NguDavid Swanson Njengoko sifunda Ulysses Ngomhla we Bloomsday rhoqo nge-16 kaJuni (okanye kufanele ukuba asiyenzi) ndicinga ukuba nge-7 kaDisemba akufuneki kukhunjulwa kuphela Umthetho Omkhulu we-1682 owawunqande imfazwe ePennsylvania kodwa uphawule nePearl Harbour, hayi ngokubhiyozela imeko ye-permawar ibikhona iminyaka engama-73, kodwa ngokufunda Golden Age Gore Vidal kunye nokumakisha nge-Joyce ethile irony i-golden age of anti-isolationist ekubulaweni kwamandla omhlaba oye wabandakanya ubomi babo bonke abemi base-US phantsi kweminyaka ye-73.
Usuku lwe-Golden Age kufuneka lubandakanye ukufundwa esidlangalaleni kwinoveli kaVidal kunye nokuvunywa kwayo okuqaqambileyo ngu IWashington Post, iNew York Times Book Review, kunye nawo onke amanye amaphepha adibeneyo ngonyaka we-2000, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngunyaka 1 BWT (ngaphambi kwemfazwe kwi-terra). Akukho nelinye kula maphephandaba elakhe lathi, ngokolwazi lwam, lashicilela uhlalutyo olungqalileyo lwendlela uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt aqhuba ngayo iMelika kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Ukanti inoveli kaVidal-eboniswe njengeyintsomi, kodwa ephumle ngokupheleleyo kubungqina obubhaliweyo-ubalisa ibali ngokunyaniseka okupheleleyo, kwaye ngandlela thile uhlobo olusetyenzisiweyo okanye inzala yombhali okanye ubuchule bokubhala okanye ubude bencwadi (amaphepha amaninzi kubahleli abakhulu ukuba ukhathazekile) umnika ilayisensi yokuthetha inyani.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, abanye abantu baye bafunda Golden Age kwaye wabhikisha ukungalunganga kwayo, kodwa ihlala ihloniphekile. Ndingazilimaza isizathu ngokubhala ngokucacileyo malunga nomxholo wayo. Iqhinga, endikucebisa kakhulu kubo bonke, kukunika okanye ukucebisa abanye incwadi ngaphandle ndibaxelela into ekuyo.
Ngaphandle kokuba umenzi wefilimu engoyena mntu uphambili kule ncwadi, ayenzelwanga ukuba ibe yifilimu, ngokokwazi kwam - kodwa imeko exhaphakileyo kufundo lwasesidlangalaleni inokuthi yenzeke loo nto.
In Golden Age, esilandelayo phakathi kwayo yonke ingcango evaliweyo, njengoko iBritish ishukumisela ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiMfazwe yehlabathi II, njengoko uMongameli Roosevelt enza ukuzinikela kuNdunankulu uWinston Churchill, njengokuba abafudumalayo basebenzisana nentlanganiso yaseRiphabhulikhi ukuqinisekisa ukuba zombini amaqela akhetha abaviwa kwi-1940 belungele ukukhankasela uxolo ngexesha belungiselela imfazwe, njengoko i-FDR inqwenela ukuqhuba ixesha elinesithathu elingenakuze libonwe njengomongameli wexesha lemfazwe kodwa kufuneka azithobele ngokuqala ulungelelaniso kunye nokukhankanya njengomongameli we-drafttime ngexesha elijongene neengozi zelizwe, kwaye njengoko i-FDR isebenza ukuba iqhube iJapan ukuba ihlasele ishedyuli efunwayo.
Ii-echoes ziyoyikeka. Roosevelt ukhankasela uxolo ("ngaphandle kokuba kuhlaselwe"), njengoWilson, njengoJohnson, njengoNixon, njengo-Obama, kwaye njengaloo malungu eCongress aphinde anyulwa ngelixa engafuni ukumisa okanye ukugunyazisa imfazwe yangoku. Roosevelt, unyulo lwangaphambi konyulo, ubeka uHenry Stimson njengoNobhala weMfazwe onomdla wokulwa ngokungafaniyo noAsh Carter njengomtyunjwa kaNobhala "wezoKhuselo."
Iingxoxo zeGolden Age Day zinokubandakanya iinyani ezaziwayo ngalo mba:
NgoDisemba 7, 1941, uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wakhupha isibhengezo semfazwe eJapan naseJamani, kodwa wagqiba ekubeni akayi kusebenza kwaye wahamba neJapan yedwa. IJamani, njengoko bekulindelekile, ngokukhawuleza yabhengeza imfazwe e-United States.
I-FDR yayizame ukulala abantu baseMelika malunga neenqwelo zase-US kubandakanywa Greer kwaye i Kerny, eyayikunceda iinqwelo zaseBrithani zilandele i-German submarines, kodwa yiyiphi iRovelvelt eyenza ngathi yayihlaselwa ngokungasesikweni.
URovelvelt wayeqambe amanga ukuba wayenayo imbali eyimfihlo yamaNazi ukunqotshwa kweMzantsi Melika, kunye nesicwangciso seNazi esifihlakeleyo sokutshintsha zonke iinkonzo ngeNazism.
Ukususela ngoDisemba i-6, i-1941, iipesenti ezisibhozo zabasebenzi base-US abachasene nokungena kwimfazwe. Kodwa uRovelvelt wayeseqalile ukuqulunqa umgaqo-nkqubo, wenza i-National Guard, wenza i-Navy enkulu elwandle elwandle ezimbini, abathengisa abadala baseNgilani ngokutshintshiselana nokuqeshiswa kweziseko zayo eCaribbean naseBermuda, kwaye wabiza ngasese ukudala uluhlu lwazo zonke Umntu waseJapan noJapan waseMerika eUnited States.
Ngo-Epreli 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhalela ikhabinethi yakhe yemfazwe ngomgaqo ofihlakeleyo esithi: “Kungacingelwa ukuba ukungena kweJapan emfazweni kuya kulandelwa kukungena kwangoko kwelaseMelika kwicala lethu.”
Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wadibana nekhabhinethi yakhe kwi-10 Downing Street. Intlanganiso yayifana nokufana noJulayi 23, i-2002, intlanganiso kwidilesi enye, imizuzu eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-Downing Street Minutes. Zintlanganiso zombini zityhila iimfihlo ze-US zokuya kwimfazwe. Kwiintlanganiso ze-1941, uChurchill watshela iikhabhinethi yakhe, ngokwemizuzu: "UMongameli uthe uthe uya kulwa kodwa akayi kuchaza." Ngaphezu koko, "Yonke into yayingenziwa ukunyanzelisa isiganeko."
Ukusukela embindini we-1930s Abaphembeleli boxolo base-US-abo bantu babenomsindo ngendlela eyiyo malunga neemfazwe zase-US zamva nje-babehamba ngokuchasene nokuchasana kwe-US ne-Japan kunye ne-US Navy yezicwangciso zemfazwe eJapan-nge-8 ka-Matshi 1939, inguqulelo yayo eyayichaza “imfazwe ehlaselayo ixesha elide ”elinokutshabalalisa umkhosi kunye nokuphazamisa ubomi bezoqoqosho eJapan.
NgoJanuwari 1941, i Umkhangisi waseJapan Uvakalise ingqumbo yakhe ngePearl Harbour kumhleli, kwaye ummeli wase-US eJapan ubhale kwidayari yakhe wathi: “Zininzi izinto ezithethwayo malunga nedolophu ukuba amaJapan, xa athe aphumla ne-United States, aceba yiya kuhlaselwa ngobuninzi ePearl Harbour. Ewe ndixelele urhulumente wam. ”
NgoFebhuwari 5, i-1941, i-Admiral yangaphambili uRicmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise malunga nokuhlaselwa ngokumangalisa ePearl Harbour.
Kwangowe-1932 iUnited States yayithetha neTshayina malunga nokubonelela ngeenqwelomoya, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, noqeqesho lwemfazwe yayo neJapan. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt waboleka iChina ikhulu lezigidi zeedola zokulwa neJapan, kwaye emva kokubonisana neBritane, unobhala wase-US kaNondyebo uHenry Morgenthau wenza izicwangciso zokuthumela abaqhushumbisi baseTshayina kunye nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ekuqhubhiseni iTokyo kunye nezinye izixeko zaseJapan.
NgoDisemba 21, 1940, uMphathiswa wezeMali waseTshayina u-Soong kunye noColonel Claire Chennault, indiza yase-US edla umhlala-phantsi eyayisebenzela amaTshayina kwaye wayebabongoza ukuba basebenzise abaqhubi beenqwelomoya baseMelika ukuqhushumbisa iTokyo ukusukela ngo-1937, badibana kwindawo yokutyela kaHenry Morgenthau. igumbi lokucwangcisa umlilo waseJapan. UMorgenthau uthe angakhupha amadoda emsebenzini kwi-US Army Air Corps ukuba amaTshayina angabahlawula i-1,000 yeedola ngenyanga. Wavuma ngokukhawuleza.
NgoMeyi 24, 1941, i ENew York Times ingxelo ngoqeqesho lwase-US kumkhosi womoya waseTshayina, kunye nokubonelelwa “kweenqwelo-moya ezininzi zokulwa neziqhushumbisi” e-China yi-United States. “Kulindelwe Ukuqhushumbiswa Kwezixeko ZaseJapan,” wawufunda loo mxholwana.
NgoJulayi, iBhodi edibeneyo yomkhosi wamanzi yayivume isicwangciso esibizwa ngokuba yi-JB 355 sokudubula iJapan. Umbutho ophambili ungathenga iinqwelomoya zaseMelika ukuba zihanjiswe ngamavolontiya aseMelika aqeqeshwe yiChennault kwaye ahlawulwe lelinye iqela langaphambili. U-Roosevelt uvumile, kunye nengcali yakhe e-China u-Lauchlin Currie, ngamagama ka-Nicholson Baker, "u-Madame Chaing Kai-Shek no-Claire Chennault babhala ileta ecela ukuba iintlola zase-Japan zinqunyulwe." Nokuba ibiyiyo okanye hayi ibiyinyani, yileta ibisithi: “Ndonwabe kakhulu ukuba ndinako ukunika ingxelo namhlanje uMongameli wayalela ukuba kuqhushumbe iibhombu ezingamashumi amathandathu anesithandathu e-China kulo nyaka zinamashumi amabini anesine ziziswe kwangoko. Ukwaphumeze inkqubo yoqeqesho lokuqhuba e-China apha. Iinkcukacha ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo. Ngokuhle okuphuma entlizweni eshushu."
IQela lokuQala lamaVolontiya laseMelika (AVG) loMkhosi woMoya waseTshayina, okwaziwa ngokuba ziiFlying Tigers, laqhubela phambili ngokuqesha noqeqesho ngoko nangoko kwaye lanikezelwa eChina ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor.
Ngo-Meyi 31, 1941, kwi-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikela isilumkiso esiqatha: “Ukunqumka kwezoqoqosho ngokupheleleyo eJapan, ngokomzekelo ukuyekiswa kokuthunyelwa kweoyile, kwakuza kutyhalela iJapan kwimikhosi yeAxis. Imfazwe yezoqoqosho iya kuba sisandulela semfazwe yaselwandle neyasemkhosini. ”
NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, “Ukuba besinokususa ioli , [amaJapan] mhlawumbi ebeya kuhla aye eDutch East Indies kunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye ubuya kuba nemfazwe. Kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwimbono yethu yokuzingca yokuzikhusela ukuthintela imfazwe ekuqaliseni kuMzantsi Pasifiki. Ke inkqubo yethu yezangaphandle ibizama ukunqanda imfazwe ukuba ingaqhambuka apho. ” Iintatheli ziqaphele ukuba uRoosevelt uthe "ibi" kunokuba "yiyo." Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRoosevelt wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokumisa iimpahla zaseJapan. I-United States neBritani zaqhawula i-oyile kunye nentsimbi ezilahliweyo zazisa eJapan. URadhabinod Pal, igqwetha laseIndiya elalisebenza kwinkundla yamatyala emfazwe emva kwemfazwe, walubiza olo thintelo ngokuthi “sisisongelo esicacileyo nesinamandla kubomi baseJapan,” waza wagqiba kwelokuba iUnited States yayiyicaphukisile iJapan.
Ngo-Agasti 7, 1941, i Umkhangisi waseJapan Times Wabhala: "Okokuqala kwakukho ukudalwa kweSingapore, eyomelezwa kakhulu yimikhosi yaseBrithani kunye noBukumkani. Ukusuka kule ndawo, ivili elikhulu layakheka kwaye lidibaniswa neenqwelo zaseMerika ukwenza isandi esikhulu esahla kwindawo esezantsi nangasentshona ukusuka kwiiPhilippines ngeMalaya naseBurma, kunye nekhonkco ephukile kuphela kwi-peninsula yaseThailand. Ngoku kuhlongozwa ukuba kufake iincinci kwiindawo ezijikelezayo, eziya eRangoon. "
NgoSeptemba umshicileli waseJapan wavutha ukuba iUnited States yayiqalise ukuthumela ioli kwiJapan ekudlulele eRashiya. IJapan, amaphephandaba ayo athi, wayefa ukufa ngokukhawuleza "kwimfazwe yezoqoqosho."
Ngasekupheleni kukaOktobha, u-US uhlola u-Edgar Mower wayesebenza kuColonel William Donovan oye wahlola uRoosevelt. Umlambo uthetha nomntu waseManla ogama lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishoni yaseMaritime, owathi wayekulindele ukuba "IJaps iya kuthatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ndiphume." Xa uMower wathetha ngokumangaliswa, uJohnson waphendula wathi "Ngaba awuzange ukwazi iJapan iinqanawa ziye zafudukela empumalanga, mhlawumbi zihlasele iinqwelo zethu ePearl Harbor? "
Ngo-Novemba ka-3, 1941, i-ambassador yase-US yathumela i-telegram ende kwiSebe likaRhulumente ilumkisa ukuba isohlwayo soqoqosho sinokunyanzela i-Japan ukuba yenze "i-hara-kiri yesizwe." Ubhale wathi: "Ungquzulwano ngezixhobo kunye ne-United States lunokuza ngesiquphe esiyingozi."
Nge-15 ka-Novemba, i-Chief of Staff yase-US u-George Marshall uxelele amajelo eendaba ngento esingayikhumbuliyo njengo "Sicwangciso se-Marshall." Ngapha koko asiyikhumbuli kwaphela. "Silungiselela umlo ohlaselayo nxamnye neJapan," utshilo uMarshall, ecela oonondaba ukuba bayigcine iyimfihlo, ngokokwazi kwam ukuba bayenzile.
Kwiintsuku ezilishumi kamva uNobhala weMfazwe uStimson wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba wayedibene kwiOval Office noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala woMkhosi wamanzi uFrank Knox, uAdmiral Harold Stark, kunye noNobhala welizwe uCordell Hull. URoosevelt wayebaxelele ukuba amaJapan kungenzeka ukuba ahlasele kungekudala, mhlawumbi ngoMvulo olandelayo.
Kubhalwe kakuhle ukuba iUnited States yaphule iikhowudi zaseJapan kwaye uRovelvelt wayenokufikelela kuzo. Kwakungenxa yokuthintela into ebizwa ngokuba ngumyalezo wekhowudi omfusa ukuba uRovelvelt wafumanisa izicwangciso zaseJamani zokuhlasela iRussia. YayinguHull owavuzisa amajoni aseJapan eendaba, nto leyo eyakhokelela kuNovemba 30, 1941, umxholo owawusithi “uMeyi waseJapan Angabetha Ngempelaveki.”
Ngomvulo olandelayo nge-1 Disemba, kwiintsuku ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba uhlaselo lufike. "Umbuzo," uStimson ubhale, "yindlela esimele sibashukumisele ngayo kwindawo yokudubula kuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kuthi. Esi yayisisindululo esinzima. ”
Ngomhla emva kohlaselo, iCongress yavotela imfazwe. I-Congresswoman uJeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Bema bodwa ekuvoteni akukho. Kunyaka omnye emva kokuvota, nge-8 kaDisemba ngo-1942, u-Rankin wafaka intetho kwi-DRM Record echaza inkcaso yakhe. Wacaphula umsebenzi wepropagandist wase-Bhritane owayephikisana ngo-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukuzisa i-United States emfazweni. Ucacisile ireferensi kaHenry Luce kwi ubomi Ngo-Julayi 20, i-1942, "kwiiTshayina amaShayina awayebuyisele kuyo i-Pearl Harbor." Wazisa ubungqina bokuba kwiNgqungquthela yaseAtlantic ngo-Agasti 12, 1941, Roosevelt wayeqinisekisile uChurchill ukuba iUnited States yayiza kuzisa uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho ukuphatha eJapan. "Ndikhankanyile," u-Rankin kamva wabhala, "iSebe likaRhulumente kwiSebe likaDisemba i-20, i-1941, eyabonisa ukuba ngoSeptemba 3 unxibelelwano luye luthunyelwa eJapan ludinga ukuba lwamkele umgaqo 'wokungahambisani nendawo yePacific, 'oye wafuna ukuqinisekiswa kokungabikho kwemibuso emhlophe eMpuma. "
I-Rankin ifumene ukuba iBhodi yoKhuselo loQoqosho ifumene izigwebo zezoqoqosho ngaphantsi kweveki emva kweNkomfa ye-Atlantic. NgoDisemba 2, 1941, i ENew York Times Eqinisweni, iJapane "yayinqunywe kwi-75 yepesenti yayo yorhwebo ngokuqhelekileyo yi-Allied blockade." U-Rankin wachaza nenqaku likaLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, NgeMigqibelo yoMgqibelo Oktobha 10, 1942, ukuba ngoNovemba 28, 1941, iintsuku ezisi-9 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, i-Vice Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Jr., (yena kwisiqubulo esithi "Bulala iJaps! Bulala iJaps!") wayinike imiyalelo kuye abanye "badonsa phantsi nantoni na esiyibonayo esibhakabhakeni size sibhome nantoni na esiyibonayo elwandle."
Jikelele uGeorge Marshall uvumelekile kwiCongress kwi-1945: ukuba iikhowudi zaphulwe, ukuba iUnited States yaqalisa izivumelwano ze-Anglo-Dutch-Amerika zokusebenzisana ngokumelene neJapane kwaye zisebenzise phambi kwePearl Harbor, nokuba iUnited States unikezelwa ngamagosa omkhosi wakhe eChina ngenjongo yokulwa phambi kwePearl Harbor.
Imemorandam ka-Okthobha ka-1940 eyenziwe ngu-Lieutenant Commander u-Arthur H. McCollum yenziwa nguMongameli Roosevelt kunye nabaphathi bakhe abaziintloko. Ibize amanyathelo asibhozo athe uMcCollum waxela ukuba angakhokelela amaJapan ukuba ahlasele, kubandakanya nokwenza amalungiselelo okusetyenziswa kweziseko zaseBritane eSingapore kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziseko zaseDatshi kwindawo ngoku eyi-Indonesia, enceda urhulumente wase-China, ethumela ukwahlulwa kwexesha elide abahamba ngenqanawa enzima ukuya kwiiPhilippines okanye eSingapore, bethumela amacandelo amabini eenkwili phantsi “kwelaseMpuma,” begcina ezona mikhosi ziphambili eHawaii, bema ngelithi amaDatshi ayayikhanyela ioyile yaseJapan, kwaye evala lonke urhwebo neJapan ngokusebenzisana noBukhosi baseBritane. .
Ngosuku olulandelayo emva kwesimemo sikaMcCollum, iSebe likaRhulumente laxelela abantu baseMelika ukuba baphume kumazwe asempuma kude, kwaye uRoosevelt wayalela ukuba iinqanawa zigcinwe eHawaii malunga nenkcaso enzima ka-Admiral James O. Richardson owacaphula amazwi kaMongameli esithi “kungekudala amaJapan aza kwenza Ukwenza ngokuchasene ne-United States kwaye ilizwe lingavuma ukuya emfazweni. ”
Umyalezo owathunyelwa ngu-Admiral Harold Stark ku-Admiral Husband Kimmel ngo-Novemba 28, 1941, wawufundeka ngolu hlobo, “UKUBA IINDAWO ZOKUHLALA ZINGANAKWENZEKA UKUTHINTELWA I-UNITED STATES INQWENELELA UKUBA I-JAPAN YENZE UMTHETHO WOKUQALA WOKUGQIBELA.”
UJoseph Rochefort, owayengumbhexeshi wecandelo lezobuntlola loMkhosi waselwandle, nowaba negalelo ekusileleni ukunxibelelana nePearl Harbour ngento eyayiza kwenzeka, wayeza kuthi kamva: “Ibixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu ukuhlawula ukumanya ilizwe.”
Ngobusuku obulandelayo emva kohlaselo, uMongameli Roosevelt wayenee-CBS News zika-Edward R. Murrow kunye noMququzeleli wezoLwazi u-Roosevelt uWilliam Donovan kwisidlo sangokuhlwa e-White House, kwaye wonke uMongameli wayefuna ukwazi ukuba ingaba abantu baseMelika bazakuyamkela na imfazwe. UDonovan noMurrow bamqinisekisile ukuba abantu bazakuyamkela imfazwe ngoku. Emva koko uDonovan uxelele umncedisi wakhe ukuba ukumangaliswa kukaRoosevelt yayingekuko kwabanye abantu ababemngqongile, kwaye yena, uRoosevelt, walwamkela uhlaselo. UMurrow akazange akwazi ukulala ngobo busuku kwaye wayehlutshwa ubomi bakhe bonke ngento awayeyibiza ngokuba "lelona bali likhulu ebomini bam" angazange alithethe.
Yiba noSuku lweGolide olunentsingiselo!
