Isihogo Ngabanye Abantu Abacinga Ngemfazwe

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Matshi 30, 2023

Iphetshana ichaze umbhali ngolu hlobo: “Owayesakuba nguManzi waselwandle uCharles Douglas Lummis ubhale kakhulu ngesihloko sobudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle e-US, kwaye ungumgxeki ngelizwi lomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US wangaphandle. Imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya i-Radical Democracy, kunye nokuJonga okutsha kwiChrysanthemum kunye nekrele. USusan Sontag uye wabiza uLummis 'enye yezona ngqondo zicingayo, ezihloniphekileyo, kunye nezifanelekileyo ezibhaliweyo malunga nokusebenza kwentando yesininzi naphi na kwihlabathi.' UKarel van Wolferen uye wabhekisela kuye ‘njengomkhi-mkhi-mkhanya obalaseleyo wobudlelwane phakathi kweMerika neJapan.’” Ndandisele ndizazi ezi zinto ngaye, ukanti ndandisenobunzima bokuchola le ncwadi, kungekhona nje ngenxa yokuba yayikwimo ye-elektroniki. .

Incwadi ibizwa Imfazwe sisihogo: Izifundo kwiLungelo loBundlobongela obusemthethweni. Umbhali wandiqinisekisa ukuba ayithethisani ngokuxhasa ubundlobongela. Wayenyanisile. Ndongeze kuluhlu lwam lweencwadi ezinkulu zokupheliswa kwemfazwe (jonga ngezantsi) kwaye uyithathele ingqalelo eyona ncwadi ndiyifundileyo kutshanje. Kodwa iza kwisigqibo sayo ngokuthe ngcembe nangendlela. Asiyoncwadi ecothayo. Ungayifunda kanye nje. Kodwa iqala ngeendlela zokucinga zemveli kwaye ihamba inyathelo ngenyathelo ukuya kwinto elumkileyo. Kwangoko, ukujongana nombono "wobundlobongela obusemthethweni," uLummis ubhala athi:

Siyazazi ezi zinto, kodwa kuthetha ntoni na oku kwazi? Ukuba ukwazi sisenzo sengqondo, luhlobo luni lwesenzo 'ukwazi' ukuba ibhombu yasemkhosini ayibulali? Senza ntoni (kwaye sizenza kuthi) xa ‘sizazi’ ezi zinto? Ngaba oku 'ukwazi' asiyondlela 'yokungazi'? Ngaba asiko 'ukwazi' okufuna ukulibala? ‘Ukwazi’ ukuba, endaweni yokusinxulumanisa nobunyaniso behlabathi, kwenza inxalenye yaloo nyaniso ingabonakali?”

I-Lummis ikhokelela umfundi ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba abuze ingcamango yemfazwe esemthethweni, kunye nombono worhulumente osemthethweni njengoko siqonda ngoku oorhulumente. Ukuba, njengoko uLummis exoxa, oorhulumente bathetheleleka ngokuthintelwa kobundlobongela, kodwa ababulali abaphezulu ngoorhulumente - kungekuphela nje kwiimfazwe zangaphandle kodwa kwiimfazwe zamakhaya kunye nokucinezelwa kwemvukelo - ke yintoni eseleyo kwisigqibo?

U-Lummis uqala ngokucebisa ukuba akayiqondi into evumela abantu ukuba babone ubundlobongela njengento eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ukanti ubonisa ekuhambeni kwencwadi ukuba uyiqonda kakuhle kwaye uzama ukushukumisela abanye ukuba benze okufanayo, ukulandela imizekelo emininzi kunye neengxoxo, efikelela incopho ekuqondeni indlela Satyagraha okanye isenzo esingenabundlobongela siguqula ukubulala kubuyele ekubulaleni ngokwala ukwenza ngokwemiqathango yayo (kunye nendlela ecebisa ngayo imfuno yomanyano lweelali ezizimeleyo).

Andiqondi ukuba ukujonga into eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kwinto enokuthi iboniswe kuqwalaselo oluqhelekileyo yinto enqabileyo kwaphela.

Imuvi ngoku kwiithiyetha zase-US ebizwa Indoda ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Otto - kunye nencwadi yangaphambili kunye nefilimu Indoda Ebizwe Nguye — [ISPOILER ALERT] ibalisa ngendoda eyafelwa ngumfazi wayo. Uzama ukuzibulala ngokuphindaphindiweyo koko akuchaza njengomzamo wokuthelela umfazi wakhe. Usizi kunye nentlekele yaloo nkcazo iphakamisa inkxalabo yabanye ukuthintela intlekele ka-Otto/Ove ukuzibulala. Ngamanye amazwi, abanye okanye bonke abalinganiswa kwifilimu, kubandakanywa ne-protagonist, bazi kakuhle ukuba ukufa kukufa (kungenjalo bonke baya kukhuthaza kwaye babhiyozele ukuhlangana kwakhona okuvuyisayo kwesibini esonwabileyo kwilizwe elinomlingo). Kodwa ubuncinane omnye kubo uyakwazi “ukukholelwa” ukusa kumlinganiselo othile ukuba ukufa akubuphelisi ubomi.

Xa sinyamezela, okanye sivuma, okanye sivuyela ukubulala emfazweni, okanye ngamapolisa, okanye ezintolongweni, sidlulela ngaphaya komgama we-carnivorous diner engafuni kwazi amagama emfuyo ekwipleyiti yakhe. Imfazwe ayiqondwa nje njengobubi obuyimfuneko ngelishwa, obufanele ukuphetshwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, yaphela ngokukhawuleza, kodwa nangona kunjalo yenziwa njengenkonzo ngabo bazimiseleyo nabanako xa kufuneka. Kunoko, siyazi, njengoko uLummis ebhala, ukubulala emfazweni ukuba kungabi kubulala, kungabi yinto eyoyikisayo, ingabi negazi, ihlazo, ilusizi, okanye ibuhlungu. Kufuneka “siyazi” le nto okanye besingayi kuhlala sizole siyenze into engapheliyo emagameni ethu.

Njengoko sibukele abantu baseParis, eFransi, bevala i-capital yabo ngenxa yezikhalazo ezincinci kakhulu kunezo zoluntu lwase-US kurhulumente wabo, kuyacaca ukuba yonke intetho kwi-US izangqa malunga nemfazwe - intetho yokukhetha phakathi Ukulwa imfazwe kunye nokulala nje kunye nokuzithoba - kuvela kwimithombo emithathu: ipropaganda yemfazwe engapheliyo, ingqongqo. ukukhanyela izibakala yamandla esenzo esingenabundlobongela, kunye nomkhwa owomeleleyo wokulala nje emva kwaye ungenise. Sidinga ukuqondwa ngokunyanisekileyo kwamandla esenzo esingenabugorha njenge-substitute yemfazwe kunye nokungabi namdla.

Ngelixa ndinee-quibbles ezininzi ezinamanqaku amancinci kule ncwadi, kunzima ukuphikisana nencwadi ebonakala inenjongo yokwenza abantu bacinge ngokwabo. Kodwa ndinqwenela ukuba iincwadi ezininzi ezithatha ingcamango yemfazwe, le ifakiwe, iya kuthatha iziko ngokwalo. Kuya kuhlala kukho iimeko apho ukungabikho kobundlobongela kusilela. Kuya kubakho ngakumbi apho ugonyamelo lusilela khona. Kuya kubakho iimeko apho ukungabikho kobundlobongela kusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezimbi. Kuya kubakho ngakumbi apho ugonyamelo lusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezimbi. Ezi zibakala ziya kunika abaxhasi bemfazwe kungabikho tyala lokuphelisa amasebe karhulumente ochasayo ngaphandle kwezixhobo, ukuba ezo zinto bezikhona, kwaye zinika iingxoxo ezincinci zokuphelisa imikhosi. Kodwa le ngcamango ilandelayo iyakwenza:

Imikhosi ivelisa iimfazwe, inkunkuma enokuthi isindise kwaye iphucule ubomi obuninzi kunabo balahlekileyo kwiimfazwe, ukudala umngcipheko we-apocalypse yenyukliya, ngumtshabalalisi omkhulu wendalo yomhlaba, ukusasaza inzondo kunye nobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga kunye nokuchas' umthetho kunye nobundlobongela obuncinci. , kwaye zenze umqobo ophezulu kwintsebenziswano yehlabathi jikelele kwiingxaki ezingezizo ozikhethelayo.

Ndikwadinwe kancinane libango elidala elidiniweyo lokuba i-Kellogg Briand Pact ngumntwana weposta ngokusilela, kwaye hayi ikakhulu ngenxa kaScott Shapiro kunye no-Oona Hathaway's. imibono malunga nendlela eyaguqula ngayo ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuba inyathelo ngalinye lokuphelisa imfazwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku liye lasilela, phantse yonke imithetho ezincwadini iphulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba i-Kellogg Briand Pact kwaye icingelwa njengempumelelo enkulu, kwaye ngelixa ibeka ityala ngokufanelekileyo. Imfazwe ayizukwenzeka ngaphandle komzabalazo omkhulu ongenabundlobongela, imfazwe ayiyi kuphela ngaphandle kokuyivala ngokufanelekileyo.

UKUBHALA KWEMPAHLA YOKUBHALA:

Imfazwe sisihogo: Izifundo kwiLungelo loBundlobongela obusemthethweni, nguC. Douglas Lummis, ngo-2023.
Obona bubi bukhulu yimfazwe, nguChris Hedges, ngo-2022.
Ukuphelisa uBundlobongela basebuRhulumenteni: Ihlabathi eliNgaphaya kweebhombu, imida, kunye neeCages nguRay Acheson, ngo-2022.
Ngokuchasene neMfazwe: Ukwakha iNkcubeko yoXolo nguPopu Francis, 2022.
Ukuziphatha, uKhuseleko, kunye noMtshini weMfazwe: Iindleko eziyiNyaniso zoMkhosi nguNed Dobos, 2020.
Ukuqonda iMveliso yeMfazwe nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Akukho Mfazwe nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
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Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwemfazwe nguWinslow Myers, 2009.
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