Ngu-Daniel Immerwahr, nge-30 kaNovemba ka-2020
ukusuka Wesizwe
Sngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ubhubhane we-Covid-19 uhlasele i-United States, intatheli yabuza uDonald Trump ukuba ngoku uzijonga njengomongameli wexesha lemfazwe. "Ndiyavuma. Ndiyayenza, ”uphendule watsho. Ukudumba ngenjongo, wavula intetho emfutshane ngokuthetha ngayo. "Ngokwenyani, sisemfazweni," utshilo. Ukanti oonondaba kunye noochwephesha bakhuphe amehlo abo. “Umongameli wexesha lemfazwe?” bahlekisa The New York Times. "Akukacaci ukuba abavoti abaninzi bayayamkela ingcamango yokuba abe yinkokeli yexesha lemfazwe." "Ilinge lakhe lokwamkela umkhosi wezomkhosi laphakamisa ngaphezulu kwamashiya ambalwa," ingxelo ye-NPR. Yintoni embalwa ephawulwe ngelo xesha kukuba uTrump, ewe, bekunjalo Umongameli wexesha lemfazwe, hayi ngengqondo. Wongamela-kwaye usenza njalo-ngaphezulu kwemishini emibini eqhubekayo yomkhosi, i-Operation Freedom's Sentinel e-Afghanistan kunye ne-Operation Inherent Resolve e-Iraq nase-Syria. Ngokuthe cwaka, amawaka amajoni ase-US ajikeleza i-Afrika kwaye kule minyaka idlulileyo banyamezele amaxhoba eChad, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, nase South Sudan. Iinqwelomoya zase-US kunye needrones, okwangoku, zigcwalisa isibhakabhaka kwaye ukusukela ngo-2015 babulale abantu abangaphezulu kwe-5,000 (kwaye mhlawumbi baninzi njenge-12,000) e-Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia nase Yemen.
Kutheni le nto kulula kakhulu ukuzikhupha ezi nyani ngaphandle? Inani eliphantsi kakhulu lamaxhoba e-US adlala indima ebonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo eyona nto ibaluleke ngakumbi kukungakhathali kokucothisa ukucothisa kweendaba. I-United States ibisilwa kwiindawo ezininzi, ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezichaziweyo, ukuba kulula ukuba abanye bawulibale umlo ngokupheleleyo kwaye endaweni yoko babuze ukuba ingaba intsholongwane iyenzile na iTrump njengenkokeli yexesha lemfazwe. Kwingxoxo-mpikiswano ezimbini zomongameli, akukho mgqatswa wakhankanya nento yokuba i-United States isemfazweni.
Kodwa kunjalo, kwaye ayonwabisi ukucinga ukuba ilizwe lide kangakanani. Abafundi abangena kwiikholeji ukuwa baye baphila ubomi babo bonke ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yezoBugrogrisi kunye nemikhankaso yabo eyalandelayo. Ishumi leminyaka ngaphambi koko wabona ukuthunyelwa kwaseMelika kwiGulf War, ungquzulwano lweBalkan, iHaiti, iMakedoniya neSomalia. Ngapha koko, ukusukela ngo-1945, xa iWashington yaziphosa njengomgcini woxolo emhlabeni, imfazwe ibiyindlela yokuphila. Ukwahlula-hlula ukubandakanyeka emkhosini kunokuba yinto enobuqhophololo, kodwa kuyacaca ukuba bekukho kuphela iminyaka emibini kule minyaka isixhenxe nesiqingatha idlulileyo- 1977 kunye ne1979- xa i-United States ibingahlaseli okanye isilwa kwilizwe langaphandle.
Umbuzo ngowokuba kutheni. Ngaba yinto enzulu enkcubeko? Abawisi-mthetho epokothweni yemikhosi yezomkhosi? Ubongameli obungaphandle kolawulo? Ngokuqinisekileyo bonke badlale indima. Incwadi entsha etyhiliweyo nguDavid Vine, The I-United States yeMfazwe, sichaza enye into ebalulekileyo, ehlala ihoywa kakhulu: iziseko zomkhosi. Ukususela kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala, iUnited States isebenze iziseko kumazwe angaphandle. Ezi zinendlela yokumema imfazwe, zombini ngokuphembelela ingqumbo e-United States nangokukhuthaza iinkokheli zase-US ukuba ziphendule ngenkani. Njengoko ukungqubana kunyuka, umkhosi uyakha ngakumbi, ukhokelela kwisangqa esikhohlakeleyo. Iisiseko zenza iimfazwe, ezenza iziseko, njalo njalo. Namhlanje, iWashington ilawula iziseko ezingama-750 kumazwe angaphandle nakwimimandla yaphesheya.
I-China, ngokuchaseneyo ngokuchaseneyo, inesiseko esinye sangaphandle, eDjibouti. Kwaye ukungqubana kwayo kwezomkhosi ukusukela nge1970s bekuphantse kwaphela kuthintelwe ukungqubana kwemida kunye nokulwa kwiziqithi ezincinci. Nangona amandla anyukayo enomkhosi omkhulu, zimbalwa ezoyikisayo ngobundlobongela, kwaye kunqongophala kweentshaba ezinokwenzeka, i-China kutshanje iqhekeze amashumi eminyaka yokulahleka kwayo nayiphi na imikhosi yokulwa. Kwi-United States, eyayisilwa minyaka le ngelo xesha, olo xolo alunakucingeleka. Umbuzo ngowokuba, ngokurhoxisa iziseko zawo, unokuzinyanga ngokwakho isibetho semfazwe engapheliyo.
IKulula ukuba ungacingi malunga neziseko. Jonga kwimephu yase-United States, kwaye uya kubona kuphela i-50 ithi; awuyi kubona amakhulu ezinye iisayithi apho iflegi yase-US ibhabha khona. Kulabo abangakhange basebenze emkhosini, la machaphaza amancinci abonakale. Kwaye zincinci ngokwenyani: Hlanganisa ndawonye zonke iziseko zaphesheya urhulumente wase-US avumayo ukulawula, kwaye uya kuba nendawo engekho enkulu kuneHouston.
Nangona kunjalo isuntswana lomhlaba elilawulwa ngumkhosi wasemzini linokuthi, njengentlabathi yentlanzi, licaphukise kakhulu. Ngo-2007, uRafael Correa wakwenza kwacaca oku xa, njengomongameli wase-Ecuador, wajongana nengcinezelo yokuvuselela ingqeshiso kwiziko lase-US kwilizwe lakhe. Uxelele iintatheli ukuba uya kuvuma ngento enye: ukuba avunyelwe abeke isiseko eMiami. "Ukuba akukho ngxaki ukuba namajoni angaphandle kumhlaba welizwe," watsho, "ngokuqinisekileyo baya kusivumela ukuba sibe nesiseko se-Ecuador eMelika." Ewe, akukho mongameli wase-US angavuma kwinto enjalo. Umkhosi welinye ilizwe osebenza kwisiseko eFlorida okanye naphi na e-United States uya kuba ngumsindo.
Njengoko uMdiliya usitsho, yayilolu hlobo lomsindo olonyusa ukwenziwa kwe-United States kwasekuqaleni. Isithsaba sase-Bhritane asikhange sithwalise abathanga baso irhafu kuphela Yabacaphukisa ngokubabeka i-redcoats kwiikholoni zemfazwe neFrance. Kwiminyaka ye-1760 kunye neye-70, iingxelo ezothusayo zokuhlaselwa, ukuxhatshazwa, ubusela kunye nokudlwengulwa ngamajoni kwakuqhelekile. Ababhali beSibhengezo senkululeko bamgxeka ukumkani "ngokuthimba amaqela amakhulu omkhosi axhobileyo phakathi kwethu" nokubakhulula kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni. Ayisiyonto yengozi ukuba isiHlomelo sesiThathu soMgaqo-siseko — esiza phambi kwamalungelo malunga nokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nenkululeko ekugqogweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni — lilungelo lokuba kungabikho masoldati abelwe impahla yomntu ngexesha loxolo.
Ilizwe elizalwe ngenzondelelo kwiziseko zomkhosi nangona kunjalo ngokukhawuleza laqala ukuzakhela elalo. Incwadi kaVine ibonisa nje ukuba babephambili kangakanani kwimbali yase-US. Umhobe wesizwe, uyabalisa, ubalisa ibali leziko lomkhosi, iFort McHenry ngaphandle kweBaltimore, ingqongwe ziinqanawa zase-Bhritane kwiMfazwe yowe-1812. Izikhuselo ezingaselunxwemeni zase-US zazigcina imijukujelwa yomlilo yaseBritane ubukhulu becala ingekho kuluhlu, Amakhulu “eebhombu ezazigqabhukile emoyeni,” ekupheleni komlo, “iflegi yethu yayisekho.”
I-Bhritane ayizange ithathe i-Fort McHenry, kodwa imikhosi yase-US ngexesha lomlo bathimba iziseko eCanada nase Florida. U-Andrew Jackson, owayenemikhosi ephumeleleyo kwidabi lokugqibela lemfazwe (walwa, ngokungathandekiyo, kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano soxolo), walandela uxolo ngokwakha iindawo ezingaphaya ezise Mzantsi, apho wenza khona amaphulo okutshabalalisa amazwe aboMthonyama.
Ungabalisa ibali elifanayo malunga neMfazwe yamakhaya. Kwaqala ngohlaselo lwe-Confederate e-Fort Sumter, iposi yomkhosi ngaphandle kwe-Charleston, SC Kwaye yayingeyiyo kuphela i-Fort Sumter yemfazwe, njengoko isenzeka. Njengoko yenzayo kwiMfazwe ka-1812, i-Army yasebenzisa iMfazwe yombutho njengesihlandlo sokuqhubela phambili kumazwe aseNdiya. Iiyunithi zayo zokuzithandela kunye namanye amajoni alwa kungekuphela eGeorgia naseVirginia kodwa naseArizona, Nevada, New Mexico nase Utah. Ngo-Matshi 1864 Umkhosi wanyanzela amaNavajos angama-8,000 ukuba ahambe umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-300 esiya eFort Sumter eNew Mexico, apho bavalelwa khona iminyaka emine; Ubuncinane ikota yafa yindlala. Iminyaka ngexesha nangemva kweMfazwe yombutho, iVine ibonisa, yabona isakhiwo esisezantsi kwintshona ye-Mississippi.
FI-ort McHenry, i-Fort Sumter-la ngamagama aqhelekileyo, kwaye akukho nzima ukucinga ngamanye e-United States, njenge-Fort Knox, i-Fort Lauderdale, i-Fort Wayne ne-Fort Worth. "Kutheni zininzi iindawo ekuthiwa yiFort?" Umdiliya uyabuza.
Impendulo icacile kodwa ayothusi: Yayiyinkqubo yomkhosi. Ezinye, njengeFort Sumter eSouth Carolina, zazakhiwe kunxweme kwaye zenzelwe ukuzikhusela. Nangona kunjalo ngaphezulu, njengeFort Sumter eNew Mexico, babekwa ngaphakathi, kufutshane namazwe amaNative. Ayenzelwanga ukuzikhusela kodwa ulwaphulo-mthetho - lokulwa, ukurhweba kunye nokwenza amapolisa amaIndiya. Namhlanje zingaphezulu kwama-400 iindawo ezinabemi eUnited States ezinamagama anegama elithi “fort.”
Ubukho beenqaba babungaphelelanga kuMntla Merika. Njengoko i-United States yathatha imimandla phesheya kolwandle, yakha ezinye iziseko, ezinjengeFort Shafter eHawaii, iFort McKinley kwiiPhilippines, kunye nesiseko somkhosi wamanzi eGuantánamo Bay eCuba. Kwakhona, isangqa esikhohlakeleyo sabanjwa. Kuzo zonke iziqithi zasePhilippine, uMkhosi wakha iinqaba kunye neenkampu ukwandisa ukufikelela kwawo, kwaye ezo ziseko zaba zizilingo, njengokuba iqela labantu abangama-500 baseBalangiga bahlasela i-Army campamp ngo-1899 babulala amajoni angama-45 apho. Olo hlaselo lwaphembelela iphulo lokuphalaza igazi, amajoni ase-US ephantsi komyalelo wokuba abulale nayiphi na indoda yakwiiPhilippines engaphezulu kweminyaka eli-10 engazinikelanga kurhulumente.
Kumashumi amane eminyaka kamva, ipatheni iyaqhubeka. IJapan iphehlelele lonke uhlaselo kuthotho lweziseko zaseMelika ePacific, edume kakhulu yiPearl Harbour eHawaii. I-United States yaphendula ngokungena kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, isoyisa izixeko ezininzi zaseJapan, yaphosa iibhombu ezimbini zeathom.
Imfazwe, ekuphelisweni kwayo, yayimise i-United States "njengelona lizwe linamandla, mhlawumbi kuyo yonke imbali," njengoko uMongameli Harry Truman wayibeka kwidilesi kanomathotholo ngo-1945. Ukulinganiswa kwiziseko, oku kwakuyinyani ngokuqinisekileyo. Inani lezinto ezenziwa ngaphandle e-United States ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi "ziyasilela kwintelekelelo," wabhala watsho omnye umphengululi wezobudlelwane bezizwe ngezizwe ngelo xesha. Ubalo olukhankanyiweyo lubeka uluhlu lwezinto zase-US phesheya kolwandle kwiindawo ezingama-30,000 kwiindawo ezingama-2,000 XNUMX ukuphela kwemfazwe. Imikhosi ebithunyelwe kubo yayingeniswe kukungena kwabo ngequbuliso kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba kangangokuba beza negama elibhalwe ukuba, "UKilroy ebelapha," ukuphawula ngebhongo iindawo ezininzi ezingenakwenzeka. Abemi bamazwe awayesasazeke ngakumbi babenesiqubulo esahlukileyo: “Yankee, goduka!”
WNgaba iiYankees zingagoduka ekupheleni kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi? Mhlawumbi kunjalo. Amandla e-Axis atyunyuziwe, eshiya ithuba elincinci lokuhlaselwa kwakhona. Ekuphela kwamandla anokusongela iUnited States yayiyiSoviet Union. Kodwa la mazwe mabini ebelwile ecaleni, kwaye ukuba banokuqhubeka nokunyamezelana, ilizwe elonakele emfazweni linokuthi ekugqibeleni libone uxolo.
Uxolo aluzange lufike, nangona kunjalo, kwaye isizathu sokuba kungenjalo kukuba amagunya amabini amakhulu afunde ukutolikelana njengezisongelo ezikhoyo. Iimbali zihlala zigxininisa indima yoonozakuzaku uGeorge Kennan ekomelezeni uloyiko lwase-US. Ebutsheni bowe-1946 wathumela ikhebula elinempembelelo enkulu exoxa ngobude ukuba "imo yesiko neyaseRashiya yokungazithembi" ayinakuze ivumele uxolo. IMoscow yayisisongelo, watsho, kwaye isenzo sayo kufuneka sichaswe ngendlela efanelekileyo.
Okuncinci kuhlala kuvakala kwicala laseSoviet. Emva kokuba itelegram ende kaKennan ibanjiwe, uStalin wayalela ummeli wakhe eWashington, uNikolai Novikov, ukuba alungiselele uvavanyo olufanayo, olwalubhalwe ngumoya nguVyacheslav Molotov, umphathiswa wezangaphandle weSoviet. UMolotov wayekholelwa ukuba i-United States yayizimisele "kulawulo lwehlabathi" kwaye ilungiselela "imfazwe yexesha elizayo" neSoviet Union. Ubungqina? Wakhomba kumakhulu eziseko zaphesheya kweWashington ezibanjelwe kunye namakhulu ngakumbi afuna ukwakha.
Yiloo nto malunga neziseko, uVine uthi. Emehlweni eenkokheli zase-US, zibonakala zingenabungozi. Kodwa kwabo bahlala emthunzini wabo, bahlala boyikisa. U-Khrushchev wayeza kuyenza loo nto, xa ekhefini kuLwandle oluMnyama, ngokunika iindwendwe zakhe iibinoculars kwaye azibuze ukuba zibone ntoni. Bathe xa bephendula ukuba ababoni nto, u-Khrushchev ubambe i-binoculars umva, wakroba phezulu, wathi, “I jonga imijukujelwa yase-US eTurkey, ejolise kuyo idacha yam. "
Wayengenguye yedwa owoyikayo ubundlobongela base-US. Emva kokuba i-CIA izamile yaza yasilela ukubhukuqa urhulumente kaFidel Castro wobusoshiyali eCuba, uCastro wajonga kwiSoviet Union ukuze amkhusele. U-Khrushchev ucele ukuhambisa imijukujelwa kwiziseko zaseSoviet eCuba. Ngaphandle kokukhusela iqabane lakhe, u-Khrushchev wabona oku njengendlela yokunika iintshaba zakhe “incasa yamayeza abo.” Njengoko wachazayo kamva, "amaMelika ayelirhangqile ilizwe lethu ngeziseko zomkhosi kwaye asoyikisa ngezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye ngoku bazokufunda ukuba kunjani ukuba nemijukujelwa yotshaba."
Baye bafunda, kwaye bothuka. UJohn F. Kennedy wakhalaza esithi “ngokungathi ngesiquphe siqale ukubeka inani elikhulu lee-MRBM [imijukujelwa ekumgangatho ophakathi] eTurkey.” "Ewe, sikwenzile, Mnu. Mongameli," umcebisi wakhe wezokhuseleko kuzwelonke wamkhumbuza. Ngapha koko, uKennedy yayinguye owayethumele imijukujelwa kaJupiter kwiziseko zaseMelika zaseTurkey. Emva kosuku lweentsuku ezili-13 — “elona lizwe lisondeleyo lifikile kwiArmagedon yenyukliya,” ubhala watsho uVine — uKennedy noKhrushchev bavumile ukukhupha izixhobo zabo phantsi kwezixhobo.
Ababhali-mbali basibiza esi siganeko sibuhlungu ngokuba yiCuba yeMissile Crisis, kodwa ngaba kufanele? Igama libeka ukugxila eCuba, ngokugxeka ngokukuko intlekele eCastro naseKhrushchev. Ukumisa kwangaphambili kukaKennedy kwemijukujelwa eTurkey kutyibilika kuthe cwaka kwimvelaphi yebali, njengenxalenye yezinto zendalo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, i-United States ilawula iziseko ezininzi kangangokuba uKennedy angalibala nokuba ubeke imijukujelwa eTurkey. Ukubiza umsitho i-Crisis Missile Crisis kungangcono uqhube inqaku le-Vine yasekhaya: Akukho nto indalo malunga nelizwe eligcina inkqubo enkulu yeziseko zomkhosi kwezinye izizwe.
Even emva kokuba iziseko zase-US eTurkey ziphantse zabangela imfazwe yenyukliya, iinkokheli zomkhosi bezabalazela ukuqonda ukuba zinokuba njani na iziseko zopolitiko. Xa uSaddam Hussein ahlasela i-Kuwait ngo-1990, i-United States yahambisa amawaka emikhosi eSaudi Arabia, kubandakanywa nesiseko esikhulu saseDhahran kunxweme olusempuma yelizwe. Umbono yayikukusebenzisa iziseko zaseSaudi ukunyanzela umkhosi kaHussein, kodwa njengesiqhelo, ubukho bemikhosi yase-US kumhlaba wangaphandle baqala ingqumbo enkulu. "Akuthandabuzeki ukuvumela eli lizwe libe yithanga laseMelika elinamajoni aseMelika-iinyawo zawo ezimdaka zihamba-hamba kuyo yonke indawo," utshilo omnye waseSaudi, u-Osama bin Laden.
"Emva kokuba ingozi idlulile, imikhosi yethu iya kugoduka," emva koko-uNobhala Wezomkhosi uDick Cheney wathembisa urhulumente wase-Saudi. Kodwa imikhosi yahlala emva koloyiso luka-Hussein, kwaye ingqumbo yaqhuma. Ngo-1996 ibhombu kufutshane naseDhahran yabulala abasebenzi be-US Air Force abali-19. Akucaci ngokupheleleyo ukuba ngubani owayenoxanduva, nangona u-bin Laden ebanga uxanduva. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka esibhozo yokufika kwemikhosi yase-US eDhahran, i-Al Qaeda ka-bin Laden yabeka iibhombu kwii-Ofisi zoonozakuzaku base-US eKenya naseTanzania, zabulala abantu abangaphezulu kwama-200. NgoSeptemba 11, 2001, izidlakudla zaseAl Qaeda zakhwelisa iinqwelomoya zangena kwiPentagon (“isiseko somkhosi,” njengoko uBin Laden wachazayo) nakwiZiko lezoRhwebo leHlabathi.
“Kutheni besithiyile nje?” Ingcali yobunqolobi uRichard Clarke ubuze emva kohlaselo. Izizathu zikaBin Laden zazininzi, kodwa iziseko zazikhulu kakhulu kwingcinga yakhe. “Imikhosi yakho ihleli kumazwe ethu; usasaza iziseko zakho zomkhosi kuzo zonke; Wonakalisa umhlaba wethu, wangqinga iindawo zethu ezingcwele, ”ubhale watsho kwi“ Letter to America ”yakhe.
CiUnited States iyazikhulula kwiimfazwe zayo ezingapheliyo? Ukuzixakekisa okanye, njengoko uVine ebeka, "ukwenza izinto ezingekho mthethweni" akuyi kuba lula. Kukho inkqubo entsonkothileyo yomhlaba wonke yokhuseleko olwakhiwe macala omkhosi wase-US, kukho abasebenzi bakarhulumente kunye nabacwangcisi bezomkhosi abasetyenziselwa ukwenza imfazwe, kwaye kukho iikontraki ezinkulu zokhuselo ezinamandla okuphembelela. Akukho nanye kwezi eya kuhamba ngokulula.
Ukanti ngokuchonga unxibelelwano phakathi kweziseko kunye nemfazwe, umdiliya ufumanise ilula elula kwaye inamandla okuhambisa le mikhosi mikhulu. Ufuna uxolo? Vala iziseko. Abambalwa abaphumayo phesheya kwezilwandle bangathetha ukucaphukisa umsindo wangaphandle, bambalwa ekujoliswe kuko kuhlaselo, kunye nokuncipha kweWashington ukusombulula iingxaki zayo ngokusebenzisa amandla. Umdiliya awukholelwa ukuba ukuncipha kwenkqubo yesiseko kuya kuthintela iimfazwe zase-US ngokupheleleyo, kodwa imeko yakhe yokuba ukwenza oko kuya kuzolisa amanzi kunzima ukuyiphikisa.
Ukunciphisa umkhondo wezomkhosi wase-US kuya kunceda nangezinye iindlela. Kwincwadi yakhe yangaphambili Isizwe soLwazi, Umdiliya ubalwe ukuba iziseko zaphesheya zibiza abarhafi ngaphezulu kwe- $ 70 yezigidigidi ngonyaka. Kwi I-United States yeMfazweUxoxa ukuba eli nani liwuthatha kancinci umrhumo wabo. Ngenxa yokuthanda kwabo ukukhuthaza imfazwe, ukunciphisa inani leziseko zaphesheya kuya kunciphisa ezinye iindleko zasemkhosini, ukubeka enye i-dent kubarhafi baseMelika kwi-1.25 yezigidi zeerandi zomkhosi wonyaka. Isixa esichithwe yi-United States kwiimfazwe zayo zasemva kwe-9/11, ubhala uVine, ngesele efumene ukhathalelo lwempilo ebudaleni kunye neminyaka emibini yeNtloko yokuQala kubo bonke abantwana abazizigidi ezili-13 abaphila kubuhlwempu eUnited States, ngokunjalo njengabafundi beekholeji zikarhulumente zabafundi abazizigidi ezingama-28, amashumi amabini eminyaka okhathalelo lwempilo kwizigidi ezi-1 zamagqala, kunye neminyaka eli-10 yemivuzo yabantu abazizigidi ezi-4 abasebenza kwimisebenzi yamandla acocekileyo.
Ngaba loo ntengiso yayikude ikufanele oko? Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwabantu abadala base-US bacinga ukuba iimfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan bezingafanelekanga. Uninzi lwamagorha avakalelwa ngaloo ndlela, nawo. Kwaye kuthiwani ngala mazwe anjengeNiger, apho umdiliya ubala khona iziseko ezisibhozo zase-US kwaye apho amajoni amane ase-US asweleka khona ngo-2017? Ngenxa yokuba ii-senator eziphambili zichaze ukuba azazi nokuba kukho imikhosi eNiger, kunzima ukucinga indawo yokuhlala yenkxaso edumileyo yokuthunywa apho.
Uluntu ludiniwe yimfazwe kwaye kubonakala ngathi ayithandi kwaphela-okanye nkqu nokwazi-kweziseko zaphesheya ezigcina umlo uqhubeka. UTrump usongele ngokuvalela abanye babo ukuba baxhase udonga lwakhe. Umdiliya awunaluvelwano kumongameli kodwa ngokubhekisa kwisibhengezo sikaTrump "seembono zobuqhetseba" njengempawu yokungoneliseki okukhulayo ngemeko ekhoyo. Umbuzo ngowokuba ingaba uJoe Biden, usihlalo wexesha elithathu le-Senate Foreign Relations Committee, uyakuvuma kwaye aphendule koku kungoneliseki.
Biden kufuneka. Kudala siwugcinile umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US, ojonga imfazwe njengemeko eyoyikisayo efuna ukuzithethelela kunokuba ibe yimeko ethathiweyo. UTrump wayefana nabo bonke ababengaphambi kwakhe amashumi eminyaka, umongameli wexesha lemfazwe. Masithembe ukuba iminyaka ezayo isizisela into enqabileyo: ixesha loxolo.
UDaniel Immerwahr unjingalwazi onxulumene nembali kwiYunivesithi yaseNyakatho-ntshona. Ngumbhali we Ukucinga okuNcinci: I-United States kunye neLure yoPhuhliso loLuntu kunye nendlela yokufihla uBukhosi.
