ndaphetha ukuba ingxelo ye-UNAMA yokufa kwabantu eAfghanistan ibonakala ingenelisekanga njengoko ingxelo engaphantsi kwengxelo efunyenwe ekupheleni kweMfazwe yaseGuatemalan, xa i-UN-sponsored Cerorical Verification Commission yabonisa ukuba ii-20 izihlandlo zokufa kunokuba zichazwe ngaphambili.

KwiPakistan, ndaqikelela ukuba malunga Abantu be-325,000 babulawe. Oko bekusekwe kuqikelelo olupapashiweyo lokusweleka kwabantu abachasayo, kunye nasekusebenziseni umndilili weereyithingi ezifumaneka kwiimfazwe zangaphambili (12.5: 1) kwinani lokufa kwabantu okuchazwe ISouth Asia yoBugcisa iPortal (SATP) eIndiya.

Ukulinganisa Ukufa e-Libya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen

Kwingxenye yesithathu neyokugqibela yale ngxelo, ndiza kuqikelela inani lokufa elibangelwa yi-US covert ne-proxy e-Libya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen.

Amagosa amagosa aseMelika aseMatriki adumisa Imfundiso yase-US ye-covert kunye neproxy yemfazwe ofumene imilambo epheleleyo phantsi kolawulo luka-Obama njengoko "Iguqulwe, ikhulile, i-media-free" indlela emfazweni, kwaye ndilandele ukukhula kwale mfundiso ukubuyela kwiimfazwe zase-US kuMbindi Merika kwii-1980s. Ngelixa i-US ukuqashwa, ukuqeqeshwa, umyalelo kunye nokulawulwa kwezigqeba zokufa e-Iraq Wabizwa ngokuthi "i-Salvador Option," Isicwangciso se-US e-Libya, eSiriya, eSomalia naseYemen sele silandele lo mzekelo ngakumbi.

Ezi mpi ziye zaphazamisa abantu bala mazwe, kodwa ama-US "aguqulwe, azinzile, aphendulwanga ngeendaba" kubo baye baphumelela kakhulu kwiimfundiso zeeprogramme kangangokuba abaninzi baseMerika bazi kakhulu malunga ne-US indima ebundlobongela obukhuselekanga kunye neengxabano ezibangele.

Ubume boburhulumente obusemthethweni kodwa obuninzi obungumqondiso obuhlasela eSiriya ngo-Ephreli 14, i-2018 imele ngokuphambene nomkhankaso we-bombing okhokelwa yi-US okhohlakeleyo, ongenamabonakude owonakele uRaqqa, uMosul kunye namanye amaSiriya Iidolophu zase-Iraq ngaphezu kwe-100,000 ibhomu kunye neemfono ukususela kwi2014.

Abantu baseMosul, Raqqa, Kobane, Sirte, Fallujah, Ramadi, Tawergha kunye noDeir Ez-Zor babhubhile njengemithi ewela ehlathini apho kwakungekho zintatheli zaseNtshona okanye abasebenzi beTV ababhala phantsi ukubulawa kwabo. Njengoko uHarold Pinter ebuze ngolwaphulo mthetho lwangaphambili lwase-US kuye I-2005 intetho yokwamkela iNobel,

Ngaba zenzekile? Kwaye ngaba kuzo zonke iimeko zibangelwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US? Impendulo nguewe, zenzekile, kwaye kuzo zonke iimeko zibangelwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle waseMelika. Kodwa ngekhe uyazi. Ayizange yenzeke. Akukho nto yakha yenzeka. Nangona yayisenzeka, yayingenzeki. Ayinamsebenzi. Kwakungekho mdla. ”

Ukufumana imvelaphi engaphezulu kwendima ebaluleke kakhulu e-US eyidlale kuyo nganye yeemfazwe, nceda ufunde ibinqaku lam, "Ukunika Imfazwe Eninzi Ininzi," papashwa ngoJanuwari 2018.

Libhiya

Ulungelelwano olusemthethweni kuphela lwe-NATO kunye nabalingani balo base-Arabhu bama-Arabism ubuncinane iibhomu ze-7,700 kunye neemfono eLibya kunye wawahlasela ngemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokusebenza ukuqala ngoFebruwari 2011 Isisombululo se-UN Security Council 1973, eligunyazisiweyo "yonke imilinganiselo efunekayo" ngenjongo ecacileyo yokukhusela abantu baseLibya.

Kodwa endaweni yoko imfazwe yabulala abantu abaninzi kunalo naluphi na uqikelelo lwenani lababuleweyo kwimvukelo yokuqala ngoFebruwari nango-Matshi 2011, eyayisusela kwi-1,000 6,000 (uqikelelo lwe-UN) ukuya kuma-XNUMX (ngokweLiban yamaLungelo oLuntu yaseLibya). Ke imfazwe iyasilela ngokucacileyo kwinjongo yayo egunyazisiweyo, ukukhusela abahlali, nanjengoko iphumelele kwenye eyahlukileyo nengagunyaziswanga: ukubhukuqwa ngokungekho mthethweni kurhulumente waseLibya.

Isisombululo se-SC sowe-1973 sathintela ngokucacileyo “ubukho bamazwe angaphandle balo naluphi na uhlobo nakweyiphi na indawo yommandla waseLibya.” Kodwa i-NATO kunye nabalingane bayo basungule ukuhlasela kweLibya ngamashumi amawaka e-Qatari kunye nemisebenzi yeemfuno ezikhethekileyo zaseNtshona, owacwangcisa phambili abavukeli belizwe lonke, ababizela ukuhlaselwa kwamabutho karhulumente kwaye baqhuba ukuhlaselwa kokugqibela kwikomkhulu lempi laseBab al-Aziziya eTripoli.

Chief of Staff Jikelele uGeneral Hamad bin Ali al-Atiya, wathi ku-AFP,

“Sasiphakathi kwabo kwaye inani lamaQatar emhlabeni lalingamakhulu kuyo yonke imimandla. Uqeqesho kunye nonxibelelwano lwalusezandleni zeQatari. I-Qatar… ijongile izicwangciso zabavukeli kuba bengabantu nje kwaye bengenamava ngokwaneleyo emkhosini. Besisebenza njengekhonkco phakathi kwabavukeli kunye nemikhosi yeNATO. ”

Kukho iingxelo ezithembekileyo igosa lokhuseleko laseFransi usenokuba wanikela umnqweno wenceba owabulala inkokheli yaseLibya u-Muammar Gaddafi, emva kokuba athatyathwe, ahlushwa aze ahlanjwe ngommese "ngabavukeli be-NATO."

Ipalamente Uphando lweKomiti yeZangaphandle e-UK kwi-2016 yagqiba ukuba "ukungenelelo okunciphise ukukhusela abantu baqhutywe kumgaqo-nkqubo wokulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo yokuguqulwa yindlela yamasosha," ekugqibeleni, "ukuwa kwezopolitiko kunye nezomnotho, ukulwa phakathi kwezempi kunye nolwahlulo lwamazwe, intlupheko yoluntu kunye neentlanga, ukusabalala kwamalungelo oluntu, ukusasazeka kwezixhobo zombuso zikaGaddafi kulo lonke ummandla kunye nokukhula kwe-Isil [kwiSizwe sobuSulumane] kumntla Afrika. "

Imibiko engapheliyo yokufa kwabantu baseLibya

Nje ukuba urhulumente waseLibya abhukuqwe, oonondaba bazama ukubuza malunga nesihloko esibuhlungu sokufa kwabantu, esasibaluleke kakhulu kwizizathu zomthetho nezopolitiko zomlo. Kodwa iBhunga leTshintsho leLizwe (i-NTC), urhulumente omtsha ongazinzanga owenziwe ngabagxothwa nabavukeli abasentshona, wayeka ukukhupha uqikelelo kuluntu kwaye wayalela abasebenzi basesibhedlele ukungazikhululi iinkcukacha kubanyathelisi.

Kwimeko nayiphi na imeko, njengase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, izidumbu zazigqithisekile ngexesha lemfazwe kwaye abantu abaninzi babemngcwaba abo babathandayo kwiindawo zabo zangasese okanye naphi na apho babenakho, ngaphandle kokubayisa ezibhedlele.

Ikhokeli elivukelayo liqikelelwa ngo-Agasti 2011 loo nto I-50,000 iLibhi yabulawa. Emva koko, nge-8 kaSeptemba 2011, uNaji Barakat, umphathiswa wezempilo we-NTC, wakhupha ingxelo Abantu be-30,000 babulawe kwaye enye i-4,000 yayilahlekile, ngokusekwe kuvavanyo lwezibhedlele, amagosa asekuhlaleni kunye nabaphathi babavukeli kuninzi lwelizwe elalilawulwa yi-NTC ngelo xesha. Uthe kuya kuthatha iiveki ezininzi ukugqibezela uphando, ke kulindeleke ukuba inani lokugqibela liphezulu.

Isiteyitimenti sikaBarakat asibandakanyi ukubalwa okuchaseneyo nokufa kwabantu. Kodwa wathi malunga nesiqingatha sabangama-30,000 ababuleweyo yimikhosi ethembekileyo kurhulumente, kubandakanya amalungu angama-9,000 eKhamis Brigade, ekhokelwa ngunyana kaGaddafi uKhamis. U-Barakat ucele uluntu ukuba luxele ukusweleka kwiintsapho zabo kunye neenkcukacha zabantu abalahlekileyo xa beze kwiimosque ukuthandaza ngoLwesihlanu. Uqikelelo lwe-NTC lwabantu abangama-30,000 ababuleweyo lubonakala luquka ikakhulu amajoni kumacala omabini.

Uphando olunzulu oluninzi lwabafileyo imfazwe ukususela ekupheleni kwemfazwe ye-2011 eLibiya "isifundo se-epidemiological based based study" "I-2011 ye-Armed Conflict XmUMX: Ukufa, Ukulimala kunye nokuHlukiswa kwabantu."  Yayibhalwe ngabaprofestile abathathu bezobugcisa baseTripoli, kwaye ipapashwe kwi I-African Journal yeMpilo yezoNyango kwi 2015.

Ababhali bathathe iirekhodi zokusweleka emfazweni, ukonzakala kunye nokufuduswa okuqokelelwe liSebe lezeZindlu noCwangciso, kwaye bathumela amaqela ukuba enze udliwanondlebe ngobuso nelungu losapho ngalunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba mangaphi amalungu osapho lwabo ababuleweyo, abenzakeleyo okanye bafudukile. Khange bazame ukwahlula ukubulawa kwabantu ngokufa kwabantu ababesilwa.

Abazange bazame ukuqikelela ukufa kweengxelo ezingaphambili ezingabonakaliyo ngelo "ndlela yophando lweesampula" Lancet isifundo eIraq. Kodwa isifundo seLibya esiXhobileyo siseLibani lelona rekhodi lipheleleyo lokufa okuqinisekisiweyo emfazweni eLibya ukuya kuthi ga ngoFebruwari 2012, kwaye yaqinisekisa ukusweleka kwabantu abayi-21,490 ubuncinci.

Kwi-2014, ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo kunye nokulwa kwamabutho aseLibya kwagqitywa kwi-Wikipedia ngoku ibiza ngoku Yesibili yeMfazwe yaseLibya.  Iqela elibiziweyo Libya Body Count (LBC) baqala ukubethelwa kwezobudlova eLibya, ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo zendaba, kumzekelo Iraq Count Count (IBC). Kodwa i-LBC yenze njalo iminyaka emithathu, ukusukela ngoJanuwari 2014 kude kube nguDisemba 2016. Kubalwe ukusweleka kwabantu abangama-2,825 ngo-2014, 1,523 ngo-2015 no-1,523 ngo-2016. .)

I-UK-based Indawo yokuBambisana kunye neNkcazo yedatha (ACLED) Iprojekthi ikwagcinile ukubala kwabantu abaswelekileyo eLibya. I-ACLED ibalwe ngokusweleka kwe-4,062 kwi-2014-6, xa kuthelekiswa ne-5,871 ebalwe yiLibya yoMzimba. Amaxesha aseleyo phakathi kuka-Matshi 2012 kunye no-Matshi 2018 engakhange igutyungelwe yi-LBC, i-ACLED ibala ukubhubha kwe-1,874.

Ukuba i-LBC ifunyenwe lonke ixesha ukususela ngo-Matshi 2012, kwaye ifumene inombolo ephezulu ngokulinganayo kune-ACLED njengoko yenzayo kwi-2014-6, yayiza kubala abantu aba-8,580.

Ukuqikelela ukuba baninzi abantu abaye babulawa eLibya

Ukudibanisa amanani ukusuka Uphando lwe-Libyan Ulwaphulo lwe-2011 kunye nomfanekiso wethu odibeneyo, oqikelelweyo Libya Counction Councilt kunye I-ACLED unikezela i-30,070 epheleleyo yokufa kubangelwa ngoFebruwari 2011.

Uvavanyo lwe-Libyan Armed Conflict (LAC) lwalusekelwe kwiirekhodi ezisemthethweni ezweni elingazange libe nekarhulumente elizinzile, elinobunye malunga ne-4 iminyaka, ngelixa i-Libya Body Count yayingumzamo omtsha wokulingisa i-Iraq Body Count eyazama ukubeka inetha elibanzi ngokungathembeli kuphela kwimithombo yeendaba zesiNgesi.

E-Iraq, umlinganiselo phakathi kwe-2006 Lancet Ukufunda kunye ne-Iraq Body Count yayiphezulu kuba i-IBC yayibala kuphela abantu, ngeli xesha Lancet kufundwa kubalwa amajoni aseIraq kunye nabantu. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Iraq Body Count, zombini ezona mithombo zethu ziphambili eLibya zibala abahlali kunye nabalwi. Ngokusekwe kwinkcazo yomgca omnye yesiganeko ngasinye kwi Libya Body Count i-database, i-LBC iyonke ibonakala ibandakanya amaqela angama -hafu kunye nesiqingatha sabantu.

Amaxhoba aseMpi ngokubanzi abalwa ngokuchanekileyo kunabantu abemi, kwaye imikhosi yemikhosi inomdla ekuhloleni ngokuchanekileyo ukutshabalala kwabalutsha kunye nokuzikhethela zabo. Okuchasene noko kubulawa kwabantu, okuphantse kubakho ubungqina bentwaphulo-mthetho yemfazwe yokuba imikhosi ebabulalayo inomdla omkhulu wokuthintela.

Ngoko, e-Afghanistan nakwiPakistan, ndiphatha ngokwahlukileyo abahlali kunye nabahlali, ndisebenzisa izilinganiso eziqhelekileyo phakathi kweengxelo zokungabonakali kunye nokufa kwabantu kuphela, ngelixa bevuma ukubulawa kwabantu abachazwe ngokulwa njengoko bexelwa ngokunyanisekileyo.

Kodwa imikhosi elwa eLibya ayikho umkhosi wesizwe kunye noqhagamshelwano oluqinileyo lomyalelo kunye nesakhiwo soququzelelo esiphumela ekubhengezeni ngokuchanekileyo ukubulawa kwezempi kwamanye amazwe kunye neengxabano, ngoko kubonakala kokubili ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nokufa kwabantu kubangelwa ngababini bam kwimithombo ephambili, i Ulwaphulo lweArmed Conflict kufunda kunye Libya Body Count. Ngapha koko, uqikelelo lweBhunga leSizwe loTshintsho (i-NTC) ukusuka ngo-Agasti nangoSeptemba ka-2011 lokufa kwama-30,000 lwalusele luphezulu kakhulu kunamanani okusweleka kwimfazwe kufundo lwe-LAC.

Xa i2006 Lancet uphononongo lokufa e-Iraq lwapapashwa, lwatyhila amaxesha ali-14 inani lokufa kwabantu elabalwa kuluhlu lwe-Iraq Body Count lokufa kwabantu. Kodwa i-IBC kamva yafumanisa ukusweleka okungakumbi ukusukela ngelo xesha, ukunciphisa umlinganiso phakathi kwe- Lancet Uqikelelo lokufunda kunye ne-IBC yokuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwi-11.5: 1.

Izibalo ezidibeneyo ezivela kwi-Armed Conflict 2011 kunye ne-Libya Body Count zibonakala ziyinxalenye enkulu yokufa kwabantu obundlobongela kunokuba i-Iraq Body count ibalwe e-Iraq, ngokuyininzi kuba i-LAC kunye ne-LBC bobabini babalwe namaqhawe kunye nabemi, kwaye ngenxa yokuba iBhunga laseLibya Ukubala kubandakanya ukufa kwabikwa kwimithombo yeendaba zase-Arabhu, ngelixa i-IBC ixhomekeka ngokupheleleyo Imithombo yeendaba zesiNgesi kwaye ngokubanzi ifuna "ubuncinci beemithombo zombini ezizimeleyo" ngaphambi kokurekhoda nganye ukufa.

Kwezinye iingxabano, ukunika ingxelo kungakhange kuphumelele ukubala ngaphezulu kwesihlanu sabantu abafayo abafunyenwe zizifundo ezibanzi, "ezisebenzayo" zesifo. Ukuthatha zonke ezi zinto kuthathelwa ingqalelo, inani lokwenyani labantu ababuleweyo eLibya libonakala ngathi liphakathi kwamaxesha alishumi elinambini amanani abalwa luvavanyo lwe-Armed Conflict 2011, i-Libya Body Count kunye ne-ACLED.

Ke ndiqikelela ukuba bamalunga nama-250,000 abantu baseLibya ababulewe emfazweni, ubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi esenziwe yi-US kunye nabalingane bayo eLibya ngoFebruwari ka-2011, kwaye iyaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Ukuthatha u-5: 1 kunye no-12: 1 umlinganiso ukuya kubalwa nje ngokufa njengemida engaphandle, elona nani lincinci labantu ababuleweyo liya kuba yi-150,000 kwaye ubuninzi buya kuba ngama-360,000.

Siriya

The "Iguqulwe, ikhulile, i-media-free" Indima yase-US eSiriya yaqala ngasekupheleni kwe2011 kunye neCIA yokusebenza basemzini kunye nezixhobo ngeTurkey kunye neJordan ukuya eSiriya, esebenza neQatar ne-Saudi Arabia ukulwa neengxabano ezaqala ngoxolo lwama-Arab Spring.

Iqela lezopolitiki zaseSiriya zentando yeninzi Ukulungelelanisa imibhikisho engekho enobudlova eSiriya kwi-2011 ngokuchasene kakhulu nale migudu yangaphandle yokukhupha imfazwe yombutho, kwaye ikhuphe iingxelo ezinamandla ezichasene nobundlobongela, inkolo kunye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Kodwa kwanjengokuba i-pollin ephakanyiswe ngumbono weDisemba 2011 Qatari yafumanisa ukuba I-55% yamaSiriya axhasa urhulumente wabo, i-US kunye namaqabane ayo azinikezele ukuguqula indlela yabo yokuguqula umbuso waseLibya ukusa eSiriya, ekwazi kakuhle ngokusesikweni ukuba le mfazwe iya kuba yintsholongwane kunye nokubhubhisa.

I-CIA kunye nabalingani bayo bama-Arabhu basekuhlaleni baxhamla amawaka eetoni zezixhobo kunye namawaka angaphandle e-Al-Qaeda axhumene ne-jihadis eSyria. Izixhobo zafika kuqala zivela eLibya, emva koko zivela eCroatia naseBalkan. Babebandakanya abaqhubi, izixhobo zokujula imijukujelwa kunye nezinye izixhobo ezinzima, oombayimbayi, iziqhushumbisi, izithambisi kunye neengalo ezincinci, kwaye i-US ekugqibeleni yanikezela ngokuthe ngqo ngemijukujelwa enamandla yetanki.

Okwangoku, esikhundleni sokubambisana noMoya ka-Kofi Annan owenzela inkxaso ye-UN ukuzisa uxolo eSiriya kwi-2012, i-US kunye nabamanyene bayo babanjwe abathathu "Abahlobo baseSiriya" iingqungquthela, apho baphishekela khona "iSicwangciso B," bathembisa ukuxhasa okuqhubekayo nakwi-Al-Qaeda.  UKofi Annan washiya inxaxheba yakhe yokungabongi Emva koNobhala kaRhulumente uColinton kunye nabaseBrithani, abaFrentshi nabaseSaudi kunye nabo basebenzise isicwangciso sakhe sokuthula.

Bonke abanye, njengoko besitsho, yimbali, imbali yokusasazeka kobundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi esitsala i-US, UK, France, Russia, Russia, Iran nabo bonke abamelwane baseSyria kwi-vortex yayo enegazi. Njengoko uPhyllis Bennis weZiko leMfundo yoMgaqo-nkqubo aqaphele, la magunya angaphandle onke sele ekulungele ukulwa neSyria “kwiSiriya yokugqibela. "

Umkhankaso wokuqhubhisa ibhokhwe uMongameli Obama uqalise uMbuso wamaSulumane kwi-2014 yiphankaso yebhobho ebaluleke kakhulu ukususela kwimfazwe yase-US eVietnam, ngaphezu kwe-100,000 ibhomu kunye neemfono kwiSiriya nase-Iraq. UPatrick Cockburn, umlobi weendaba wase-Middle East wase-UK Ezizimeleyo iphephandaba, latshanje uRaqqa, owayengowesixeko saseSiriya esikhulu kunazo zonke, kwaye wabhala ukuba, "Intshabalalo iyonke."

"Kwezinye iidolophu zaseSyria kuqhushumbe ibhombu okanye kwaqhushumbiswa kwade kwalibala ukuba ubuncinci isithili esinye esisindileyo," utshilo uCockburn. Le meko injalo naseMosul eIraq, nangona uninzi lwayo luye lwacolwa lwenziwa inkunkuma. Kodwa eRaqqa umonakalo kunye nokudodobaliswa komzimba kugcwele yonke indawo. Xa into ethile isebenza, njengerobhothi, ekuphela kwayo edolophini, abantu bayothuka. ”

Ukulinganisa ukuLwa kweNdlovu eSiriya

Wonke uqikelelo oluntu lwamanani abantu ababuleweyo eSiriya endifumene ngokuza ngqo okanye ngokungahambi ngqo I-Syrian Observatory yamalungelo oluntu (SOHR), Eqhutywa nguRami Abdulrahman eCoventry e-UK Wayelibanjwa lezopolitiko elivela eSyria, kwaye usebenza nabancedisi abane eSyria abathi nabo bathathe uthungelwano lwabaphembeleli abachasene norhulumente abangama-230 kwilizwe liphela. Umsebenzi wakhe ufumana inkxaso-mali kwi-European Union, kwaye kuthiwa abanye bakurhulumente wase-UK.

I-Wikipedia ikhankanya iZiko laseSyria loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo njengomthombo owahlukileyo kunye noqikelelo oluphezulu lokufa, kodwa oku kuyinyani eqikelelweyo kumanani eSOHR. Uqikelelo olusezantsi lwe-UN lubonakala lusekwe ikakhulu kwiingxelo ze-SOHR.

I-SOHR iye yagxekwa ngenxa yeembono zayo zenkcaso ezingathandekiyo, ekhokelela abanye ukuba bathandabuze ukungangqinelani kwedatha yayo. Kubonakala ngathi abantu abaphantsi kakhulu babulawa ngoqhankqalazo lomoya e-US, kodwa oku kunokuba ngenxa yobunzima kunye nomngcipheko wokunika ingxelo kumhlaba ophethwe yi-IS, njengoko bekunjalo nase-Iraq.

I-SOHR iyavuma ukuba ukubalwa kwayo akunakuba luqikelelo lwabo bonke abantu ababulewe eSyria. Kwingxelo yayo yakutshanje ngo-Matshi 2018, yongeze i-100,000 kwi-tally yayo ukuhlawulela ingxelo engezantsi, enye i-45,000 yokuphendula amabanjwa abuleweyo okanye anyamalala elugcinweni lukarhulumente kunye ne-12,000 yabantu ababuleweyo, banyamalala okanye balahlekile kwi-Islamic State okanye kolunye ugcino lwabavukeli. .

Ukuyeka bucala, Ingxelo yeKharityhulam ye-SOHR ye-2018 uxwebhu lokusweleka kwamajoni angama-353,935 nabantu baseSyria. Inani lilonke linabantu abangama-106,390; Amajoni aseSiriya angama-63,820; Amalungu angama-58,130 amajoni axhasa urhulumente (kubandakanya i-1,630 evela e-Hezbollah kunye ne-7,686 yabangaphandle); Ama-63,360 amaSilamsi, iJabhat Fateh al-Sham (eyayisakuba yiJabhat al-Nusra) kunye nezinye ii-jihadis zamaSilamsi; 62,039 abanye abalwa urhulumente; kunye nemizimba engama-196 engaziwayo.

Ukuqhekeza oku phantsi kwabahlali kunye nabahlaseli, abahlali be-106,488 kunye nabahlaseli be-247,447 babulawa (kunye nemizimba ye-196 engaziwayo yahlula ngokulinganayo), kuquka i-63,820 yaseArrian Army.

Inombolo ye-SOHR ayilona uphando olubanzi lwee-statistical njenge 2006 Lancet isifundo eIraq. Kodwa ngaphandle kwembono yabavukeli-mbuso, i-SOHR ibonakala njengenye yeyona mizamo igqwesileyo yokuba "ngokungakhathali" ukubala abantu abafileyo kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe yamva nje.

Njengamaziko ezomkhosi kwamanye amazwe, Umkhosi waseSyria mhlawumbi ugcina amanani eengozi ezichanekileyo kwimikhosi yawo. Ngaphandle kokubulawa kwabantu ngokwasemkhosini, ngekhe kwenzeke ukuba i-SOHR ibalwe ngaphezulu kwe 20% zabanye abantu ababulewe kwiMfazwe yaseSiriya. Kodwa ingxelo ye-SOHR ingaba yinkqubo enjengeyo nayiphi na imizamo yangaphambili yokubala abafileyo ngeendlela "ezingabonakaliyo".

Ukuthatha amanani axeliweyo e-SOHR ngokufa okungekho emkhosini njengoko i-20% yabantu ababuleweyo iyakuthetha ukuba abantu abayi-1.45 yezigidi kunye nabangekho emkhosini babulewe. Emva kokudibanisa ama-64,000 amajoni aseSyria abulewe kwelo nani, ndiqikelela ukuba bamalunga nesigidi esi-1.5 abantu ababuleweyo eSyria.

Ukuba i-SOHR iphumelele ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na imizamo yangaphambili "yokwenziwa" kokubala abantu abafileyo emfazweni, kwaye ibala i-25% okanye i-30% yabantu ababuleweyo, inani lokwenyani elibuleweyo linokuba sezantsi njenge-1 yezigidi. Ukuba khange iphumelele njengoko ibonakala, kwaye ukubalwa kwayo kusondele kwinto ebiqhelekile kwezinye iingxabano, ke baninzi abantu abazizigidi ezi-2 abanokubulawa.

Somaliya

Abaninzi baseMerika bakhumbula ukungenelela kwe-US eSomalia ekhokelela kuyo "Black Hawk Down" Isehlo kunye nokurhoxa kwemikhosi yase-US ngo-1993. "Iguqulwe, ikhulile, i-media-free" ukungenelela eSomalia kwi-2006, ekuxhaseni impi yaseTopiya.

ISomalia "ekugqibeleni iyakhupha i-bootstraps" phantsi kolawulo lwe Union Union Courts Union (ICU), umanyano lweenkundla zemveli zasekuhlaleni ezavuma ukusebenzisana ukulawula ilizwe. I-ICU idibene nomphathi-mkhosi eMogadishu kwaye yoyisa abanye abaphathi-mikhosi ababelawula ubumfama babucala ukusukela oko kwawa urhulumente ophakathi ngo-1991. Abantu abalaziyo eli lizwe bayincoma i-ICU njengophuhliso olunethemba loxolo nozinzo eSomalia.

Kodwa kwimeko "yemfazwe yoloyiko," urhulumente wase-US wachonga i-Islamic Courts Union njengotshaba kunye nokujoliswa kwezomkhosi. I-US idibene ne-Ethiopia, imbangi yemveli yaseSomalia (kunye nelizwe elinamaKristu), kwaye yenziwa ukubetha komoya kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yamandla ukuxhasa ITopiya ehlasela iSomalia ukususa i-ICU kumandla. Njengakwamanye amazwe ase-US kunye nama-proxies ayo ahlasele ukususela ngo-2001, umphumo waba ukuphonsa eSomalia ubugqirha kunye neengxabano eqhubekayo nanamhla.

Ukulinganisa ukufa kweSomalia

Imithombo engapheliyo ibeka umonakalo wokufa ngobudlova eSomalia ukususela ekuhlaselweni kwabaseTopiya ku-2006 kwi-20,171 (Inkqubo yoLwazi lweNtsholongwane ye-Uppsala (UCDP) - nge-2016) kunye ne-24,631 (Indawo yokuNgqubana ngokuXhobileyo kunye neProjekthi yeDatha yeDatha (i-ACLED)). Kodwa i-NGO yengingqi ephumelele amabhaso, I-Elman yoLuntu neZiko loLuntu eMogadishu, elandela ukufa kuphela kwe-2007 kunye ne-2008, yabalwa ukufa kwe-16,210 kule minyaka mibini yodwa, amaxesha e-4.7 inani elibalwa yi-UCDP kunye ne-5.8 ngamaxesha e-ACLED kule minyaka mibini.

KwiLibya, eLibya eliBala ukubala kuphela ukubala amaxesha e-1.45 aswelekileyo njenge-ACLED. ESomalia, Uxolo luka-Elman lubalwe amaxesha angama-5.8 ngaphezulu kwe-ACLED- umahluko phakathi kwala mabini yayingamaxesha ama-4 amakhulu. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ubalo luka-Elman Peace lwaluphantse lwaphindeka kabini kunokubalwa kweLibya yeQumrhu, ngelixa i-ACLED ibonakala ngathi inesiqingatha esisebenzayo ekubaleni ukufa kwabantu eSomalia njengaseLibya.

I-UCDP ingene kumanani aphezulu okusweleka kune-ACLED ukusuka kwi-2006 kude kube yi-2012, ngelixa i-ACLED ipapashe amanani aphezulu kune-UCDP ukusukela nge2013. I-avareji yamanani abo amabini inika inani elipheleleyo lokufa kwabantu abangama-23,916 ukusuka kuJulayi ka-2006 ukuya ku-2017. Ukusweleka kwaye bebeqhubeka nokufumana ama-5.25 (umndilili wama-4.7 kunye no-5.8) amaxesha afunyenwe ngala maqela abek 'esweni amazwe onke, ngele sele kubaliwe malunga ne-125,000 yokufa kwabantu abanogonyamelo ukusukela oko u-Itiyopiya uxhaswe yi-US ngoJulayi 2006.

Kodwa ngelixa u-Elman Peace ebala abantu abaninzi abaswelekileyo kune-UCDP okanye i-ACLED, oku bekusekukuba "yinto nje" yokufa kwabantu eSomalia. Ukuqikelela inani elipheleleyo lokusweleka emfazweni okukhokelele kwisigqibo sase-US sokutshabalalisa urhulumente wase-Somalia wase-Somalia, kufuneka siphindaphinde la manani ngomlinganiselo owela ndaweni ithile phakathi kwezo zifunyenwe kolunye ungquzulwano, phakathi ko-5: 1 no-20: 1.

Ukufaka umyinge we-5: 1 kuqikelelo lwam lwento enokubalwa yiProjekthi kaElman ngoku kuvelisa ukufa kwabantu abangama-625,000. Ukufaka isicelo i-20: 1 ratio kumanani asezantsi kakhulu yi-UCDP kunye ne-ACLED iya kunika inani eliphantsi le-480,000.

Akunakulindeleka ukuba iProjekthi ye-Elman ibalwe ngaphezulu kwe-20% yokufa kwabantu kulo lonke elaseSomalia. Kwelinye icala, i-UCDP kunye ne-ACLED babebala kuphela iingxelo zokufa kwabantu eSomalia ukusuka kwiziseko zabo eSweden nase-UK, ngokusekwe kwiingxelo ezipapashiweyo, ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba babala ngaphantsi kwe-5% yokufa kwabo.

Ukuba iprojekthi ka-Elman ibithimba kuphela i-15% yabantu abaswelekileyo endaweni ye-20%, loo nto inokucebisa ukuba ngabantu abangama-830,000 ababuleweyo ukusukela ngo-2006. ngaphezu kwama-5. Kodwa oko kuya kuthetha ukuba iProjekthi kaElman ichonga elona nani liphezulu lokufa, elingenakuze libekho kwiprojekthi enjalo.

Ngoko ke ndiqikelele ukuba inani lenyaniso labantu ababulawa eSomalia ukusuka kwi-2006 kufuneka ibe phakathi kwe-500,000 kunye ne-850,000, eninzi inokufa ngabantu abanobudlova be-650,000.

Yemen

I-US yinxalenye yomdibaniselwano ebesibhombise i-Yemen ukusukela nge-2015 kumzamo wokubuyisela owayesakuba nguMongameli u-Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. U-Hadi wonyulwa e-2012 emva koqhanqalazo lwama-Arabhu kunye noqhushululu oluxhobileyo lwanyanzela u-Ali Abdullah Saleh owayesakuba nguzwilakhe wase-Yemen, ukuba arhoxe ngo-Novemba ngo-2011.

Umsebenzi kaHadi yayikukuqulunqa umgaqo-siseko omtsha kunye nokuququzelela unyulo olutsha kwisithuba seminyaka emibini. Akenzanga nenye yezi zinto, ke intshukumo enamandla ngakumbi ye-Houthi yahlasela ikomkhulu ngo-Septemba ngo-2014, yabeka u-Hadi eluvalelweni kwaye yanyanzelisa ukuba yena norhulumente wakhe bazalisekise igunya labo kwaye baququzelele unyulo olutsha.

I-Zaidis lihlelo lamaShiite elahlukileyo elenza iipesenti ezingama-45 zabemi baseYemen. I-Imams engaphezulu ilawula uninzi lwe-Yemen ngaphezulu kwewaka leminyaka. USunni noZaidis bahlala kunye ngoxolo e-Yemen kangangeenkulungwane, ukutshata kuqhelekile kwaye bathandaza kwimosque enye.

I-Imam yokugqibela yabhukuqwa kwimfazwe yamakhaya ngo-1960. Kuloo mfazwe, i-Saudis yaxhasa i-More royalists, ngelixa i-Egypt yahlasela i-Yemen ukuxhasa imikhosi yeRiphabhlikhi eyathi ekugqibeleni yabumba iRiphabhlikhi yase-Yemen ngo-1970.

Kwi-2014, i-Hadi yenqaba ukusebenzisana neHouthis, kwaye rhoxisa ngoJanuwari 2015. Wabalekela e-Aden, idolophu yakowabo, emva koko waya e-Saudi Arabia, eyathi yaqalisa iphulo eliqhushumbe lokuqhushumisa i-US kunye nokuvalwa komkhosi waselwandle ukuzama ukumbuyisela emandleni.

Ngelixa i-Saudi Arabia iqhuba uninzi logwayimbo lomoya, i-US ithengise uninzi lweenqwelomoya, iibhombu, imijukujelwa kunye nezinye izixhobo ezizisebenzisayo. I-UK ngumthengisi wesibini ngobukhulu weSaudis. Ngaphandle kwe-US satellite intelligence kunye ne-air refueling, i-Saudi Arabia ayinakuqhuba i-airstrikes kulo lonke elaseYemen njengoko isenza. Ukunqunyulwa kwezixhobo zase-US, ukugcwaliswa komoya kunye nenkxaso yoonozakuzaku kunokuba sisigqibo sokuphelisa imfazwe.

Ukuqikelela Ukufa Kwemfazwe eYemen

Uqikelelo olupapashwe ngokufa kweemfazwe eYemen lusekelwe kwiingxelo eziqhelekileyo zezibhedlele ezikhoyo kwi-World Health Organization, edlalwa I-UN Ofisi yoLungelelaniso lwezeNtlalo (UNOCHA). Uqikelelo lwamva nje, ukusukela ngoDisemba 2017, kukuba abantu abangama-9,245 babulawa, kubandakanya abahlali abangama-5,558.

Ingxelo ye-UNOCHA ka-December 2017 ingxelo yaquka inqaku elithi, "Ngenxa yenani eliphezulu leziko lezempilo elingasebenzi okanye elisebenzayo ngenxa yenkquzulwano, la manani ayaxelwa kwaye mhlawumbi aphezulu."

Nokuba izibhedlele zisebenza ngokupheleleyo, abantu abaninzi ababulewe emfazweni abaze baye esibhedlele. Izibhedlele ezininzi e-Yemen zibethwe ngoqhankqalazo lomoya wase-Saudi Arabia, kukho i-block ye-naval ethintela ukungeniswa kwamayeza, kunye nokubonelelwa ngombane, amanzi, ukutya kunye ne-petroli konke kuchaphazele ukuqhushumba kunye nokuvalwa. Ke isishwankathelo se-WHO sokufa kwezibhedlele kusenokwenzeka ukuba sisiqwengana senani lokwenyani labantu ababuleweyo.

I-ACLED inika ingxelo yenani elisezantsi kancinane kune-WHO: 7,846 ukuya esiphelweni se-2017. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo ne-WHO, i-ACLED inedatha ehlaziyiweyo ye-2018, kwaye inika ingxelo yokufa kwabantu abayi-2,193 ukusukela ngoJanuwari. Ukuba i-WHO iyaqhubeka nokuxela i-18% ngaphezulu yokusweleka kune-ACLED, i-WHO iyonke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iya kuba yi-11,833.

Nditsho ne-UNOCHA kunye ne-WHO bayayamkela ingxelo engachazwanga yokufa kwabantu emfazweni e-Yemen, kunye nomyinge phakathi kweengxelo ze-WHO kunye nokufa okwenyani kubonakala ngathi kukuphezulu koluhlu olufunyenwe kwezinye iimfazwe, ezahluka phakathi kwe-5: 1 kunye ne-20: 1. Ndiqikelela ukuba malunga ne-175,000 yabantu babulewe- amaxesha ali-15 amanani axelwe yi-WHO kunye ne-ACLED- ubuncinci be-120,000 kunye ne-240,000 ubuninzi.

Iindleko Zinyani Zomntu Zimfazwe zase-US

Lilonke, kumacandelo amathathu ale ngxelo, ndiqikelele ukuba iimfazwe zasemva kwe-9/11 zaseMelika zibulale malunga nezigidi ezi-6 zabantu. Mhlawumbi inani lokwenyani lizizigidi ezi-5 kuphela. Okanye mhlawumbi zizigidi ezisixhenxe. Kodwa ndiqinisekile ukuba zizigidi ezininzi.

Akunjalo kuphela ngamakhulu amawaka, abaninzi abantu abanolwazi olukholelwayo, ngokuba ukuhlanganiswa "kweengxelo ezingenakwenzeka" akunakuze kube ngaphezu kweqhezu lamanani abantu ababulewe kumazwe aphila ngohlobo logonyamelo kunye neengxabano ulwaphulo lwelizwe lethu uye wabakhupha kubo kusukela 2001.

Ingxelo echanekileyo ye I-Syrian Observatory Yamalungelo Abantu Ngokuqinisekileyo uthathe iqhekeza elikhulu lokufa kwangaphezulu kunenani elincinci lophando olugqityiweyo oluchazwe ngokunyanisekileyo njengengqikelela yokufa kwabantu UMbutho woNcedo lwe-UN ukuya e-Afghanistan. Kodwa bobabini bamele kuphela iqhezu lokufa okupheleleyo.

Kwaye inani eliyinyani labantu ababuleweyo liyilo ngokuqinisekileyo kungekhona kumashumi amawaka, njengabantu abaninzi e-US kwaye e-UK baye bakhokelwa ekubeni bakholwe, ngokweengcamango zembono.

Sidinga ngokukhawuleza iingcali zezempilo zorhulumente ukuba ziqhube izifundo ezizeleyo zokufa kwabantu kuwo onke amazwe ase-United States asele elwa yimfazwe ukususela kwi-2001, ukuze ihlabathi likwazi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwinqanaba lokwenene lokufa nokutshatyalaliswa kwezi mpi.

Njengokuba uBarbara Lee wayelumkisile oogxa bakhe phambi kokuba avote yedwa ngo-2001, siye "saba bububi esibusolayo." Kodwa ezi mfazwe khange zikhatshwe yimikhosi eyothusayo yomkhosi (okwangoku) okanye iintetho zoloyiso lwehlabathi. Endaweni yoko baye bagwetyelwa ngokwezopolitiko "Ulwazi lwemfazwe" ukudemonsa iintshaba kunye kudala iingxaki, kwaye wabuyela kwindawo "Ukuguqulwa, ukuthula, ukusabalalisa imithombo yeendaba" indlela, ukufihla indleko zabo kwigazi lomntu ukusuka kuluntu lwaseMerika kunye nehlabathi.

Emva kweminyaka eyi-16 yemfazwe, malunga ne-6 yezigidi zokubulawa kogonyamelo, amazwe e-6 awonakaliswa kwaye amaninzi aphelelwe amandla, ngokukhawuleza ukuba uluntu lwase-Amerika lugxininise nexabiso lokwenene labantu kwiimfazwe zelizwe lethu nendlela esiye sasebenziswa ngayo amehlo abo engaboniyo - ngaphambi kokuba ahambe ixesha elide, awonakalise amazwe amaninzi, aphinde alahlekise umthetho wolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe aze abulale ezinye izigidi zabantu.

As UHannah Arendt wabhala in I-Origins of Totalitarianism, “Asisenakuphinda sithathe into elungileyo ngaphambili sayibiza ngokuba lilifa lethu, ukulahla okubi kwaye sicinge nje ukuba ngumthwalo ofileyo oya kuthi ethubeni ungcwabe ulibele. Umjelo ongaphantsi komhlaba wembali yaseNtshona ekugqibeleni ufike ngaphezulu wasithimba isidima senkcubeko yethu. Le yinyani esihlala kuyo. ”

UNicolas JS Davies ngumlobi we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq. Kwakhona wabhala isahluko esithi "Obama kwiMfazwe" ekubanjeni uMongameli we-44th: iKhadi leNgxelo kwikota yokuqala yoBarack Obama njengeNkokeli eqhubekayo.