Sala kakuhle kwi-AUMF

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UJuni 17, 2021

Ngokuvota kweNdlu yase-US kunye neNdlu yeeNgwevu yase-US ethembisa ukuvota ngokurhoxisa i-AUMF (Ugunyaziso loSetyenziso loMkhosi) ukusukela ngo-2002 (ngokuyintloko luhlobo lwemvume-mbumbulu-mvume kaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ukuba azenzele isigqibo malunga nokuhlasela. kunye nokutshabalalisa i-Iraq ngokwaphula i-UN Charter kunye ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact, phakathi kweminye imithetho), singagqibela ngokuvalelisa kwisiqendu somthetho esihlazo. Kwaye ngaphandle kokutshintsha i-AUMF okwangoku endaweni yokuxhasa iimfazwe ezintsha. Konke oku kulungile, kodwa. . .

Le ayisiyiyo iCongress eqinisekisa igunya layo. Le yinkongolo ebambeleyo kuba umongameli wangoku uxelele.

Le ayisiyiyo iCongress etshitshisa i-AUMF ka-2001 egxekwe kabukhali ngokusetyenziswa kwayo njengesizathu sokulwa iimfazwe zolwaphulo-mthetho iminyaka engama-20. Lowo ushiywe ngokucacileyo endaweni.

Le ayisiyiyo iCongress ephelisa imfazwe enye, nkqu nemfazwe yaseYemen yokuba zombini izindlu zivotele ukuphela kabini xa benokubala i-veto yeTrump, hayi imfazwe e-Afghanistan, hayi imfazwe yase-Syria (okanye, njengo-Mongameli Biden ukuthandwa ukuyibiza, "Libya"). Le ayisiyiyo iCongress yokwala ukonyuka okungakumbi kwinkcitho kwezomkhosi. Oku ayikuthinteli kangako ukubulala idrone. Ngapha koko, akukho i-AUMF, nkqu ne-2001 AUMF, ibiphakathi kwezizathu ezibangelwe kwiimfazwe ezikhoyo kangangexesha elithile. UTrump akazange athembele kwii-AUMFs kwaye kunjalo nangeBiden.

Eli nyathelo "lokulwa nemfazwe" lifana nokusilela ukulungisa amapolisa okanye iintolongo okanye iirhafu okanye iindleko zekholeji okanye iimali mboleko zabafundi okanye umvuzo omncinci, emva koko ke wenze iJuneteenth iholide. Kukunxiba ifestile. Kodwa iyaqaqambisa umngcipheko othile, wokuba iCongress iceba ukwenza i-AUMF entsha, mhlawumbi kumzuzu ofanelekileyo woloyiko kunye noloyiko, ngaphambi kokurhoxisa i-AUMF ukusukela ngo-2001. Nazi izizathu ezintandathu ezingumbono ombi. Zive ukhululekile ukufumana ezintlanu zezi zizathu ziphambeneyo. Nayiphi na kuzo kufuneka yanele yodwa.

1. Imfazwe ayikho mthethweni. Ngelixa zonke iimfazwe zingekho mthethweni phantsi kweKellogg-Briand Pact, uninzi lwabantu aluyikhathaleli loo nto. Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abatyeshelayo into yokuba phantse zonke iimfazwe azikho semthethweni phantsi kwe-UN Charter. UMongameli Biden ukhusele imijukujelwa yakhe kaMatshi eSyria ngebango elingaqondakaliyo lokuzikhusela, ngokucacileyo kuba kukho ukuzikhusela kwi-UN Charter. I-US yafuna ugunyaziso lwe-UN lokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq ngo-2003 (kodwa abayifumananga) hayi njengentlonipho kwizizwe ezinokuhanjiswa zehlabathi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba leyo yimfuneko esemthethweni, nokuba ibutyeshela ubukho beKellogg-Briand Pact ( KBP). Akukho ndlela yokuba iCongress ibize isigunyaziso sokuSetyenziswa koMkhosi woMkhosi (i-AUMF) ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe lube yinto esemthethweni. Akukho ndlela yokuba iCongress ihlawuliswe ngokubanga ukuba inqanaba elithile lamandla ayisiyiyo "imfazwe." Umnqophiso we-UN uyayinqanda inyanzelo kwanesoyikiso sokunyanzelwa, kwaye ifuna ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zoxolo kuphela-njengoko isenza ne-KBP. ICongress ayinalo ixesha elikhethekileyo lokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho.
2. Ukumisela ngenxa yengxoxo yokuba imfazwe isemthethweni, i-AUMF isenokungabikho semthethweni. Umgaqo-siseko wase-US unika iCongress amandla akhethekileyo okubhengeza imfazwe, kwaye akukho gunya lokugunyazisa isigqeba ukuba sibhengeze imfazwe. Ukumisela ngenjongo yengxoxo yokuba isisombululo samandla emfazwe nguMgaqo-siseko, imfuno yayo yokuba iCongress igunyazise nayiphi na imfazwe okanye ubutshaba akunakuhlangatyezwa ngokubhengeza ukuba isigunyaziso ngokubanzi sesigqeba sokugunyazisa nayiphi na imfazwe okanye ubundlobongela abubonayo kufanelekile ugunyaziso oluthile. Akunjalo.
3. Awuphelisi iimfazwe ngokugunyazisa iimfazwe okanye ngokugunyazisa omnye umntu ukuba agunyazise iimfazwe. The 2001 I-AUMF wathi: “Ukuba uMongameli ugunyazisiwe ukuba asebenzise onke amandla afanelekileyo nxamnye nezo ntlanga, imibutho, okanye abantu abona ukuba ucwangcisile, ugunyazisile, wazibophelela, okanye wancedisa uhlaselo lwabanqolobi olwenzeka ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, okanye wafaka imibutho okanye abantu abanjalo. , ukuze kuthintelwe nabuphi na ubugrogrisi bamazwe ngamazwe nxamnye neUnited States ngamazwe, imibutho okanye abantu abanjalo. ” Inkqubo ye- 2002 I-AUMF uthe: “UMongameli ugunyazisiwe ukuba asebenzise uMkhosi oxhobileyo wase-United States njengoko egqiba kwelokuba kufanelekile kwaye kufanelekile ukuze- (1) akhusele ukhuseleko lwesizwe sase-United States kwisisongelo esiqhubekayo esivela e-Iraq; kunye (2) nokunyanzelisa zonke izigqibo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo malunga neIraq. ” Le mithetho ayinantsingiselo, ayisiyiyo nje kuba ingahambelani nomgaqo-siseko (jonga # 2 apha ngasentla) kodwa nangenxa yokuba owesibini enganyanisekanga ngelixa amagatya adibanisa i-Iraq ne-9-11 ayinika ngokungeyomfuneko phantsi kowokuqala. Ukanti, le yesibini yayiyimfuneko kwezopolitiko eUnited States. I-AUMF entsha yayiyimfuneko nakwi-Syria 2013 kunye ne-Iran 2015, yiyo loo nto ezo mfazwe zingenzekanga kwinqanaba le-Iraq. Esinye isibhengezo okanye i-AUMF yayingeyomfuneko kwezinye iimfazwe ezininzi, kubandakanya nemfazwe yaseLibya, kubandakanya nenqanaba elincinci kunye nemfazwe yommeli eSyria, yinyani yezopolitiko engaphezulu komthetho. Sikwazi ngokupheleleyo ukwenza ukuba kufuneke ukuba uBiden afumane isibhengezo esitsha semfazwe ngayo nayiphi na imfazwe entsha, kwaye siyikhanyele kuye. Kodwa ukumnika i-AUMF entsha ngoku kwaye silindele ukuba abeke yonke imijukujelwa kwaye aziphathe njengomntu okhulileyo uya kuba ubopha isandla esinye ngasemva kwethu njengabaxhasi boxolo.
4. Ukuba iCongress ayinakunyanzelwa ukuba ichithe ii-AUMF esele zikhona ngaphandle kokwenza entsha, kungcono ukuba sigcine ezindala. Abantu abadala bongeze umaleko wokugcina umthetho kwiimfazwe ezininzi nakwimikhosi yezomkhosi, kodwa kungakhange kuxhomekeke kubo nguBush okanye u-Obama okanye uTrump, ngamnye kubo othethileyo, engenangqondo, ukuba isenzo sakhe (a) kukuthobela i-UN Itshatha, (b) ngokuthobela isisombululo saMandla eMfazwe, kunye (c) nokugunyaziswa ngamagunya emfazwe angekhoyo oMgaqo-siseko wase-US. Ngexesha elithile iCongress's excuse yokugqithisa i-buck iphele ekubeni yinto ehlekisayo. Kusekho ezincwadini ukusukela ngo-1957 isigunyaziso sokulwa ubukomanisi bamazwe aphesheya eMbindi Mpuma, kodwa akukho mntu ubalisayo. Ndingathanda ukushenxisa zonke izinto ezingcwele, kwaye ngesiqingatha soMgaqo-siseko, kodwa ukuba iiNdibano zeGeneva kunye neKellogg-Briand Pact zinokukhutshelwa kwimemori, kungangokunjalo nangoCheney. Kwelinye icala, ukuba wenza entsha, iya kusetyenziswa, kwaye iya kuphathwa gadalala ngaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na into eyithethayo.
5. Nabani na obone umonakalo owenziwe ziimfazwe zamva nje akazukugunyazisa enye into ebiweyo. Ukusukela ngo-2001, i-United States ibicwangcisiwe ukutshabalalisa Ummandla wehlabathi, ukuqhuma i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq, iPakistan, iLibya, iSomalia, iYemen neSiriya, kungasathethwa ngePhilippines nakwamanye amazwe ahlakazekile kwihlabathi jikelele. I-United States "inemikhosi ekhethekileyo" esebenza kumazwe aliqela. Abantu ababulewe yimfazwe emva kwe-9-11 kusenokwenzeka ukuba bajikeleze 6 million. Amaxesha amaninzi enzakele, amaxesha amaninzi abulala ngokungalunganga okanye onzakeleyo, amaxesha amaninzi enza ukuba bangabi namakhaya, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi abenzakalisa. Ipesenti enkulu yamaxhoba ibingabantwana abancinci. Imibutho yabanqolobi kunye neengxaki zababaleki zenziwe ngesantya esimangalisayo. Oku kufa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kukuwa kwebhakethi xa kuthelekiswa namathuba alahlekileyo okusindisa abantu kwindlala nakwizigulo nakwiintlekele zemozulu. Iindleko zezemali ezingaphezulu kwe- $ 1 trillion unyaka nonyaka kwimikhosi yase-US ibikhona kwaye iyarhweba. Inokwenza kwaye inokwenza umhlaba olungileyo.
6. Into efunekayo yenye into ngokupheleleyo. Eyona nto ifunekayo kukunyanzela ukuphela kwemfazwe nganye, kunye nokuthengisa izixhobo, kunye neziseko. I-Congress yase-US inyanzelisile (ngokungafunekiyo kodwa ngokucacileyo iyanyanzeleka) kuthintelwe imfazwe e-Yemen nase-Iran xa uTrump wayeku-White House. Zombini iintshukumo zavotelwa. Zombini ii-veto azibhalwanga ngaphezulu. Ngoku u-Biden uzibophezele kuhlobo lokuphelisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-US (ngaphandle kweendlela ezithile) kwimfazwe yase-Yemen, kwaye iCongress iye yathula. Eyona nto ifunekayo kukuba iCongress ithintele nakuphi na ukuthatha inxaxheba emfazweni e-Yemen kwaye yenze ukuba iBiden ityikitye, kwaye ngokufanayo kwi-Afghanistan, emva koko efanayo nase-Somalia, njlnjl., Okanye wenze ezininzi ngaxeshanye, kodwa zenze, kwaye uzenze Biden uphawu okanye veto kubo. Into efunekayo kukuba iCongress iyakwalela ukubulala abantu kwihlabathi liphela ngemijukujelwa, nokuba ayenziwa kwiidrones. Into efunekayo kukuba iCongress ihambise imali kwinkcitho yomkhosi iye kwiingxaki zabantu nezendalo. Into efunekayo kukuba iCongress iphelise ukuthengisa izixhobo zase-US okwangoku I-48 yama-50 uninzi loorhulumente abacinezelayo emhlabeni. Into efunekayo kukuba iCongress i close iziseko zangaphandle. Into efunekayo kukuba iCongress iphelise isohlwayo esibulalayo nesingekho mthethweni kubemi kwihlabathi liphela.

Siye sabona nje intlanganiso kaMongameli Biden kunye noMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin, apho abameli abaphambili bobutshaba kunye nemfazwe babengamalungu eendaba e-US. Singalindela ukuba amajelo eendaba ase-US enze i-AUMF entsha ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yobundlobongela obuveliswe yimithombo yeendaba yase-US ukuya eRussia, China, Iran, North Korea, Venezuela, kwaye-hleze silibale! -IUFOs. Kodwa lo ngowona mngcipheko uyingozi, ungcono, umzuzu wokwenza uxwebhu olunobungozi kunokuba lwalunjalo ngo-2001.