nguNan Levinson, TomDispatch, UJanuwari 19, 2023
Ndiyakuthanda ukucula kwaye eyona nto ndiyithanda kakhulu kukwenza oko phezulu kwimiphunga yam xa ndindedwa. Ehlotyeni elidlulileyo, ndihambahamba emasimini e-Hudson River Valley yaseNew York kungekho mntu ukufutshane ngaphandle kwe-barn swallows, ndazifumana ndikhupha iingoma zoxolo kwiminyaka yam yakudala, yasehlotyeni. Kwakusekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1950, xa iintlungu zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II zazisentsha, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zazikhangeleka ngathi luphuhliso oluthembisayo, nomculo wesintu wawumnandi kakhulu.
Kwinkampu yam eneenjongo ezintle, ehlala ndizenza ilungisa, inkampu esoloko imnandi, abantwana abali-110 babedla ngokulwa ngolo hlobo. isithembiso esimnandi:
“Isibhakabhaka selizwe lam siluhlaza ngaphezu kolwandle
kunye nokukhanya kwelanga kwi-cloverleaf kunye nepine
kodwa amanye amazwe anokukhanya kwelanga kunye ne-clover
kwaye isibhakabhaka sikuyo yonke indawo siluhlaza njengesam”
Kwakubonakala kunengqondo, indlela yokucinga yabantu abadala - ngathi, duh! singa zonke yiba nezinto ezintle. Oko kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba ndibe mdala ndaza ndaqonda ukuba abantu abakhulu abacingi nokucinga ngengqiqo. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, xa ndandigqibezela ikwayala yokugqibela, ndazibuza: Ngubani othethayo, singasathethi ke ngokucula, ngolo hlobo ngoxolo? Ndiyathetha, ngaphandle kwempoxo kunye nethemba lokwenene?
Ukusukela iholide yam yehlobo, USuku loXolo lweHlabathi ufikile wemka. Ngeli xesha, amajoni abulala abantu (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokuchaseneyo) kwiindawo ezingafaniyo. Yukreyini, Yuthophiya, Iran, Siriya, i EWest Bank, yaye Yemen. Iyaqhubeka kwaye iqhubeke, akunjalo? Kwaye ayisathethi ke ngazo zonke iingxabano ezibuthathaka, izenzo zobunqolobi (kunye nokuziphindezela), ziphelise uqhankqalazo, kunye nokucinezela ubutshaba kulo mhlaba.
Ungandiqalisi, ngendlela, malunga nendlela ulwimi lwedabi oluhlala luhlala ngayo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba uPopu, kwisigidimi sakhe sakutshanje seKrismesi, ekhalazela ihlabathi “indlala yoxolo. "
Kuyo yonke loo nto, ngaba akunzima ukucinga ukuba uxolo lunethuba?
Culela ngaphandle!
Kukho umda wokubaluleka kokubaluleka kweengoma, ewe, kodwa intshukumo yezopolitiko ephumelelayo ifuna isandi esilungileyo. (Njengoko ndifumene ixesha ingxelo emva koko, Umsindo ngakumeshini ayeyifeza loo njongo kumajoni athile achasene nemfazwe emva komhla we-9/11.) Kungcono ngakumbi ukuba izihlwele zicule umhobe wesizwe xa zihlanganisene ukuze zikhuphe uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kuvakala kulungile ukucula njengeqela ngelo xesha xa kungakhathaliseki nokuba ningakwazi na ukucula logama nje amazwi engoma efika ekhaya. Kodwa ingoma yoqhanqalazo, ngokwengcaciso, ayisiyongoma yoxolo - kwaye kuye kwavela ukuba iingoma zoxolo zamva nje azikho noxolo.
Njengoko uninzi lwethu lweminyaka ethile lukhumbula, iingoma ezichasene nemfazwe zakhula ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam. Kwakukho umfanekiso "Nika Uxolo Ithuba,” ebhalwe nguJohn Lennon, uYoko Ono, nabahlobo kwigumbi lasehotele laseMontreal ngowe-1969; “IMfazwe,” eyaqala ukushicilelwa yi<em>Temptations ngowe-1970 (ndisayiva nangoku ukuba “akukho nto kwaphela!” impendulo ethi “Yintoni Elunge Ngayo?”); Ikati kaStevens "Uloliwe woxolo,” ukususela ngowe-1971; kwaye kukuqala nje uluhlu. Kodwa kule nkulungwane? Uninzi lwazo ndadibana nalo malunga noxolo lwangaphakathi okanye ukwenza uxolo kunye nawe; bazikhathalele mantras du jour. Abambalwa ngokuphathelele uxolo lwehlabathi okanye lwezizwe ngezizwe babenomsindo ngendlela eyothusayo yaye bemfiliba, nto leyo eyayibonakala ibonakalisa imeko yelo xesha.
Asikuko nokuba igama elithi “uxolo” lirhoxisiwe. Iveranda yommelwane wemidlalo yam iflegi yoxolo efileyo; Umrhwebi uJoe undigcina ndibonelelwe kakuhle nge-Inner Peas; kwaye uxolo lusafumana unyango olupheleleyo lwezorhwebo ngamanye amaxesha, njengakumyili T-shirts evela kwinkampani yempahla yaseTshayina i-Uniqlo. Kodwa imibutho emininzi enenjongo eneneni ikuxolo lwehlabathi iye yakhetha ukungalifaki igama elithi “peacenik,” indelelo kwanakwixesha layo lodumo, ngoku idlule ngokupheleleyo. Ke, ngaba umsebenzi woxolo usandula ukuyitshintsha indlela yawo okanye ngaba uye wavela ngeendlela ezinkulu?
Uxolo 101
Uxolo yimeko yokubakho, nokuba mhlawumbi yimeko yobabalo. Isenokuba yangaphakathi njengenzolo yomntu ngamnye okanye ibe banzi njengolonwabo phakathi kwezizwe. Kodwa okona kulungileyo, ayizinzanga, isengozini yokulahleka ngonaphakade. Ifuna isenzi kunye nayo - funa, ulandele, uphumelele, ugcine - ube nempembelelo yokwenyani kwaye, nangona kukho ixesha elide ngaphandle kwemfazwe kwimimandla ethile (i-post-WW II yaseYurophu kude kube kutshanje, umzekelo), oko ngokuqinisekileyo akubonakali ngathi yimeko yendalo yonke kakhulu yeli hlabathi lethu.
Uninzi lwabasebenzi boxolo mhlawumbi abavumelani okanye bebengayi kuyenza le nto bayenzayo. Kule nkulungwane, ndiqale ndafumana i-pushback kumbono wokuba imfazwe izalwa okanye ayinakuphepheka kudliwanondlebe lwefowuni ka-2008 kunye noJonathan Shay, ugqirha wengqondo ophawulelwe umsebenzi wakhe kunye namagqala eMfazwe yaseVietnam enesifo soxinzelelo lwasemva koxinzelelo. Yiloo nto sasithetha ngayo xa ephuma kwisihloko kwaye eqinisekisa inkolelo yakhe yokuba kwakunokwenzeka ukuphelisa yonke imfazwe.
Uninzi lwezo ngxabano, wacinga ukuba, zibangelwa kuloyiko kunye nendlela engeyiyo nje yabemi kodwa ubhedu lwasemkhosini luhlala "luyidla" njengolonwabo. Wandibongoza ukuba ndifunde incwadi yesithandi sobulumko uImmanuel Kant Uxolo olungunaphakade. Xa ndenjenjalo, ngokwenene ndachukunyiswa ngamazwi ayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva. Kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga ukubuyisela uyilo, ukuze sithathe umzekelo omnye, qwalasela icebiso likaKant lokuba imikhosi emileyo yenza kube lula kumazwe ukuba aye emfazweni. Emva koko wabhala wathi: “Baxhokonxa amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo ukuba aloyisane ngenani lamajoni awo, yaye kweli nani akukho mda unokumiselwa.”
Intsimi yezemfundo yanamhlanje yoxolo kunye nezifundo zongquzulwano - ngoku zimalunga 400 iinkqubo ezinjalo kwihlabathi jikelele - yaqala malunga neminyaka engama-60 eyadlulayo. Ithiyori yoxolo esisiseko ziingqikelelo ze uxolo olubi kunye nolulungileyo kuqala ngokubanzi yaziswa yisazi ngezentlalo saseNorway uJohan Galtung (nangona uJane Addams noMartin Luther King bobabini bawasebenzise la magama ngaphambili). Uxolo olubi kukungabikho kobundlobongela obukhawulezileyo kunye nongquzulwano oluxhobileyo, ukugwetywa mhlawumbi ungathenga igrosari ngaphandle kokuthatha ithuba lokuvuthela kwi-smithereens (njengaseUkraine namhlanje). Uxolo olulungileyo yimeko yomanyano oluzinzileyo phakathi kwezizwe. Oko akuthethi ukuba akukho mntu ukhe angavumelani, kuphela ukuba amaqela abandakanyekayo ajongana naluphi na ungquzulwano lweenjongo ngaphandle kobundlobongela. Kwaye ekubeni ungquzulwano oluninzi olunobundlobongela luvela kwiimeko eziphantsi zentlalo, ukusebenzisa uvelwano kunye nobuchule bokuphilisa amanxeba kubalulekile kwinkqubo.
Uxolo olubi lujolise ekuphepheni, uxolo oluqinisekileyo ekunyamezeleni. Kodwa uxolo olubi luyimfuneko ngoko nangoko kuba iimfazwe zininzi kulula ukuqalisa kunokumisa, okwenza Isikhundla sikaGaltung isebenza ngakumbi kunomesiya. Ubhale wathi: “Andikukhathalelanga ukusindisa ihlabathi. "Ndixhalabile kukufumana izisombululo kwiingxabano ezithile ngaphambi kokuba zibenobundlobongela."
UDavid Cortright, igqala leMfazwe yaseVietnam, unjingalwazi ophumayo eNotre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, kunye nomyili we Ukuphumelela Ngaphandle Kwemfazwe, undinike le ngcaciso yomsebenzi onjalo kwi-imeyile: “Kum, umbuzo asiloxolo lwehlabathi, oluphuphayo nolusoloko lusetyenziselwa ukugculela abo bakholelwayo kwaye basebenzela uxolo, kodwa kunokuba njani. ukunciphisa ungquzulwano lwezixhobo nogonyamelo.”
Uxolo luza lusihla kancinci
Iintshukumo zoxolo zikholisa ukuhlanganisana malunga neemfazwe ezithile, ukudumba kunye nokuncipha njengoko zisenza ezo ngxabano, nangona ngamanye amaxesha zihlala kwihlabathi lethu emva koko. Usuku loMama, umzekelo, lwakhula kwikhwelo loxolo emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya. (Abasetyhini bebephambili kwizenzo zoxolo ukusukela oko Lysistrata baququzelela abasetyhini baseGrisi yamandulo ukuba bakhanyele amadoda ngesondo de bayiphelise iMfazwe yasePeloponnesi.) Imibutho embalwa echasene nemfazwe esekho ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kwaye uninzi lwavela kwintshukumo yokuxhathisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam kunye ne-anuclear yokuqala yee-1980s. Abanye bangoku nje Ababonisi, ehlelwe kwi-2017 ngabasebenzi abancinci bemibala.
Namhlanje, uluhlu olude lwemibutho engenzi ngeniso, amaqela onqulo, iiNGO, amaphulo okuphembelela, iimpapasho neenkqubo zabaphengululi zinenjongo yokuphelisa imfazwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo bajolisa kwiinzame zabo zokufundisa abemi malunga nendlela yokulawula impi kunye nenkxaso-mali yomkhosi, ngelixa bekhuthaza iindlela ezingcono zokuba amazwe ahlalisane ngoxolo okanye athintele iingxabano zangaphakathi.
Bala kwinto enye, nangona kunjalo: ayisokuze ibe ngumsebenzi olula, nokuba unqumle e-United States, apho umkhosi uhlala uboniswa njengokuthand' izwe kunye nenkcitho engalawulekiyo kwizixhobo zokubulala njengento yokuthintela, ngelixa ukwenza inzuzo ngemfazwe kudala iyinto yelizwe. Enyanisweni, umsayini weSibhengezo seNkululeko kamva wacebisa ukuba a Uxolo-Ofisi iya kukhokelwa nguNobhala woXolo kwaye ibekwe kwinqanaba elilinganayo neSebe leMfazwe. Umbono onjalo awuzange uqhubele phambili, nangona kunjalo, kunokuqamba igama leSebe leMfazwe njengeSebe lezoKhuselo elingenacala ngo-1949, emva kokuba uMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo ukhuphe umthetho weemfazwe zobundlobongela. (Ukuba kuphela!)
Ngokwesiseko sedatha esiqulunqwe yi IProjekthi yoNgenelelo loMkhosi, eli lizwe liye labandakanyeka kwiimfazwe ezingama-392 ukususela ngowe-1776, isiqingatha salo kwiminyaka engama-70 edluleyo. Okwangoku, eli lizwe aliqhubi ngokuthe ngqo naluphi na ungquzulwano olupheleleyo, nangona imikhosi yase-US ukulwa eSiriya kwaye iinqwelo-moya zayo zisaqalisa ugwayimbo eSomalia, singasathethi nge-85 ye-counterterror operations yeYunivesithi yaseBrown yeeNdleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe fu maneka I-US yayizibandakanye ukusuka kwi-2018 ukuya kwi-2020, ezinye zazo ngokungathandabuzekiyo ziyaqhubeka. Iziko lezoQoqosho noXolo libeka i-US 129th kumazwe ali-163 ngo-2022 walo. Inkcazo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe. Phakathi kweendidi esiye sangena kulo mbalo bubungakanani babantu bethu abavalelweyo, inani lezenzo zokulwa nabanqolobi ezenziweyo, inkcitho yasemkhosini (eyathi kuhamba yonke iplanethi eluthulini), umkhosi jikelele, izixhobo zethu zenyukliya "Ukuphucula” ukuya kuthi ga kwixabiso eliphantse libe yi-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, amanani amangalisayo ezixhobo esizithumelayo okanye esizithumelayo. thengisa phesheya, nenani leemfazwe eziliwayo. Yongeza koko ezinye iingxaki ezininzi ezingxamisekileyo, ezidibanisayo kunye nenkohlakalo engaqhelekanga ngokuchasene nesi sijikelezi-langa kunye nabantu abakuso kwaye kulula ukukholelwa ukuba ukusukela uxolo oluzinzileyo ayisiyonyani nje into engekhoyo kodwa ngokucacileyo ayiyoyaseMelika.
Ngaphandle kokuba akunjalo. Umsebenzi woxolo ubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba kungenxa yokuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-Pentagon ubuncinane lubalelwa kuma-53% ohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olunengqiqo yeli lizwe luthoba kwaye lonakalise iinzame zokujongana nentlaninge yeemfuno zentlalo ezibalulekileyo. Ayimangalisi ke into yokuba abaphembeleli boxolo base-US kuye kwafuneka bahlengahlengise izicwangciso zabo kunye nesigama sabo. Ngoku bagxininisa ukudibana kwemfazwe kunye neminye imiba emininzi, ngokuyinxenye njengeqhinga, kodwa nangenxa yokuba "akukho bulungisa, akukho luxolo" ingaphezulu kwesilogeni. Ngumqathango wokuqala wokufumana ubomi obunoxolo kweli lizwe.
Ukuqaphela ukuthungelana kwezinto ezisithwaxayo kuthetha ngaphezu kokucenga amanye amarhamente ukuba wongeze uxolo kwiipotfoliyo zawo. Kuthetha ukwamkela nokusebenza neminye imibutho kwimiba yabo, nayo. NjengoJonathan King, usihlalo we I-Action Peace Action kunye nonjingalwazi ophumayo eMIT, wayibeka ngokufanelekileyo, "Kufuneka uye apho abantu bakhoyo, uhlangane nabo kwizinto ezibaxhalabisayo kunye neemfuno zabo." Ke, uKumkani, umlweli woxolo ixesha elide, ukwasebenza kwikomiti yonxibelelaniso yeMassachusetts Poor People's Campaign, equka ukuphelisa “ubundlongondlongo lwasemkhosini kunye nokuxhokonxa imfazwe” kuluhlu lwayo. iimfuno, ngelixa iVeterans For Peace ngoku inomsebenzi osebenzayo IProjekthi yeeNgxaki zeMozulu kunye neMilitarism. UDavid Cortright ngokufanayo walatha kumbutho okhulayo wophando loxolo, ukuzoba kwisayensi kunye neminye imimandla yezifundo, kubandakanywa nezifundo zabasetyhini kunye nezasemva kobukoloniyali, ngelixa etyhala ukucinga ngokutsha malunga nokuba kuthetha ukuthini uxolo.
Emva koko kukho umbuzo wokuba iintshukumo zenza njani nantoni na ngokudityaniswa komsebenzi wangaphakathi weziko, amandla ezopolitiko ngokubanzi, kunye noxinzelelo loluntu. Ewe, mhlawumbi ngenye imini iNkongolo inokuphenjelelwa liphulo lokuphembelela ukuba lirhoxise ezo ziGunyaziso zakudala zokuSetyenziswa koMkhosi woMkhosi owadlula ngo-2001 nango-2002 ukuphendula kuhlaselo lwe-9/11 kunye neemfazwe ezalandelayo. Oko, ubuncinci, kuya kwenza ukuba kube nzima kumongameli ukuthumela imikhosi yase-US kwiingxabano ezikude ngokuthanda kwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ukufumana amalungu aneleyo eCongress ukuba avume ukubuyisela kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokhuselo kuya kufuna iphulo elisezantsi lobukhulu obumangalisayo. Yonke loo nto, ngokungathandabuzekiyo iya kuthetha ukudityaniswa kwayo nayiphi na intshukumo yoxolo ibe yinto enkulu kakhulu, kunye nothotho lokuthobela impumlo yakho kunye nezibheno zokunyusa ingxowa-mali (njengesibongozo samva nje endicela ukuba "ndenze intlawulo uxolo”).
IBethi Yoxolo?
Ngeli xesha lokwindla, ndaya kwigqiza elinomxholo othi, “Imfazwe Engapheliyo Nomsebenzi,” kwinkomfa eyayiququzelelwe ngabafundi eyayithetha ngenkululeko yamajelo eendaba. Abane panelists-abachukumisayo, abanamava, abanxibelelana bemfazwe-bathethe ngokucingisisayo malunga nokuba kutheni benza umsebenzi onjalo, abanethemba lokuba nefuthe, kunye neengozi abajongene nazo, kubandakanywa nokubakho kwemfazwe "eqhelekileyo". Ngexesha lombuzo, ndabuza malunga nokugubungela umlo ochasene nemfazwe kwaye ndahlangatyezwana nokuthula, kulandelwa yireferensi enesiqingatha sokucinezelwa kwempikiswano eRashiya.
Ewe, xa iimbumbulu zibhabha, ayiloxesha lokucinga ngenye indlela, kodwa iimbumbulu bezingakhange zibhabhe kuloo holo kwaye ndazibuza ukuba ingaba iqela ngalinye elimalunga neengxelo zemfazwe akufuneki liquke umntu oxela uxolo. Ndiyathandabuza nokuba yingcinga kumagumbi eendaba ukuba, kunye neentatheli zemfazwe, kusenokubakho iintatheli zoxolo. Kwaye, ndiyazibuza, ingaba loo beat ikhangeleka njani? Yintoni enokuphumeza?
Ndiyathandabuza ukuba ndandikhe ndalindela ukubona uxolo kwixesha lethu, kungekudala xa sasicula ezo ngoma zingxolayo. Kodwa ndiye ndazibona iimfazwe ziphela yaye, ngamaxesha athile, zide ziphetshwe. Ndizibonile iingxabano zisonjululwa ukuze kuphuculwe abo babandakanyekayo kwaye ndiyaqhubeka nokubancoma abasebenzi boxolo ababenendima ekwenzeni oko kwenzeke.
NjengoDavid Swanson, umseki kunye nomlawuli olawulayo we World Beyond War, undikhumbuze kumnxeba wakutshanje, usebenzela uxolo kuba “yimbopheleleko yokuziphatha ukuchasa imfazwe. Kwaye logama likhona ithuba kwaye usebenza kwelona thuba lihle lokuphumelela, kufuneka ukwenze.”
Ilula nje - kwaye njenge-bedeviling - njengaleyo. Ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka sinike uxolo ithuba.
Copyright 2023 Nan Levinson
Umfanekiso obonisiweyo: Uqhanqalazo lokulwa imfazwe eWashington, nge-24 kaSeptemba 2005 by Rob ilayisensi phantsi CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 / Flickr
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