NguEd O'Rourke
| IMfazwe Yombango yafika kwaye yahamba. Isizathu sayo sokulwa, andizange ndisifumane.
Kwingoma ethi, “UThixo Ngasecaleni Lethu.” Imfazwe… yayiyimeko engeyomfuneko yemicimbi, kwaye ngeyayiphetshwa ukuba unyamezelo nobulumko benziwe macala omabini. URobert E. Lee Abathanda ilizwe basoloko bethetha ngokufela ilizwe labo, kwaye bangaze babulalele ilizwe labo. UBertrand Russell |
IUnited States yakhetha ukulwa iimfazwe ezininzi. Kwakukho uluvo oludumileyo lweMfazwe yeNguquko (1775-1783). I-US kwafuneka ilwe ne-Axis Powers okanye ibone ukuba inqobe iYurophu ne-Asia. Ezinye iimfazwe zazikhethwa ngokuzikhethela: ngo-1812 neGreat Britain, ngo-1848 neMexico, ngo-1898 neSpain, ngo-1917 neJamani, ngo-1965 neVietnam, ngo-1991 ne-Iraq nango-2003 ne-Iraq kwakhona.
IMfazwe Yamakhaya yase-US yayiyeyona nto yayinzima ukuyiphepha. Kwakukho imiba emininzi enqamlezileyo: abaphambukeli, imirhumo, okuphambili kwimisele, iindlela kunye noololiwe. Umba ophambili, kambe ke, yayibukhoboka. Njengokuqhomfa namhlanje, kwakungekho ndawo yokulalanisa. Kweminye imiba emininzi, iCongressmen inokwahlula umahluko kwaye ivale isivumelwano. Hayi apha.
Eyona mpazamo inkulu kwiNgqungquthela yoMgaqo-siseko (1787) yayikungathatheli ngqalelo into yokuba urhulumente okanye amazwe akwiqela angayishiya iManyano xa sele ejoyine. Kwezinye iindawo ebomini kukho iindlela ezisemthethweni zokwahlukana, njengakubantu abatshatileyo abanokwahlukana okanye baqhawule umtshato. Elo lungiselelo laliza kuthintela ukuphalazwa kwegazi nentshabalalo. UMgaqo-siseko wathi cwaka ekuhambeni. Mhlawumbi abazange bacinge ukuba kuya kwenzeka.
Ekubeni iUnited States yaqala njengekhefu kude ne-Great Britain, abantu baseMzantsi Afrika babenethiyori esemthethweni yokushiya iManyano.
James M. McPherson's Idabi lokukhala leNkululeko: Ixesha leMfazwe yamakhaya ichaza iimvakalelo ezinzulu kumacala omabini. Uqoqosho lwekotoni kunye nobukhoboka bubonakaliswe kwisifo saseDutch, esigxininisa uqoqosho lwelizwe okanye lwengingqi malunga nemveliso enye. Umqhaphu wawusemazantsi yintoni i-petroleum e-Saudi Arabia namhlanje, amandla okuqhuba. Umqhaphu uthabathe eyona mali ikhoyo yotyalo-mali. Kwakulula ukungenisa iimpahla ezenziweyo ngaphandle kokuzenza ekuhlaleni. Ekubeni umsebenzi wokulima nokuvuna umqhaphu wawulula, kwakungekho mfuneko yenkqubo yesikolo sikarhulumente.
Njengesiqhelo ngokuxhaphaza, abaxhaphazi bacinga ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba benzela abacinezelweyo ububele obungaqondwa ngabantu abangaphandle kwenkcubeko yabo. Ilungu lebhunga laseSouth Carolina uJames Hammond wanika intetho yakhe edumileyo ethi “Umqhaphu uyinkosi,’ intetho ngoMatshi 4, 1858. Bona ezi zicatshulwa kwiphepha 196 kwincwadi kaMcPherson:
“Kuzo zonke iinkqubo zentlalo kufuneka kubekho udidi lokwenza imisebenzi ephantsi, ukwenza ubomi obukruqulayo. impucuko, kunye nophuculo…Iqela lakho lonke labaqeshwayo labasebenzi bezandla kunye 'nabasebenzi' njengoko ubabiza ngokuba ngamakhoboka. Umahluko phakathi kwethu kukuba, amakhoboka ethu aqeshwe ubomi bonke kwaye abuyekezwe kakuhle ...
Ithiyori yam yeyokuba iMfazwe yombango kunye nokukhululwa akuzange kubancede abantu abantsundu njengemfazwe ethintelweyo. Ingcali yezoqoqosho engasekhoyo, uJohn Kenneth Galbraith wayecinga ukuba ngeye-1880s abanini bamakhoboka kwakuza kufuneka baqalise ukuhlawula amakhoboka abo ukuze ahlale emsebenzini. Iifektri ezisemantla zazikhula yaye zazifuna abasebenzi abaphantsi. Ubukhoboka buya kuba buthathaka ngenxa yesidingo somsebenzi wefektri. Kamva bekuya kubakho ukupheliswa okusemthethweni okusemthethweni.
Ukukhululwa yayilukhuthazo olukhulu ngokwasengqondweni olwalunokuqondwa ngabantu abamhlophe kuphela ababekwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Ngokwezoqoqosho, abantu abantsundu babekwimeko embi kakhulu kunangaphambi kweMfazwe yamakhaya kuba babehlala kwindawo eyayingamabhodlo, efana neyaseYurophu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Abamhlophe baseMzantsi ababandezeleke kakhulu emfazweni abazange banyamezele kunokuba babeya kuba njalo ukuba kwakungekho mfazwe.
Ukuba uMzantsi uphumelele imfazwe, inkundla yohlobo lwaseNuremberg ngeyayigwebe uMongameli uLincoln, ikhabhinethi yakhe, iinjengele zomdibaniso kunye ne-congressmen ukuvalelwa ubomi entolongweni okanye ukuxhonywa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Imfazwe yayiza kubizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe yoHlaselo lwaseMantla. Isicwangciso soManyano kwasekuqaleni yayikukuqhuba “iSicwangciso seAnaconda,’ sivala amazibuko aseMazantsi ukuqhwalela uqoqosho lwaseMazantsi. Nkqu neziyobisi namayeza adweliswe njengezinto ezingavumelekanga.
Ubuncinci kwinkulungwane ngaphambi kweNgqungquthela yokuQala yaseGeneva, bekukho ukuvumelana ekugcineni ubomi babantu kunye nepropathi zingenabungozi. Imeko yayikukuba bayeke ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe. Ingcaphephe yehlabathi ekuziphatheni okufanelekileyo kwemfazwe kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo yayiyigqwetha laseSwitzerland u-Emmerich de Vattel. Ingcinga engundoqo kwincwadi yakhe yayisithi, “Abantu, amahlwempu, abemi, abathabathi nxaxheba kuyo yaye ngokuqhelekileyo abanalo noloyiko kwikrele lotshaba.”
Ngo-1861, ingcaphephe yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe waseMelika wokuziphatha kwemfazwe yayiligqwetha laseSan Francisco, uHenry Halleck, owayesakuba ligosa laseWest Point kunye nomhlohli waseWest Point. Incwadi yakhe UMthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ibonise ukubhala kuka-de Vattel kwaye yayiyisicatshulwa eWest Point. NgoJulayi, ngo-1862, waba nguMphathi-Jikelele woMkhosi woManyano.
Ngomhla wama-24 ku-Aprili, i-1863, uMongameli uLincoln wakhupha i-General Order No. Lo myalelo wawusaziwa ngokuba yi “Lieber Code,” ethiywe ngegama lomphengululi wezomthetho waseJamani uFrancis Leiber, umcebisi kaOtto von Bismarck.
I-General Order No. 100 yayine-mayile ebanzi ikroba, ukuba abalawuli bomkhosi bangayihoyi iKhowudi yeLieber ukuba iimeko ziyavuma. Bangayihoyi loo nto bayenzayo. IKhowudi yeLieber yayiyinto epheleleyo. Ekubeni ndifunde kuphela ngeKhowudi ngo-Oktobha, i-2011, emva kokukhula eHouston, ukufunda iincwadi ezininzi ngeMfazwe yoLuntu, ukufundisa imbali yaseMelika kwiSikolo saseColumbus kunye nokubona i-documentary eyaziwayo kaKen Burns, ndinokugqiba kuphela ukuba akukho mntu waqaphelayo. iKhowudi nokuba.
Ekubeni phantse onke amadabi ayesiliwa eMzantsi, abantu abantsundu nabamhlophe babejamelene nemeko yezoqoqosho ehlwempuzekileyo. Okona kwakubi ngakumbi yayikukutshatyalaliswa ngabom koMkhosi woManyano loMkhosi owawungenanjongo yasemkhosini. Ukumatsha kukaSherman eGeorgia kwakuyimfuneko kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe womhlaba otshisiweyo wawungowokuphindezela kuphela. Ngokufanayo namagqabaza kaAdmiral Halsey okubulala abantu baseJapan ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini, ngowe-1864 uSherman wavakalisa “kubantu abadelelayo nabazingisileyo abazahlulayo, kaloku, ukufa kuyinceba.” Elinye igorha lemfazwe elibhiyozelwayo uNjengele uPhilip Sheridan enyanisweni wayesisaphuli-mthetho semfazwe. Ekwindla ngo-1864, amajoni akhe angama-35,000 ahamba ngeenyawo atshisa iNtlambo yaseShenandoah yada yadilika. Kwileta eya kuNjengele Grant, wayichaza kwiintsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala zomsebenzi wakhe, imikhosi yakhe “itshabalalise izisele ezingaphezu kwama-2200…ngaphezu kwezixhobo zokusila ezingama-70…iqhube phambi kotshaba iinkomo ezingama-4000, kwaye yabulala … hayi ngaphantsi kwama-3000 izimvu… ngomso ndiya kuqhubeka nentshabalalo.”
Inyathelo elikhulu lokuphelisa ubundlobongela phakathi kwezizwe kukwazisa izaphuli-mthetho zemfazwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho olumanyumnyezi endaweni yokubanika imbeko ngezinyithi nokuthiya izikolo, iipaki nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ngamagama. Iintloni kwabo babhala iincwadi zethu zembali. Zibeke kwiintlawulo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe njengezincedisi emva kwenyani.
Kuko konke ukulungelelana okukhulu, i-1820, 1833 kunye ne-1850, akuzange kubekho ingqwalasela enzulu malunga nokuba yeyiphi imimiselo yokwahlukana eya kwamkeleka. Isizwe sabelana ngolwimi olufanayo, isakhiwo somthetho, inkolo yobuProtestanti kunye nembali. Ngaxeshanye, uMntla noMzantsi babehamba ngeendlela zabo ezahlukeneyo, ngokwenkcubeko, kwezoqoqosho nakwiicawe. Ekuqaleni kowe-1861, iCawa yaseRhabe yahlukana yaziicawa ezimbini, enye ingasentla yaye enye isemazantsi. Ezinye iicawa ezintathu ezinkulu zamaProtestanti zazizahlule ngaphambi koko. Ubukhoboka yayiyindlovu kwelo gumbi eyayixinene yonke enye into.
Into endingazange ndiyibone kwiincwadi zembali yayikukuqwalaselwa nzulu okanye ukukhankanya ingcamango yokuba ikhomishini, abantu baseMntla, abaMazantsi, abezoqoqosho, izazi ngezentlalo, kunye nabezopolitiko ukuba benze iingcebiso malunga nemiqathango yokwahlukana. Emva kokwahlula, amazwe oManyano ayeza kuyibhangisa imithetho yekhoboka elibalekayo. Abantu basemazantsi bebeya kufuna ukongeza enye indawo kumazwe asentshona, eMexico, eCuba nakwiCaribbean. Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US uya kunqumla ukuthengiswa kwamakhoboka e-Afrika. Ndicinga ukuba bekuya kubakho ukungqubana kwegazi kodwa akukho nto efana neMfazwe yamakhaya engama-600,000 efile.
Kwakuza kufuneka kubekho izivumelwano zorhwebo nezohambo. Kuya kufuneka kubekho icandelo ekuvunyelwene ngalo letyala likarhulumente lase-US. Imeko enye apho ukwahlukana kwakunegazi njengoko i-US yayiyiPakistan kunye ne-Indiya xa iBritane yayihamba. AmaBritane ayenobuchule bokuxhaphaza kodwa enze okuncinci ukulungiselela inguqu enoxolo. Namhlanje kukho izibuko elinye kuphela lokungena kumda we-1,500 yeemayile. Abantu basemantla nabasemaZantsi babenokwenza umsebenzi ongcono.
Kakade ke, ekubeni iimvakalelo zazivutha, ikhomishini yoqikelelo isenokuba ayizange iphumelele. Ilizwe lalahlulelene ngokunzulu. Ngonyulo luka-Abraham Lincoln ngo-1860, kwakusele kusemva kwexesha kakhulu ukuthethana nantoni na. Ikhomishini yayiza kusekwa iminyaka eliqela ngaphambi kowe-1860.
Xa ilizwe lalifuna ubunkokeli obuvela koomongameli abanengqiqo ngeminyaka yowe-1853-1861, sasingenabo. Ababhali-mbali babala uFranklin Pierce noJames Buchanan njengobona mongameli babi. UFranklin Pierce wayelinxila elidandathekileyo. Omnye umgxeki wathi uJames Buchanan wayengenayo ingcamango enye ngexesha leminyaka yakhe emininzi kwinkonzo yoluntu.
Imvakalelo yam kukuba, nokuba i-US ingahlukana ibe ngamacandelo amaninzi, ukuba inkqubela phambili yezoshishino kunye nokuchuma kuya kuqhubeka. Ukuba i-Confederates yayiza kuyishiya i-Fort Sumter yodwa, bekuya kubakho ukulwa kodwa akukho mfazwe inkulu. Umdla wemfazwe ngewuphelile. IFort Sumter yayinokuba yindawo encinci njengoko iGibraltar yayiye yaba yiSpain kunye neGreat Britain. Isiganeko saseFort Sumter sasifana nokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour, intlantsi kwipowder keg.
Imithombo engundoqo:
DiLorenzo, uThomas J. “Ukujolisa kuBantu” http://www.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo8.html
McPherson James M. Idabi leNkululeko: Ixesha leMfazwe yamakhaya, Ballantine Books, 1989, 905 amaphepha.
U-Ed O'Rourke ungumgcini-mali oqeshwe ngumhlala-phantsi ehlala eMedellin, eColombia. Okwamanje ubhala incwadi, UXolo lweHlabathi, iSicwangciso soMsebenzi: Unokufika apho usuka Apha.
eurourke@pdq.net
