Kwakhona, uBarack Obama, eyona nkokeli yomkhosi inamandla ehlabathini, uye wasasaza ibango eliphosakeleyo malunga nemvelaphi yemfazwe.
NguJohn Horgan, iScientific American
Kwakhona, uBarack Obama, eyona nkokeli yomkhosi inamandla ehlabathini, uye wasasaza ibango eliphosakeleyo ngemvelaphi yemfazwe.
Ethetha eHiroshima nge-27 kaMeyi, uMongameli uthi: “Izinto zakudala zisixelela ukuba ungquzulwano olunogonyamelo lwavela kumntu wokuqala.” Wongezelela ngelithi, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II “yakhula kwisiseko esifanayo lokuyeka kulawulo okanye ukoyisa okuye kwabangela ungquzulwano phakathi kwezizwe ezilula.” [Akekeliswe sithi.] Nini ukwamkela ibhaso leNobel Peace Prize ngo-2009, uMongameli wenza amabango afanayo. Wathi: “Kwabonakala imfazwe ngandlel’ ithile nomntu wokuqala.”
U-Obama uye wamkela umbono odumileyo wokuba imfazwe-hayi nje ugonyamelo, okanye ugonyamelo phakathi kwabantu, kodwa luyabulala iqela Impixano-yendele nzulu kwindaleko nakwindalo yethu. Le ithisisi iye yasasazwa zizazinzulu ezibalaseleyo njengoko Jared Idayimani, URichard Wrangham, u-Edward Wilson kwaye, ngokugqithiseleyo, isazi sengqondo uSteven Pinker.
Njengobungqina, i-deep-rooters ikhankanya ubundlobongela beqela leetshimpanzi, abazala bethu, kunye "nabamandulo" abantu bezizwe ezifana neYanomamo, abazingeli abahlala kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazonia.
"I-Chimpicide," u-Pinker ubhala kwi-2002 yakhe ethengisa kakhulu Isileyiti esingenanto’ Kumsebenzi wakhe ka-2011 Iingelosi ezingcono zeNdalo yethu, uPinker uthi “ukuhlasela okungapheliyo kunye neengxabano zibonakalisa ubomi kwimekobume yendalo.”
In iingelosi, Pinker uthi impucuko, ngakumbi njengoko iqulethwe ngamazwe asentshona, emva kokuKhanya, isinceda ukuba sinqobe indalo yethu ekhohlakeleyo. Lo mbono wehlabathi weHobbesian ukhokelela uPinker ukuba agqithise ubundlobongela bangaphambi kwembali, abantu bezizwe kunye nokuthoba ubundlobongela bamazwe anamhlanje, ngakumbi i-US.
Ubuninzi bobungqina bubonisa ukuba imfazwe, kunokuba ibe yeyamandulo, yayiyinkqubo entsha yenkcubeko—“imveliso” njengoko isazi ngendalo uMargaret Mead esitsho-eyavela kutshanje kwimbali yethu yangaphambili, ukuya ekupheleni kwexesha lePaleolithic.
Eyona nto indala ecacileyo yobundlobongela beqela lingcwaba elikhulu kwingingqi ye-Jebel Sahaba yaseSudan. Ingcwaba linamathambo angama-59, angama-24 kuwo aneempawu zobundlobongela, ezifana neendawo eziziintloko zeprojekti. Amathambo aqikelelwa ukuba aneminyaka engama-13,000 ubudala.
Ezinye iimpawu zobundlobongela ikhona ububele obuqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-10,000 bunqabile. kwi 2013, i-anthropologists uJonathan Haas kunye noMateyu Piscitelli baqhutyelwa Uphononongo lwe-hominid luhlala ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10,000 ubudala, kuquka ngaphezu kwe-2,900 yamathambo avela kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwama-400 ezahlukeneyo. IHaas kunye nePiscitelli zifunyenwe kuphela Ne amathambo aneempawu zobundlobongela
Ukubala i-Jebel Sahaba, efika kwinqanaba lokufa ngobundlobongela obungaphantsi kwepesenti enye. Pinker, kwi Iingelosi ezingcono, uqikelela izinga lokufa ngobundlobongela phakathi kwabantu bexesha langaphambili kwi 15 ekhulwini, eliphakame kakhulu kunezinga lobundlobongela behlabathi kwanasebudeni begazi lama-20th ngenkulungwane.
Uqikelelo lukaPinker luyaphikiswa uphononongo lwakutshanje olwenziwe eJapan. Abaphengululi abathandathu ababekhokelwa nguHisashi Nakao bahlola amathambo abazingeli abangabaqokeleli abangama-2,582 ababephila kwiminyaka engama-12,000 2,800 ukusa kwengama-23 XNUMX eyadlulayo, ebudeni bexesha elibizwa ngokuba yiJomon Period yaseJapan. Abaphandi bafumene i-bashed-in skulls kunye namanye amanqaku ahambelana nokufa okunobundlobongela kwi-XNUMX skeletons, izinga lokufa elingaphantsi kwepesenti enye.
Kwanolu qikelelo lunokuba phezulu, abaphandi bayaqaphela, kuba ezinye iingozi zinokuba zibangelwa zizilwanyana ezinkulu okanye iingozi. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iqela alifumananga zimpawu zobundlobongela kumathambo ukusuka kwixesha elibizwa ngokuba yi-Initial Jomon Period, eyahlala kwi-12,000 ukuya kwi-7,000 kwiminyaka edlulileyo.
"Sixoxa ukuba imfazwe yayingaxhaphakanga phakathi kwabazingeli-abaqokeleli bexesha likaJomon," UNakao kunye noogxa bakhe batsho. Bongezelela ngelithi, uhlolisiso lwabo luyaphikisana nebango “lokuba imfazwe iyinxalenye yendalo yomntu.”
Kwanasemva kokuba abantu bezishiyile iindlela zabo zokufuduka eJapan nakwezinye iindawo, imfazwe yavela ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye manqaphanqapha, ngokutsho kwesazi ngendalo uBrian Ferguson. Abazingeli-abaqokeleli baqala ukuhlala eSouthern Levant kwiminyaka eyi-15,000 eyadlulayo, kwaye abantu banda emva kokuvela kwezolimo kwiminyaka eyi-11,000 eyadlulayo.
Kodwa akukho bungqina bubalulekileyo bemfazwe kwiLevant eseMazantsi kude kube malunga neminyaka eyi-5,500 eyadlulayo, amanqaku kaFerguson. Lo mzekelo, kwakhona,liyaphikisana nebango lokuba imfazwe yayigqugqisile phakathi kwabantu bokuqala.
Kunjalo nophononongo lwemibutho elula yabazingeli ethe gqolo ukuya kwixesha langoku. Iziganeko ezinokuchazwa njengobundlobongela beqela (“neqela” elichazwa njengabantu ababini okanye ngaphezulu) zenzeke kuphela kwiindawo ezintandathu kuma-21, ngokutsho kwee-anthropologists uDouglas Fry noPatrik Soderberg. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo “ziyaphikisana neengcinga zamvanje zokuba [abazingeli abaqokeleli] bahlala bebandakanyeka kumlo omanyeneyo ngokuchasene namanye amaqela.”
UPinker ugxininisa-kutsha nje kwi uqhushululu kum kunye nabanye abagxeki bethiyori yeengcambu ezinzulu-kuba nje imfazwe izalwa ayithethi ukuba ayinakuphepheka. Kwintetho yakhe ka-Hiroshima, u-Obama naye ubonakala, ngokuphandle, ekwala ukumiselwa kofuzo. Uthi: “Asinyanzelekanga ukuba siphinde iimpazamo zexesha elidluleyo. “Sinokufunda. Singakhetha.”
Kodwa funda intetho ka-Obama ngononophelo. Akanalo ithemba lokupheliswa kwemfazwe kodwa lezixhobo zenyukliya kuphela, kwaye mhlawumbi hayi “kubomi bam bonke.” Akalichazi icebo lakhe ukuhlaziya izixhobo zenyukliya zase-US.
Ngaphandle kwayo yonke intetho yakhe ekhuthazayo, u-Obama ngokusisiseko uyiphinda into ayithethileyo ngo-2009: “Kufuneka siqale ngokuvuma inyani enzima: Asiyi kuluphelisa ungquzulwano olunobundlobongela kubomi bethu. Kuya kubakho amaxesha apho izizwe-ezisebenza ngabanye okanye kwikonsathi-ziya kufumana ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kungekuphela nje imfuneko kodwa kufanelekile ngokuziphatha. "
Yiyo loo nto ithiyori ye-deep-roots ingenangqondo. Ayipheleli nje ekusweleni inkxaso ngokwasemoyeni. Kwakhona kwenza abantu bangabi nathemba ngoxolo. Ukususela ngo-2003, ndibuze amawaka abantu ukuba imfazwe iya kuze iphele na, kwaye phantse wonke umntu uthi hayi. Abantu abakholelwa kwi-pessimists bahlala bekhusela imbono yabo ngolunye uhlobo lwebango leengcambu ezinzulu.
Qwalasela ezi zicatshulwa zamagosa omkhosi akwizikhundla eziphezulu zase-US. Owayesakuba nguNobhala wezoKhuselo uDonald Rumsfeld uthi kwi-2013 Errol Morris documentary Ongaziwayo: “Isimo sobuntu siyile nto siyiyo, ndiyoyika ukuba kuza kufuneka siqhubeke sicela abafana nabasetyhini ukuba beze kukhonza ilizwe lethu.”
I-Marine General James Mattis, owayesakuba yintloko ye-US Central Command, uthe kwintlanganiso Ndaya ngo-2010: “Indalo yomntu ayikatshintshi, ngelishwa. Kwaye ayizukutshintsha nanini na kungekudala, andicingi. Ke kuya kufuneka silungele ukulwa, kulo lonke uluhlu lwemisebenzi yasemkhosini, nantoni na utshaba olukhetha ukuyenza. ”
Ku kutshanje udliwano-ndlebe noJeffrey Goldberg ku the Atlantic, U-Obama ubonisa ubukrelekrele, ukucinga kunye nokundiliseka okwakhokelela mna kunye nabanye abavoti abaninzi ukuba sibe nethemba elikhulu kumongameli wakhe. Kodwa ukwabonisa umkhwa okhathazayo, njengoPinker, ukugxeka imfazwe "kubuhlanga" kunye nokungayinaki indima yomkhosi wase-US.
U-Obama usenokuba yinkokeli enkulu yoxolo. Njengenyathelo lokuqala, kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ezinye iindlela kwithiyori yeengcambu zemfazwe. UsenokuphumaImbali Yemfazwe nguJohn Keegan, ngokungathandabuzekiyo oyena mbhali-mbali ubalaseleyo wale mihla wemfazwe. UKeegan uthi eyona nto ibangela imfazwe “ayisiyonto yomntu” okanye ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo kodwa “iziko lemfazwe ngokwayo. "
Kanye owamanduleli wakhe uJimmy Carter, U-Obama unokucamngca ukuba kungenzeka ukuba umkhosi wase-US wenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokulunga. Unokude acebise iindlela i-US enokuguqula ngayo lo mkhwa, mhlawumbi ngokunciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi, iyeke ukubulawa kwabantu ngeedrone kunye nokumisa uphando kunye nokuthengiswa kwezixhobo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, njengoJohn F. Kennedy, U-Obama kufuneka abhengeze ukuba uxolo lunokwenzeka-kungekhona kwikamva elikude kodwa kungekudala. Inyathelo lokuqala lokuphelisa imfazwe kukukholelwa ukuba singayenza.
