Nazi iindlela ezili-12 zokuhlaselwa kwe-US yaBomi base-Iraq kwi-infamy

NguMedea uBenjamin kunye noNicolas SJ Davies, nge-17 kaMatshi ngo-2020

Ngelixa ilizwe lidliwe ngubhubhani owoyikayo we-coronavirus, nge-19 kaMatshi ulawulo lweTrump luya kuphawula isikhumbuzo se-17 sokuhlaselwa kwe-US e-Iraq ukukhwela phezulu ungquzulwano apho. Emva komkhosi ohambelanayo ne-Iran otyholwa ngokuhlasela indawo yase-US ngase-Baghdad nge-11 kaMatshi, umkhosi wase-US waqhuba ngoqhankqalazo nxamnye nezixhobo ezihlanu zemfazwe kwaye wachaza ukuba uthumela ezinye iinqwelo moya ezimbini kulo mmandla, kunye ne-Patriot entsha missile iinkqubo kunye ikhulu lemikhosi ukuyisebenzisa. Oku kuyaphikisana Voti kaJanuwari IPalamente yaseIraq eyayicele ukuba imikhosi yase-US iphume elizweni. Ikwachasene neemvakalelo uninzi lwabantu baseMelika, Ndicinga umlo wase-Iraq wawungafanelekanga ukuba ulwe, kwaye nangokuchasene nesithembiso somkhankaso sikaDonald Trump sokuphelisa iimfazwe ezingapheliyo.

Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe eyadlulayo, imikhosi yase-US yahlasela yangena i-Iraq ngamandla engaphezulu Amasosha e-460,000 kuzo zonke iinkonzo zayo zokulwa, zixhaswe ngu I-46,000 yase-UK imikhosi, abangama-2,000 XNUMX abavela eOstreliya nakwikhulu ezimbalwa ukusuka ePoland, eSpain, ePortugal naseDenmark. “Ukukhwankqiswa kunye nokoyikisa” kuqhushululu kwibhombu yomoya 29,200 iibhombu kunye nemipu e-Iraq kwiiveki ezintlanu zokuqala zomlo.

Uhlaselo lwase-US lwaluli ulwaphulo-mthetho lobundlobongela phantsi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye wayechaswa ngenkuthalo ngabantu kunye namazwe ehlabathi liphela, kubandakanya million 30 abantu abathathe izitrato kumazwe angama-60 nge-15 kaFebruwari 2003, ukuchaza ukoyikeka kwabo ukuba inokwenzeka ngokwenene le nto ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21. Umbhali-mbali waseMelika uArthur Schlesinger Jr., owayengusithethi sika-Mongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, uthelekisa ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq e-Iraq nohlaselo lwe-Japan olwahlasela i-Pearl Harbour ngo-1941 kwaye wabhala, "Namhlanje, singabantu baseMelika abahlala edume kakubi."

Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe kamva, iziphumo zokuhlaselwa ziye zahlala zoloyiko kubo bonke abachasayo. Iimfazwe kunye nentiyo ziqengqeleka kuyo yonke le ngingqi, kunye nokwahlukana kwemfazwe kunye noxolo e-US nakumazwe aseNtshona bacela umngeni kuthi Ukukhetha okukhethiweyo yethu njengentuthuko, intlalo ntle. Nazi ezinye zezona ziphumo zibaluleke kakhulu zemfazwe yase-US e-Iraq.

1. Izigidi ze-Iraqis Zibulewe kwaye zadilizwa

Uqikelelo ngenani labantu ababulewe kukuhlaselwa nokuhlala eIraq kwahluka ngokubanzi, kodwa kwanolulondolozo uqikelelo ngokusekwe kwingxelo yoqhekeko yobuncinci bokufa kuqinisekisiwe ukuba ngamakhulu amawaka. Inzulu izifundo zesayensi kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-Iraq angama-655,000 asweleke kwiminyaka emithathu yemfazwe, kwaye malunga nesigidi ngoSeptemba ngo-2007. Ubundlobongela bokunyuka kwe-US okanye "ukuhlinzwa" kwaqhubeka ukuya ku-2008, kwaye ukungqubana okubodwa kwaqhubeka ukusukela ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2014. ngokuchasene ne-Islamic State, i-US kunye nabalingane bayo bahlasela izixeko ezikhulu e-Iraq nase-Syria nangaphezulu 118,000 iibhombu kwaye inzima kakhulu ii-artillery bombardments ukusukela kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Banciphise uninzi lweMosul kunye nezinye izixeko zaseIraq zaba yirubhiki, kwaye ingxelo yokuqala yezobuntlola zaseIraq zafumanisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe Abantu base40,000 babulawa eMosul kuphela. Akukho zifundo zibhubhileyo zokufa kwesi sigaba semfazwe sibulalayo. Ukongeza kubo bonke ubomi abalahlekileyo, nangakumbi abantu abonzakeleyo. Umbutho waseburhulumenteni wase-Iraq wase-Iraq uthi Izigidi ezi-2 ze-Iraqis ishiywe ikhubazekile.

2. Izigidi ngaphezulu kwe-Iraqis Ukuchitheka

Ngo-2007, uMkomishinala oMkhulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo wabaThengi (UNHCR) uxele ukuba phantse Izigidi ezi-2 ze-Iraqis babebaleke ubundlobongela kunye noxinzelelo olwaluthathe i-Iraq, uninzi lwaya eJordani naseSyria, ngelixa abanye abazizigidi ezili-1.7 babeshiywe ngaphakathi elizweni. Imfazwe yase-US kwi-Islamic State ixhomekeke nangakumbi kwibhombu nakwi-artillery bombomment, yatshabalalisa nangakumbi amakhaya kwaye Ukuchitha indawo i-Iraqis emangalisayo kwizigidi ezi-6 ukusuka ku-2014 ukuya ku-2017. Ngokwe-UNHCR, Abantu abazizigidi ezi-4.35 babuyela kumakhaya abo njengoko imfazwe ye-IS iye yantshabalalo, kodwa abaninzi bajongana "nezakhiwo ezonakalisiweyo, ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingekhoyo kunye nokunqongophala kwamathuba okuziphilisa kunye nezixhobo zemali, ezo ngamanye amaxesha [ezikhokelela] kwisekondari. Ukufuduswa. ” Abantwana abasuka eIraq abafudukele kwelinye ilizwe bamele "isizukulwana esikhukuliswe ngobundlobongela, bevinjwe imfundo kunye namathuba," ngoku ka I-UN Special rapporteur uCecilia Jimenez-Damary.

3. Amawaka amawaka aseMelika, iBritane kunye nezinye iiTroops zangaphandle eziBuleweyo kwaye eziNakeleyo

Ngelixa umkhosi wase-US uphulukanisa neengozi zase-Iraq, ulandelela ngokuthe ngqo kwaye upapashe okwakhe. Ukusukela ngoFebruwari 2020, Imikhosi ye-4,576 yase-US kwaye i-181 yemikhosi yase-Bhritane ibulewe e-Iraq, kunye neminye imikhosi ye-142 yokuhlala kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-93 zomkhosi wabemi bamanye amazwe ababulawa eIraq ngabaseMelika. E-Afghanistan, apho i-US iye yafumana inkxaso engaphezulu kwi-NATO kunye namanye amaqela, ngamaipesenti ezingama-68 kuphela omkhosi obanjiweyo ngabantu baseMelika. Isabelo esikhulu sabona bantu baseMelika abenzakala eIraq lelinye lamaxabiso abantu baseMelika abahlawulele ngobunye, ngokungekho semthethweni ngokuhlaselwa kwaseMelika. Ngexesha imikhosi yase-US yashiya okwethutyana i-Iraq ngo-2011, Imikhosi ye-32,200 yase-US wayenzakele. Njengoko i-US izame ukukhupha izinto eziyimfihlo kunye nokwenza umsebenzi wabucala ube, ubuncinci be-917 Iikhontrakthi zabemi kunye ne-mercenaries nazo zabulawa kwaye i-10,569 yenzakala e-Iraq, kodwa ayizizo zonke ezo zizizwe zase-US.

4. nangakumbi uVeterans uzibulala

Bangaphezu kwama-20 amagqala aseMelika azibulala mihla le — kufa abantu abaninzi nyaka ngamnye kunokubulawa kwabantu bonke emkhosini eIraq. Abo banamazinga aphezulu okuzibulala ngamagqala asemncinci anolwazi lokulwa, abazibulala ngamanani "Amaxesha angama-4 ukuya phezulu kunontanga babo abangabemi. ” Ngoba? Njengokuba uMateyu Hoh waseVeterans for Peace ecacisa, uninzi lwamagqala "alwela ukuzibandakanya kuluntu," zineentloni zokucela uncedo, zithwele ubunzima ngenxa yoko bakubonayo nabakwenzayo emkhosini, baqeqeshiwe ukudubula kunye nemipu, kwaye baphatha ngengqondo nangengqondo. amanxeba asemzimbeni enza ubomi babo bube nzima.

5. Iibhiliyoni zeedola ezihluthwe

Ngomhla we-16 ku-Matshi 2003, kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwe-US, u-Mongameli Dick Cheney wafumanisa ukuba imfazwe iya kuxabisa i-US malunga neebhiliyoni zeedola kwaye ukubandakanyeka kwe-US bekuya kuhlala iminyaka emibini. Ishumi elinesixhenxe leminyaka, iindleko zisenyuka. IOfisi yoHlahlo-lwabiwo mali ye-DRM (CBO) iqikelela iindleko $ 2.4 zezigidi kwiimfazwe ezise-Iraq nase-Afghanistan ngo-2007. U-Nobel Prize ophumelele amabhaso oqoqosho uJoseph Stiglitz kunye noLinda wase-Harvard University uLinda Bilmes baqikelela iindleko zemfazwe yase-Iraq ngaphezulu kwe $ 3 zezigidi, "Ngokusekwe kwizigqibo zolondolozo," ngo-2008. Urhulumente wase-UK wachitha okungenani I-9 yezigidi zeepawundi kwiindleko ngqo ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2010 ungachithi imali kwi, ngokuchasene noko abantu abaninzi baseMelika bakholelwa, yayikukuyakha kwakhona i-Iraq, ilizwe lethu elatshatyalaliswayo.

6. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye noRhulumente wase-Iraq onobuqhetseba

Uninzi lwamadoda (Abekho abantu basetyhini!) ngoku i-Iraq namhlanje isengabathimbileyo ababhabha eBaghdad ngo-2003 kwizithende zeMelika neBritane. I-Iraq ekugqibeleni iphinde yathumela ngaphandle 3.8 million imiphanda yeoyile ngemini kwaye ifumana i-80 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka kuthumela i-oyile kumazwe angaphandle, kodwa incinci le mali iphamba phantsi ukwakha izindlu ezonakalisiweyo nezonakeleyo okanye ukubonelela ngemisebenzi, ukhathalelo lwempilo okanye imfundo yeIraq. kuphela i-36 ipesenti abo banemisebenzi. Abantu abancinci base-Iraq bathathe izitalato ukuba bafuna ukupheliswa kolawulo olubi lwe-Iraq Iraq kunye ne-US ne-Iranian kwi-Iraq. Bangaphezulu kwama-600 abaqhankqalazi babulawa yimikhosi yaseburhulumenteni, kodwa uqhanqalazo lwanyanzela iNkulumbuso u-Adel Abdul Mahdi ukuba arhoxe. Omnye umntu owayefudula esekuthinjweni useNtshona, U-Mohammed Tawfiq Allawi, umzala walowo wayesakuba yinkulumbuso yethutyana e-US u-Ayad Allawi, wakhethwa esikhundleni sakhe, kodwa warhoxa kwisithuba seeveki nje emva kokuba iNdlu yoWiso-mThetho ingakhange ivume ukhetho Iwakhe. Umbutho odumileyo woqhankqalazo ubhiyozele ukurhoxa kuka-Allawi, kwaye u-Abdul Mahdi uvumile ukuhlala njengenkulumbuso, kodwa kuphela "njengomgcini" wokuqhuba imisebenzi ebalulekileyo de kube kubanjwe unyulo olutsha. Ucele unyulo olutsha ngoDisemba. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Iraq ihlala ikwindawo yezopolitiko, ihleli ihleli malunga nemikhosi engama-5,000 yaseMelika.

7. Imfazwe engekho mthethweni e-Iraq Ichasene noMthetho woMthetho wamazwe ngaMazwe

Xa i-US yahlasela i-Iraq ngaphandle kwemvume ye-UN Security Council, ixhoba lokuqala yayinguManyano weZizwe eziManyeneyo, isiseko soxolo kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukusukela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, ethintela isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla naliphi na ilizwe ngokuchasene nelinye. Umthetho wamazwe aphela uvumela isenzo somkhosi njengento eyimfuneko kwaye ulinganise ukukhusela kuhlaselo okanye isoyikiso esondeleyo. Okungekho mthethweni ngo-2002 Imfundiso ye-Bush yokuxolelwa yayi Iyaliwe nje jikelele kuba igqithe ngaphaya kwalo mgaqo umxinwa kwaye yabanga ilungelo elikhethekileyo le-US lokusebenzisa umkhosi ongenguye kwaphela "ukukhusela isoyikiso esivelayo," ukujongela phantsi igunya le-UN Security Council yokuthatha isigqibo sokuba isoyikiso esithile sifuna impendulo yasemkhosini okanye hayi. UKofi Annan, unobhala-jikelele we-UN ngelo xesha, utshilo Ukuhlaselwa kwakungekho semthethweni kwaye kungakhokelela ekuwohlokeni ngolungelelwano lwamanye amazwe, kwaye kuyiloo nto kanye eyenzekileyo. Xa i-US yaphosa phantsi i-UN Charter, abanye babeza kulandela. Namhlanje sibukele iTurkey ne-Israel ilandela emanyathelweni e-US, ihlasela kwaye ihlasela i-Syria ngokuzithandela ngokungathi yayililizwe elizimeleyo, besebenzisa abantu baseSyria njengamabali emidlalweni yabo yezopolitiko.

8. Imfazwe yaseIraq Yonakalise Idemokhrasi yase-US

Ixhoba lesibini lokuhlaselwa yayiyintando yesininzi yaseMelika. I-Congress ivotele imfazwe esekwe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba Isishwankathelo yoqikelelo lweLizwe loBulumko beSizwe (i-NIE) olwalungeyiyo into yohlobo olo. I Washington Post ingxelo yokuba ngabantu abathandathu kuphela kwezikhulu ezili-100 kunye namalungu ambalwa eNdlu funda iNIE yangempela. The “Isishwankathelo” esinamaphepha angama-25 amanye amalungu e-Congress asekele iivoti zawo kuxwebhu olwaveliswa kwiinyanga ngaphambili "ukwenza ityala loluntu," Omnye wababhali bayo, I-CIA kaPaul Intsika, kamva yavunywa kwi-PBS Frontline. Inamabango amangalisayo awayengafumaneki kwi-NIE yokwenene, njenge-CIA yayisazi ngeziza ezingama-550 apho iIraq ibigcina izixhobo zekhemikhali kunye nezebhayoloji. Unobhala welizwe u-Colin Powell uphindaphinde uninzi lobuxoki kuye ukusebenza okulihlazo kwi-UN Security Council ngoFebruwari ka-2003, ngelixa u-Bush no-Cheney basebenzise iintetho eziphambili, kubandakanya ne-Bush's 2003 State of the Union Union. Yenzeka njani idemokrasi-umthetho wabantu-ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu esonyula thina basimele kwiCongress banokusetyenziswa ekuvoteni umlo oyintlekele ngewebhu yamanga enjalo?

9. Ukungathathi cala koLwaphulo-mthetho oluHlanganisiweyo lweMfazwe

Elinye ixhoba lokuhlaselwa kweIraq yayikukucinga ukuba oomongameli kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yase-US baphantsi kolawulo lomthetho. Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe kamva, uninzi lwabemi baseMelika bacinga ukuba umongameli angayenza imfazwe kwaye abulale iinkokheli zamanye amazwe kunye nabarhanelwa abarhanelayo ngendlela athanda ngayo, ngaphandle kokuphendula. Nini UMongameli Obama wathi ufuna ukujonga phambili endaweni yokubuyela umva, kwaye engabambeki mntu kulawulo lweBush ngezenzo zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaba ngathi bayayeka ukuba zizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye baba yinto eqhelekileyo njengomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US. Oko kubandakanya ubugebenga bomsindo ngokuchasene namanye amazwe; I ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kakhulu kwii-airstrikes zaseMelika kunye nokubetha kwe-drone; kwaye i ukugada ongathintelwanga yazo zonke iifowuni zaseMelika, ii-imeyile, imbali yokukhangela kunye nezimvo. Kodwa ezi zizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokophula uMgaqo-siseko wase-US, kwaye ukwala ukuziphendulela kwabo benze ezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwenza kwalula ukuba ziphindwe.

Ukutshutshiswa kwendalo

Ngexesha leMfazwe yokuGquma yokuqala, e-US ehlile Iitoni ezingama-340 zemfazwe kunye neziqhushumbisi zenziwe nge-uranium ephelileyo, eyityhefa umhlaba kunye namanzi kwaye ikhokelele kumanqanaba omhlaza wokuqaqamba komhlaza. Kumashumi alandelayo 'ecocide, "i-Iraq ibekhathazwa zizinhanha kutsha kwiingxaki ezininzi zeoyile; Ungcoliseko lwemithombo yamanzi ukusuka ekulaleleni ioyile, amanzi amdaka kunye neekhemikhali; izigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma ukusuka yatshabalalisa imizi kunye needolophu; Ukutshiswa kwenkunkuma enkulu yasemkhosini kwindawo evulekileyo "yitshise imingxunya" ngexesha lemfazwe. Ungcoliseko yabangela ngomlo unxulunyaniswa nenqanaba eliphezulu lokuzala kwesiphene, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha, ukungahambi kakuhle komhlaza kunye nomhlaza (kubandakanya ne-leukemia) eIraq. Ungcoliseko luchaphazele namajoni aseMelika. Bangaphezu kwama-85,000 abagqatswa bemfazwe yase-Iraq e-US ... kufunyenwe isifo Ngeengxaki zokuphefumla kunye nokuphefumla, umhlaza, izifo zemithambo, uxinzelelo kunye ne-emphysema okoko wabuya e-Iraq, "njenge Guardian Iingxelo. Kwaye iinxalenye zeIraq zisenokungaze ziphinde ziphinde zonakaliswe kukuphanziswa kwendalo.

11. Umgaqo-nkqubo we-US weCandelo “loLwahlulo kunye noMmiselo” e-Iraq Uchithe indawo engafunekiyo kuMda

Kwi-Iraq yenkulungwane yama-20, ubuncinci beSunni babunamandla kunesininzi samaShia, kodwa ubukhulu becala, izizwe ezahlukeneyo zahlala ecaleni kunye kwiindawo ezixubeneyo zaze zatshata. Abahlobo abane-Shia / abazali beSunni abaxekileyo basixelela ukuba ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-US, babengazi nokuba nguwuphi na umzali uShia kwaye yayinguSunni. Emva kohlaselo, i-US yaxhobisa iklabhu entsha yolawulo yamaShiite ekhokelwa ngabagxothisi bangaphambili ababeyihlangene ne-US ne-Iran, kunye nama-Kurds akummandla wawo azimele geqe. Ukunyuswa kokulingana kwamandla kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yaseMelika "yokwahlula kunye nokulawula" kukhokelele kumaza obundlobongela oboyikisayo, kubandakanya nokucocwa kobuhlanga nguMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi. amaqela okufa phantsi komyalelo wase-US. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwehlelo i-US ethe yavulwa e-Iraq kukhokelele ekuvuseleleni kwakhona kwe-Al Qaeda kunye nokuvela kwe-ISIS, okuthe kwabangela udubulo kuwo wonke lo mmandla.

12. Imfazwe ebandayo eNtsha phakathi kwe-US kunye neHlabathi eliManyeneyo leHlabathi

Xa uMongameli Bush wabhengeza “imfundiso yokuxolelwa” ngo-2002, uSenator uEdward Kennedy yayibiza "Isimemo sokutshutshiswa kwama-Inkulungwane yama-21 amaMelika akakho esinye isizwe esinokuthi samkele okanye samkele." Kodwa umhlaba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku usilele ekuphembeleleni i-US ukuba itshintshe ikhosi okanye imanyane kwezopolitiko ezichasene nomkhosi wayo wama-impiriyali. I-France kunye ne-Jamani yema ngenkalipho ne-Russia kunye ne-Global South ukuba ikuphikise ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq kwi-UN Security Council ngo-2003. Kodwa oorhulumente baseNtshona bamkela ubuhle obugqithisileyo buka-Obama njenge-inshorensi yokuqinisa ubudlelwane babo bemveli ne-US China yayixakekile isandisa ubudlelwane bayo bemveli kunye ne-US China yayixakekile isandisa ubudlelwane bayo. Uphuhliso loqoqosho olunoxolo kunye nendima yayo njengendawo yokuhlala yezoqoqosho e-Asiya, ngelixa iRussia yayisakha kwakhona uqoqosho lwayo ukusuka kwi-chaoliberal chaos kunye nentlupheko ye-1990s. Akukho mntu wayekulungele ukucela umngeni ngenkani kwimfazwe yase-US kude kufike i-US, i-NATO kunye namahlakani abo enkosi yase-Arabia baqalise imfazwe yokulwa Libhiya kwaye Siriya Ngo-2011. Emva kokuwa kweLibya, iRussia ibonakala ngathi igqibe kwelokuba imele iguqukele kulawulo lwase-US okanye ekugqibeleni ibe lixhoba.

Amanqanaba ezoqoqosho atshintshile, umhlaba ophindaphindeneyo uyavela, kwaye umhlaba unethemba ngokuchasene nethemba lokuba abantu baseMelika kunye neenkokheli ezintsha zaseMelika baya kuthatha amanyathelo ukubuyisa kule impiriyali yaseMelika yenkulungwane yama-21 ngaphambi kokuba ikhokelele emfazweni ngakumbi e-US ne-Iran , ERashiya okanye eChina. Njengabantu baseMelika, kufuneka sibe nethemba lokuba ukholo lwehlabathi kwinto yokuba singenza ngokwentando yesininzi ukuzisa ucoceko kunye noxolo kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ayifakwanga ndawo. Indawo elungileyo onokuqala kuyo kukujoyina umnxeba yiPalamente yaseIraq yemikhosi yase-US ukuba imke e-Iraq.

UMedi Bhenjamin, umseki we CODEPINK yoxoloUmbhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanya Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran kwaye UBukumkani boBulungisa: Emva kwe-US-Saudi Connection.

UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimeleyo, umphandi we CODEPINKUmbhali we Igazi ezandleni zethu: Invasion yaseMelika kunye nokuTshatyalaliswa kwe-Iraq.

Eli nqaku laveliswa Uqoqosho lweNdawo yaseKhaya, iprojekthi yeZiko leMithombo yeendaba elizimeleyo.