NguDavid Swanson
Incwadi entsha egqwesileyo kaChris Woods ibizwa ngokuba Ubulungisa ngesiquphe: Iimfazwe zeMfihlo zeDrone zaseMelika. Isihloko sivela kwibango elathi ngoko uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wenza iimfazwe zedrone. Eneneni le ncwadi ibalisa ngokungabikho kokusesikweni ngokuthe ngcembe. Indlela esuka kurhulumente wase-US owagweba njengolwaphulo-mthetho uhlobo lokubulala olusetyenziselwa umntu ophethe ukubulala okusemthethweni ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nesiqhelo kuye kwaba yinkqubo ethe ngcembe kwaye engaphezulu kwezomthetho.
Ukubulawa kweDrone kwaqala ngo-Okthobha ka-2001 kwaye, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokwaneleyo, isiteleka sokuqala sabulala abantu abangalunganga. Umdlalo wetyala wawubandakanya umzabalazo wolawulo phakathi koMkhosi woMoya, iCENTCOM, kunye neCIA. Ubudenge bomzabalazo bunokuvezwa ngokuguqula intetho ethi “Khawufane uyixhama” kumboniso bhanyabhanya. UCousin Vinny: Khawufane ucinge ukuba ungumIraq. Uhamba ecaleni kwakho, uyanxanwa, uyema ukuze usele amanzi apholileyo acwengileyo… BAM! Umjukujelwa we-fuckin uyakukrazula. Ubuchopho bakho bujinga emthini ngamaqhekeza amancinci anegazi! Ngoku ndiyabuza. Ungade uncame yeyiphi i-arhente unyana wenjakazi ekudubuleyo ebesebenza kuyo?
Ukanti ingqwalasela enkulu ingenile ekubeni yeyiphi i-arhente eyenza ntoni kuneyona ndlela ingcono yokwenza ngathi yonke into isemthethweni. Iinkokeli zeqela leCIA zaqala ukufumana ii-odolo zokubulala kunokubamba, kwaye benza njalo. Njengoko kunjalo, uMkhosi woMoya kunye noMkhosi. Le yayiyinoveli xa kuthethwa ngokubulawa kwabantu abathile, abathiywe ngamagama ngokuchasene nenani elikhulu leentshaba ezingachazwanga. NgokukaPaul Pillar, usekela-mphathi weCIA's Counter Terrorism Centre ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, "Kwakukho ingcamango yokuba i-White House yayingafuni ukubeka ngokucacileyo ephepheni nantoni na enokubonwa njengesigunyaziso sokubulala, kodwa endaweni yoko yakhetha ngaphezulu. ukuqhwanyaza iliso ekubulaleni uBin Laden.”
Kwiinyanga zokuqala zikaBush-Cheney, uMkhosi woMoya kunye ne-CIA nganye yayitsala nzima ukunyanzelisa inkqubo yokubulawa kwedrone kwelinye. Akazange afune ukuphelela kwimfumba yenkathazo ngenxa yento engekho mthethweni. Emva kwe-11 kaSeptemba, uBush uxelele iTenet ukuba iCIA inokuqhubeka kwaye ibulale abantu ngaphandle kokucela imvume yakhe ngalo lonke ixesha. Enye imodeli yale nkqubo yayiyinkqubo yokubulala ekujoliswe kuyo yakwaSirayeli, leyo urhulumente wase-US wayigxeka njengengekho mthethweni de kwangowe-9-11-2001. Owayesakuba nguSenator wase-US uGeorge Mitchell wayengumbhali okhokelayo wengxelo ka-Aprili ka-2001 karhulumente wase-US owathi u-Israyeli makayeke kwaye ayeke, kwaye wayigxeka ukusebenza kwayo njengokusilela ukwahlula uqhanqalazo nobunqolobi.
Urhulumente waseUnited States wasuka njani apho waya “kwiSebe Lokhuseleko Lwelizwe” eliqeqesha amapolisa asekuhlaleni ukuba abagqale abaqhankqalazi njengabanqolobi? Impendulo yile: ngokuthe ngcembe nangokusisiseko ngotshintsho kwisimo sokuziphatha nangokwenkcubeko kunomthetho okanye ngesigwebo senkundla. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2002, iSebe lase-US lalibuzwa kwinkomfa yabezindaba malunga nokuba kutheni ligweba ukubulawa kwabantu bakwa-Israeli kodwa hayi ukubulawa okufanayo kwe-US. Kutheni kukho imilinganiselo emibini? Isebe likarhulumente alizange libenampendulo, kwaye lasuka layeka ukugxeka uSirayeli. Urhulumente wase-US wathula iminyaka, nangona kunjalo, malunga nento yokuba abanye abantu ababebabulala yayingabemi base-US. Isiseko sasingekalungiswa ngokwaneleyo ukuze uluntu luginye oko.
Ezinye iikota ezintathu zogwayimbo lwe-drone yase-US bekucingelwa ukuba ziindawo zokulwa. Njengesixhobo esinye phakathi kwabaninzi kwimfazwe ekhoyo, iidrones ezixhobileyo ziye zabonwa zisemthethweni ngamagqwetha kunye namaqela amalungelo oluntu kuwo wonke umyinge wepesenti encinci yoluntu oorhulumente babo babandakanyeka ekubulaweni kwe-drone - kunye "neZizwe eziManyeneyo" ezikhonza abo. oorhulumente. Yintoni eyenza ukuba iimfazwe zibe semthethweni azizange zichazwe, kodwa oku kuphambana kwesandla yayilunyawo emnyango ukuze kwamkelwe ukubulawa kwabantu ngedrone. Kwaba kuphela xa iidrones zabulala abantu kwamanye amazwe apho kwakungekho mfazwe iqhubekayo, apho nawaphi na amagqwetha-kuquka amanye angama-750 asandula ukusayina isikhalazo sokuxhasa ukuvumela uHarold Koh (owathethelela ukubulawa kwe-drone kwiSebe likaRhulumente) ukufundisa oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumthetho wamalungelo oluntu kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York - wabona nayiphi na imfuneko yokudibanisa izizathu. I-UN ayizange igunyazise iimfazwe zase-Afghanistan okanye e-Iraq okanye e-Libya, ingekuko ukuba ingayenza loo nto phantsi kwe-Kellogg Briand Pact, ukanti iimfazwe ezingekho mthethweni zathathwa njengokusemthethweni ukubulawa kwabantu ngeedrone. Ukusuka apho, ubuchwephesha obuncinci benkululeko bunokuthi "bube semthethweni" bonke abanye.
IBhunga leZizwe eziManyeneyo lamaLungelo oLuntu u-Asma Jahangir wachaza ukubulawa kwe-drone engeyiyo imfazwe njengokubulala ekupheleni kwe-2002. Umphandi we-UN (kunye neqabane lomthetho lomfazi kaTony Blair) uBen Emmerson waphawula ukuba kwimbono yase-US, imfazwe ngoku inokuhamba emhlabeni jikelele. naphi na apho abantu ababi baye bahamba khona, ngaloo ndlela benza ukubulala nge-drone naphi na ngokungekho mthethweni njengezinye iimfazwe, okusemthethweni ekungekho mntu wanikela ngako. Enyanisweni, imbono ye-CIA, njengoko ichazwe kwiNkongolo nguMcebisi Jikelele we-CIA uCaroline Krass kwi-2013, kukuba izivumelwano kunye nomthetho wesintu wamazwe ngamazwe unokuphulwa ngokuthanda, ngelixa kuphela umthetho wasekhaya wase-US kufuneka uthotyelwe. (Kwaye, ewe, imithetho yasekhaya yase-US echasene nokubulala e-United States inokufana nemithetho yasekhaya yasePakistan okanye yaseYemeni ngokuchasene nokubulala ePakistan okanye eYemen, kodwa ukufana ayisosazisi, kwaye yimithetho yase-US kuphela echaphazelekayo.)
Ukwamkelwa okukhulayo kokubulawa kwe-drone phakathi kwamagqwetha ama-impiriyali aseNtshona kukhokelele kuzo zonke iinzame eziqhelekileyo zokulungisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngeenxa zonke: ukulingana, ukujoliswa ngokucophelela, njl. U-Abu Musab al-Zarqawi wabulawa, kunye nabantu abohlukeneyo abamsulwa, xa uStanley McChrystal wathi "kufanelekile" ukuqhumisa indlu yonke ukuze kubulawe indoda enye. Ngaba kwakunjalo? Ngaba kwakungenjalo? Akukho mpendulo yokwenyani. Ukubhengeza ukubulala "ngokulinganayo" yintetho nje yokuba amagqwetha axelele abezopolitiko kunye neenjengele ukuba bafake izicelo zokuxhelwa kwabantu. Kugwayimbo olunye lwedrone ngo-2006, iCIA yabulala abantu abamsulwa abangama-80, uninzi lwabo ingabantwana. UBen Emmerson uvakalise ukungonwabi kancinci. Kodwa umbuzo othi "ukulingana" awuzange uphakanyiswe, kuba kwakungekho luncedo kwi-rhetoric kuloo meko. Ngexesha lokuhlala kwe-Iraq, abalawuli base-US banokucwangcisa imisebenzi apho balindele ukubulala abantu abamsulwa be-30, kodwa ukuba balindele ukuba i-31 ifune ukuba uDonald Rumsfeld asayine kuyo. Lolo luhlobo lomgangatho osemthethweni wokuba ukubulawa kwabantu ngedrone kungene kakuhle, ngakumbi nje ukuba nayiphi na “indoda endala yasemkhosini” yachazwa ngokutsha njengotshaba. I-CIA ide ibale abafazi abamsulwa kunye nabantwana njengeentshaba, ngokutsho ENew York Times.
Njengoko ukubulawa kwedrone kwanda ngokukhawuleza ngexesha leminyaka yaseBush-Cheney (kamva ukugqabhuka ngokupheleleyo ngexesha leminyaka ka-Obama) isikhundla kunye nefayile kukonwabele ukwabelana ngeevidiyo ngeenxa zonke. Abaphathi bazama ukuwuphelisa lo mkhwa. Emva koko baqala ukukhulula iividiyo ezikhethiweyo ngelixa begcina zonke ezinye zifihliwe ngokungqongqo.
Njengoko umkhuba wokubulala abantu ngeedrones kumazwe apho ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kwakungavunyelwanga ngandlel 'ithile ngebhanile "yemfazwe" yaba yinto yesiqhelo, amaqela amalungelo oluntu afana ne-Amnesty International aqala ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba i-United States yaphula umthetho. Kodwa ekuhambeni kweminyaka, olo lwimi lucacileyo lwaphela, lwathatyathelw’ indawo ngamathandabuzo nokungaqiniseki. Kule mihla, amaqela amalungelo oluntu abhala amatyala amaninzi okubulala abantu abamsulwa kwaye emva koko babhengeze ukuba akukho mthethweni ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni bayinxalenye yemfazwe okanye hayi, kunye nombuzo wokuba ukubulawa kwabantu kwilizwe elithile kuyinxalenye yemfazwe evuliweyo. njengento enokwenzeka, kwaye impendulo ixhomekeke ekuboneni kukarhulumente ukuphehlelela iidrones.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yaseBush-Cheney, imithetho yeCIA kwakucingelwa ukuba yatshintshwa ekuqaliseni ugwayimbo olubulalayo ngalo lonke ixesha babenethuba le-90% "lokuphumelela" nanini na babenethuba le-50%. Kwaye kwalinganiswa njani oku? Eneneni yapheliswa yinkqubo “yokutyikitya ugwayimbo” apho abantu babulawa kungaziwa nokuba bangoobani na. IBritani yona, yavula indlela yokubulala abemi bayo ngokubahlutha ubumi babo njengoko kuyimfuneko.
Konke oku kwaqhubeka emfihlakalweni esemthethweni, nto leyo ethetha ukuba yaziwa nguye nabani na okhathalayo ukwazi, kodwa kwakungafanelanga ukuba kuthethwe ngako. Elona lungu linexesha elide lekomiti yokongamela yaseJamani lavuma ukuba oorhulumente baseNtshona babexhomekeke ubukhulu becala kumajelo eendaba ukuze bafumanise oko kwenziwa ziintlola nemikhosi yabo.
Ukufika kweBhaso likaKapteni loXolo kwi-White House kuthathe ukubulawa kwedrone kwafikelela kwinqanaba elitsha, kwatshabalalisa amazwe afana neYemen, kunye nokujolisa abantu abamsulwa ngeendlela ezintsha, kubandakanya nokujolisa abahlanguli abasandula ukufika kwindawo enegazi logwayimbo lwangaphambili. Ukuvuthela umva ngokuchasene ne-US ethathiweyo, kunye nokubuyela umva ngokuchasene nabantu basekhaya ngamaqela abanga ukuba enze impindezelo yokubulawa kwabantu ngedrone yase-US. Umonakalo owenziwa ziidrones kwiindawo ezinjengeLibya ngexesha lokubhukuqwa kwe-2011 US-NATO awuzange ubonwe njengesizathu sokubuya umva, kodwa njengezizathu zokubulawa kwabantu ngakumbi. Isiphithiphithi esikhulayo eYemen, esixelwe kwangaphambili ngabakhi-mkhanyo abakhomba kwiziphumo ezichasene neziphumo zogwayimbo lwe-drones, kwathiwa yimpumelelo ngu-Obama. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ngoku babezibulala kwaye becinezeleka ngokuziphatha ngamanani amakhulu, kodwa kwakungekho kubuya ngamva. Uninzi lwe-90% kwiNtetho yeSizwe yaseYemen yafuna ukuba iidrones ezixhobileyo zibe lulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa iSebe leSizwe laseMelika lalifuna ukuba izizwe zehlabathi nazo zithenge iidrones.
Endaweni yokuphelisa okanye ukubuyisela umva inkqubo yokubulala i-drone, i-Obama White House yaqala ukuyikhusela esidlangalaleni kwaye yabhengeza indima kaMongameli ekugunyaziseni ukubulala. Okanye yayiyikhosi emva kokuba uHarold Koh kunye neqela lemigulukudu bafumanise ukuba bafuna ukwenza njani ngathi "basemthethweni" ukubulala. Nkqu noBen Emmerson uthi kubathathe ixesha elide kuba bebengekaqondi ukuba zeziphi izizathu zokusebenzisa. Ngaba amazwe amaninzi ngoku afumana iidrones ezixhobileyo aza kufuna nasiphi na isizathu?
