Umatshini Wemfazwe kaFredric Jameson

NguDavid Swanson

Ukwamkelwa okupheleleyo kwezomkhosi kudlulela ngaphaya kwe-neoconservatives, ubuhlanga, iRiphabhlikhi, amajoni omkhosi okhululekileyo, amaDemokhrasi, kunye neninzi labantu "abazimeleyo" kwezopolitiko abafumana nayiphi na intetho yokuphelisa umkhosi wase-US. UFredric Jameson yingqondi eseleyo ekhupha incwadi, ehlelwe nguSlavoj Zizek, apho acebisa ukubhaliswa emkhosini kubo bonke abantu baseMelika. Kwizahluko ezilandelayo, ezinye iingcungela zokuqonda ezishiyiweyo zihlaba amadlala kwisindululo sikaJameson ngaphandle kokubonisa inkxalabo kulwandiso lomatshini wokubulala abantu abaninzi. UJameson wongeza i-Epilogue apho akhankanya ingxaki nakanye.

Into efunwa nguJameson ngumbono we-Utopia. Incwadi yakhe ibizwa I-Utopia yaseMelika: Amandla amabini kunye noMkhosi oLungeleleneyo. Ufuna ukwenza amabhanki e-inshurensi kunye neenkampani zeinshurensi, babambe kwaye bacime ngokukhawuleza imisebenzi ye-fossil, banyanzelise irhafu yedracon kumashishini amakhulu, bayiphelise ifa, benze ingeniso eqinisekisiweyo, bhangise i-NATO, benze ulawulo oludumileyo losasazo, bhengeze ilungelo lokusasaza iindaba ezilungileyo, benze jikelele I-Wi-Fi, yenza ikholeji yasimahla, ihlawule ootitshala ngokufanelekileyo, yenza ukhathalelo lwezempilo simahla, njl.

Ivakala kamnandi! Ndibhalisela phi?

Impendulo kaJameson yile: kwisikhululo sokugaya umkhosi. Ukuphendula endikuphendulayo: hamba uye kuzifumanela eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo ekuthatheni inxaxheba ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi.

Ewe, kodwa uJameson uthi umkhosi wakhe awuzukulwa naziphi na iimfazwe. Ngaphandle kweemfazwe ziyalwa. Okanye into.

Utopianism ifuneka kakhulu. Kodwa oku kuyathandabuza. Eli lixa elinekhulu lokulangazelela ngaphezulu kunoRalph Nader ocela oonobhiliyoni ukuba basisindise. Abavoti bakaClinton. Aba bavoti bakaTrump.

Kwaye obu bubumfama base-US kukufaneleka kwelizwe liphela. Ambalwa amanye amazwe nangayiphi na indlela asondela ekutshatyalalisweni kwendalo kunye nokufa okwenziwe yiUnited States. Eli lizwe lisalele ngasemva kakhulu kuzinzo, uxolo, imfundo, impilo, ukhuseleko kunye nolonwabo. Inyathelo lokuqala ukuya e-Utopia akufuneki ukuba ibe siskimu esinomvundla njengokuthatha ngokupheleleyo komkhosi. Inyathelo lokuqala kufuneka libe kukufumana indawo ezinje ngeScandinavia kummandla wezoqoqosho, okanye iCosta Rica kummandla wokunyanzeliswa kwemikhosi - okanye ngokwenyani ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo iNqaku leThoba laseJapan, njengoko kuchaziwe kwincwadi kaZizek. (Kuba iScandinavia ifike njani apho ikhoyo, funda I-Viking Economics NguGeorge Lakey. Ayinanto yakwenza nokunyanzela abantwana, utat'omkhulu, kunye namagqwetha okugcina uxolo kulawulo lomkhosi wama imperi.)

E-United States, ziinkululeko kwiCongress ezifuna ukunyanzelisa iinkonzo kwabasetyhini, kwaye babhiyozela lonke inani labantu abatsha abamkelweyo kwinqanaba elikhulu emkhosini. Umbono "oqhubela phambili" ngoku wezoqoqosho olushiyekileyo kancinci okanye ecaleni, kunye ecaleni kwesitya esiqokelelweyo sobuzwe obusemkhosini (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1 lezigidi zeedola ngonyaka) -ngombono wobuzwe obugxothiweyo ekuqwalaselweni. Umbono wohlaziyo lwe-American Dream eyandayo yeyolawulo lwentando yesininzi yokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Amaxhoba amabhomu kwihlabathi liphela anokukwazi ukukhangela phambili ekuhlaselweni ngumongameli wokuqala wase-US. Isindululo sikaJameson kukuqhubela phambili ngokugqibeleleyo kwicala elinye.

Ndiyathandabuza ukutsalela ingqalelo kwincwadi kaJameson kuba imbi kakhulu kwaye le meko inobuqhophololo. Kodwa, enyanisweni, izingqinamba zesincoko sakhe kunye nabo bayihlolisisayo bethetha ngokubhaliswa kwabantu, nangona iphambili kwiprojekthi kaJameson, bambalwa kwaye bakude kakhulu. Zinokufumaneka kwincwadana encinci. Incwadi eseleyo kukungqinisisa okungafaniyo kokujongwa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwi-psychoanalysis ukuya kwi-Marxism kuye nakweyiphi na into elizothe yenkcubeko uZizek akhubeke nje kuyo. Uninzi lwezi zinto ziluncedo okanye ziyonwabisa, kodwa ime ngokuchaseneyo nokwamkelwa okubonakala kufiphele kokungabinakuphepheka komkhosi.

UJameson akaqinisekanga ukuba singabala ukungaphepheki kongxowankulu, nangayo nayiphi na into esibona kufanelekile. "Uhlobo lomntu" uchaza, ngokuchanekileyo, alikho. Kwaye okwangoku, umbono wokuba ekuphela kwendawo apho urhulumente wase-US anokuthi abeke nayiphi na imali enzulu ngumkhosi wamkelwe cwaka kumaphepha amaninzi emva koko uchazwe ngokucacileyo njengenyaniso: imali yokulwa irhafu ifuna ukuba kwenziwe uphando olungenakuphikiswa nolwexesha loxolo. ”

Oko kuvakala njengenkcazo kurhulumente wangoku wase-US, ayingabo bonke oorhulumente abadlulayo nabekamva. Abemi baseburhulumenteni Akunakwenzeka njengesihogo Ukwamkela ukugcinwa komkhosi usisigxina. Ukuba, ukutyalomali kwimizi-mveliso enoxolo, kuya kuba yinto engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.

UJameson, uyakuqaphela, uthembele "emfazweni" ukukhuthaza amandla engcinga yakhe yokusebenzisa umkhosi kwezenguqu kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Iyavakala loo nto, njengomkhosi, ngokwenkcazo, iziko elisetyenziselwa ukwenza imfazwe. Kwaye okwangoku, uJameson ucinga ukuba umkhosi wakhe awuzukulwa iimfazwe- uhlobo- kodwa uya kuthi ngezizathu ezithile aqhubeke nokuxhaswa ngezimali nangayiphi na indlela - kunye nokonyuka okumangalisayo.

Umkhosi, uJameson ugcina, yindlela yokunyanzela abantu ukuba baxube kunye nabanye kwaye benze uluntu kuyo yonke imigca yesiqhelo yokwahlulahlula. Ikwayindlela yokunyanzela abantu ukuba benze kanye le nto bayalelwe ukuba bayenze ngeyure nganye yemini nobusuku, ukusuka kwinto yokutya ukuya kwixesha lokuzikhupha, kunye nokubabeka kwimeko yobundlobongela ngomyalelo ngaphandle kokuyeka ukucinga. Ayisiyonto eyenzekayo emkhosini. UJameson akaze awuphendule umbuzo wokuba kutheni efuna umkhosi wamajoni kunokuthi, ibutho lolondolozo lwendalo iphela. Usichaza isicelo sakhe “njengokugunyaziswa kwabo bonke abantu ukuba baye kuNogada weSizwe.” Ngaba uMkhosi weSizwe okhoyo unokuzukiswa ngakumbi kunentengiso zawo ngoku? Sele izukise ngokulahlekisayo kangangokuba uJameson ngempazamo ucebisa ukuba uMphenduli uphendula kuphela koorhulumente belizwe, nanjengoko iWashington ithumele kwiimfazwe zangaphandle ngaphandle kokuphikisa amazwe.

I-United States inemikhosi kumazwe angama-175. Ngaba inokongeza ngokumangalisayo kubo? Yandisa kubambiso olushiyekileyo? Ukuzisa yonke imikhosi ekhaya? UJameson akathethi. I-United States ibhombise izizwe ezisixhenxe esizaziyo. Ngaba loo nto iya kunyuka okanye yehle? Nantsi yonke into ethethwa nguJameson:

“[I] qumrhu labantu abafanelekileyo lokuyilwa liya kwandiswa ngokubandakanya wonke umntu ukusuka kwishumi elinesithandathu ukuya kumashumi amahlanu, okanye ukuba ukhetha njalo, uneminyaka engamashumi amathandathu ubudala: oko kukuthi, phantse bonke abantu abadala. [Ndiyasiva isikhalo sokucalucalulwa kwabantwana abaneminyaka engama-61 besiza, akunjalo?] Umzimba ongalawulekiyo ukusukela ngoku awuzukukwazi ukulwa iimfazwe zangaphandle, kungasathethwa ke ngokuqhuba ngempumelelo. Ukugxininisa kwindalo iphela yale nkqubo, masongeze ukuba bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo bazakufunyanwa benesikhundla esifanelekileyo kule nkqubo, kwaye abo balwela inkululeko nabangafuniyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yezazela zabo baya kuba ziindawo ezilawula uphuhliso lwezixhobo, ukugcinwa kweengalo, nezinye izinto ezinjalo. ”

Kwaye kunjalo. Ngenxa yokuba umkhosi unokuba nemikhosi emininzi, bekungayi "kukwazi" ukulwa iimfazwe. Ngaba unokucinga ukuba ungawazisa lo mbono kwiPentagon? Ndingalindela impendulo “Yeeeeeeaaaah, ngokuqinisekileyo, yiyo kanye le nto izakuthatha ukusivala. Siphe nje amawaka amabini amajoni ngaphezulu kwaye konke kuya kuphila. Siza kwenza ugcino oluncinci lwehlabathi, okokuqala, kodwa akusayi kubakho xesha lide. Ndiqinisekile. ”

Kwaye "i-pacifists" kunye nabantu abanezazela baya kwabelwa ukuba basebenze kwizixhobo? Kwaye bayayamkela loo nto? Izigidi zazo? Kwaye izixhobo ziya kufuneka kwiimfazwe ezingazukubakho kwakhona?

UJameson, njengabaninzi abasebenza ngokuthula, angathanda umkhosi ukuba wenze izinto ozibonayo kwiintengiso zoLondolozo lukaZwelonke: uncedo lwentlekele, uncedo lwabantu. Kodwa umkhosi wenza oko kuphela xa kuphela kwaye uluncedo kwiphulo lakhe lokulawula umhlaba. Kwaye ukwenza intlekele akufuneki kuthotyelwe ngokupheleleyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kolo hlobo lomsebenzi akufuneki babekelwe imeko yokubulala nokujongana nokufa. Banokuphathwa ngohlobo lwentlonipho ebanceda ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwidemokrasi-ntlalontle, ngaphandle kohlobo lokudelela olubakhokelela ekubeni bazibulale ngaphandle kweofisi yokwamkelwa esibhedlele i-VA.

UJameson uncoma umbono "wemfazwe yokuzikhusela" athe wayibhekisa kuJaurès, kunye nokubaluleka "kwengqeqesho" ayichaza kuTrotsky. UJameson ukuthandwa emkhosini, kwaye ugxininisa ukuba kwi-utopia yakhe "umkhosi wezomhlaba wonke" uya kuba sisiphelo, hayi ixesha lotshintsho. Kwilizwe lokuphela, umkhosi wawuza kuthatha yonke enye into ukusuka kwezemfundo ukuya kwezempilo.

UJameson usondela ekuvumeni ukuba kunokubakho abantu abanokuyiphikisa le nto ngesizathu sokuba umzi mveliso wezomkhosi uvelisa ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. Uthi uchasene nezinto ezimbini ezoyikayo: uloyiko lomkhosi kunye noloyiko lwayo nayiphi na into elungileyo. Emva koko uthetha nale yokugqibela, erhuqa uFreud, Trotsky, Kant, nabanye ukumnceda. Akasindisi nelinye igama langaphambili. Kamva ubanga ukuba yenene Isizathu sokuba abantu bangahambelani nembono yokusebenzisa umkhosi kuba abantu basemkhosini banyanzelekile ukuba bazimanye nabo bakwezinye iiklasi zentlalo. (Yoyikisa!)

Kodwa, amashumi amahlanu anesithandathu amaphepha ku, uJameson "ukhumbuza" umfundi ngento angakhange ayichukumise ngaphambili: "Kufanelekile ukukhumbuza umfundi ukuba umkhosi jikelele apha ocetywayo awusenguye umkhosi oqeqeshiweyo onoxanduva lwalo naliphi na inani legazi kwaye Ukuphendululwa kwe-d'etat kumaxesha akutshanje, abanoburhalarhume nolawulo lobuzwilakhe okanye ubuzwilakhe abanako ukuyothusa kwaye abakhumbula kakuhle nangoku ngokuqinisekileyo baya kothusa nabani na ngethemba lokubeka urhulumente okanye lonke uluntu kulawulo lwalo. ” Kodwa kutheni umkhosi omtsha ungafani nanto yakudala? Yintoni eyenza yahluke? Ulawulwa njani kwaphela, njengoko uthatha amandla kurhulumente? Ngaba kuthathwa njengedemokhrasi ethe ngqo?

Ke kutheni singacingi nje ngentando yesininzi ethe ngqo ngaphandle komkhosi, kwaye sisebenze ukuyifezekisa, ebonakala ngathi inokwenzeka ngakumbi kwimeko yoluntu?

Kwikamva lomkhosi kaJameson, ukhankanya-kwakhona, ngokungathi bekufanele ukuba besele siyazi-ukuba "wonke umntu uqeqeshelwe ukusebenzisa izixhobo kwaye akukho mntu uvunyelweyo ukuba nazo ngaphandle kweemeko ezinqongopheleyo nezichazwe ngononophelo." Njengeemfazwe? Jonga le ndawo ivela kuZizek "kugxeka" kukaJameson:

“Umkhosi kaJameson, ewe, 'ngumkhosi ovaliweyo,' umkhosi ongenazimfazwe. . . (Kwaye lo mkhosi uza kusebenza njani kwimfazwe yokwenene, eya isiba nokwenzeka ngakumbi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lezinto ezininzi?) ”

Uyifumene? UZizek uthi lo mkhosi awuyi kulwa. Emva koko uyazibuza ukuba ingaba izokulwa njani iimfazwe zayo. Kwaye ngelixa umkhosi wase-US unamajoni kunye nemikhankaso yokuqhushumisa eqhubeka kumazwe asixhenxe, kunye nemikhosi "ekhethekileyo" elwa namanye amaninzi, uZizek uxhalabile ukuba kungakho imfazwe ngenye imini.

Kwaye ngaba loo mfazwe yayiqhutywa ziintengiso zezixhobo? Ngokuxhokonxwa emkhosini? Ngaba yinkcubeko yezomkhosi? Ngaba "ngonozakuzaku" onobutshaba ozinze kumkhosi wama-impiriyali? Hayi, ayinakuba njalo. Okokuqala, akukho nalinye kumagama achaphazelekayo anomdla njengokuthi "izinto ezininzi." Ngokuqinisekileyo ingxaki-nangona incinci kwaye inomdla-kukuba ubume behlabathi obuninzi bunokuqala imfazwe kungekudala. UZizek uhlabela mgama echaza ukuba, kumnyhadala woluntu, uJameson ucinga indlela yokudala umkhosi wakhe kwindalo engqongqo, njengempendulo ethatha inxaxheba kwintlekele okanye kwisiphithiphithi.

Ndivumelana noJameson kuphela kwindawo aqala ngayo ukuzingela i-utopia, eyokuba izicwangciso eziqhelekileyo azinabungozi okanye zifile. Kodwa eso ayisosizathu sokuyila intlekele eqinisekileyo kwaye uzame ukuyinyanzelisa ngeendlela ezichasene nentando yesininzi, ngakumbi xa ezinye izizwe ezininzi sele zikhomba indlela kwilizwe elibhetele. Indlela eya kwikamva loqoqosho eliqhubela phambili apho abantu abazizityebi behlawuliswa irhafu kwaye amahlwempu enokuphumelela anokuthi avele kuphela ekubhekiseni phambili iimali ezingenakulinganiswa eziphoswa kumalungiselelo emfazwe. Ukuba iRiphabhlikhi kunye neeDemokhrasi jikelele ziyakutyeshela oko akusosizathu sokuba uJameson abajoyine.