Imidlalo yokuPhupha komntu wokuqala, i-US Military, kunye ne-Serial Killers

NgoPat Elder, ngoMeyi 23, 2018.

U-Nik Cruz, umqhubi weParkland, kunye noDimitrios Pagourtzis, umqhubi waseSanta Fe, balayishe ezi zithombe kwi-Instagram yabo yeakhawunti yabo ye-Instagram yabo-imidlalo yokudlala.

Bobabini uNik Cruz, umgibeli weParkland, kunye noDimitri Dimitrios Pagourtzis, umhlaseli waseSanta Fe, babekhathazekile ngokweemvakalelo ngenxa yamantombazana awalayo inkqubela yawo. Bobabini babegxothiwe kwizikolo zabo eziphakamileyo. Bobabini badlala imidlalo yevidiyo efanisa imfazwe. Kwibio yakhe ye-Facebook, uDimitri ubonakalise umdla wokujoyina i-US Marine Corps "ukuqala ngo-2019." UNik Cruz waziva esekhaya kunye noMkhosi.

Oku akuyiyo ipempo elincinci. Umkhosi ujonge i-gamers kwilizwe elibonakalayo.

The Amandla aseMerika umdlalo wevidiyo, umdlalo onogqirha womntu wokuqala, unezigidi zabantu abalandeli abanomdla. Ngenye yeemidlalo ezilandelwa rhoqo kwihlabathi. Ngokwoluphando lwabaphandi baseMassachusetts Institute of Technology, "umdlalo unempembelelo enkulu ekubambeni kunezinye iindidi zeentengiso ezidibeneyo."

Umkhosi uxhaphaza isibheno esibonakalayo sokubulala. Ngapha koko, iPentagon ifuna abatoli ababonakalise ubuchule obucokisekileyo nobuchule bokufunda obufundwe ngamawakawaka amava okudlala. Ezi zakhono zinje ngabo balawuli kwibala ledabi elisetyenziswayo emfazweni yokwenyani.

The ISikole sase-US Army Centre-Uqeqesho ineMidlalo yeMidlalo yokuBamba iqela emininzi (Massively Multiplayer Role Playing Games) ukuqeqesha abatsha abatsha. Inkqubo, efanayo World of Warcraft, ivumela amasosha ngamnye kwihlabathi ukuba angene kwi-Army MMRPG kwaye adlale njengabantu ngabanye okanye njengeeyunithi.

Ndiyabulela umkhuseli omkhulu wenkululeko, u-Edward Snowden, siyazi malunga ne-2013 I-NSA, "Ukuxhaphaza Ukusetyenziswa kwabaNqolobi kweMidlalo kunye neNdawo eziNgcono." I-NSA kunye ne-CIA zidibene neKomkhulu lezoNxibelelwano zikaRhulumente lase-UK i-GCHQ ukuya ukuhambisa abenzi bezinto zangempela-ubomi World of Warcraft kwaye ungene ngaphakathi kwi-Xbox Live kunye neenkulungwane zezigidi zabadlali emhlabeni jikelele. Amacandelo amabini e-spy aphezulu angabonakalisa i-labyrinth yezonxibelelwano zentlalo ngalabo abanesifiso sokubulawa kwangoku. Iithagethi zobukhosi zingase zibe eSiriya okanye naseVenezuela; Florida okanye eTexas.

Kwihlabathi leWarcraft, abadlali emhlabeni wonke babelana ngehlabathi elifanayo, behamba, bahamba, bajikeleza, babulala iindilo ezihlukahlukeneyo zekhomputha, kunye ne-avatars ezenziwe ngabantu abenziwe ngabaculi be-10,000.  Yakha yakho apha!

Pro Publica, ummkeli we-Snowden ukukhululwa, uchaza, "ukubulala izilo ezilawulwa yikhomputha okanye ii-avatars zabanye abadlali, kuquka i-elves, izilwanyana okanye izidalwa ezibizwa ngokuba yi-orcs. Abadlali bakha ama-avatars abakhethiweyo anokwenziwa ngabantu okanye awathathe abanye abantu - i-supermodels kunye nabakhi be-bodybuilders bathandwa kakhulu - ngubani onokuthi athile, athenge kwaye athengise iimpahla ezibonakalayo, aze ahambe kwiindawo ezinjengezilwandle, izixeko, iifriji zezobugcisa kunye neeklabhu zemigca. "

Okwenene kunye neyona nto iyabonakala.

I-SAIC, ikhontrakthi yezokhuselo i-behemoth, ifundile ii-MMORPG kwaye yagqiba ukuba inokusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ziintshaba zaseMelika, ukusuka ekugayeni amalungu, koqeqesho lwabaseli, nasekusasazeni ubuxoki-njengoko i-US isenza nge-The EMelika Amandla umdlalo yevidiyo.

Kuyamangalisa ukuqwalasela i-NSA ingaba nedatha kwi-Cruz kunye ne-Pagourtzis enokuthi yayidlale i-MMORPG.

============

Ngoku, engqondweni kaM Dimitri Pagourtzis, enye ye-2.2 ibhola yeebhiliyoni kwindawo yonke.

UDimitri walandela amaqela e-13 kunye nabantu kwi-Instagram, kubandakanywa oku:

Ngokubambene, amaqela ebhamu aboniswe ngasentla anabalandeli abangaphezu kwesigidi. Iziza zizukisa izixhobo kwaye zisebenzisa izivakalisi ezifana "Ukondla umlutha wakho, "" I-Gun Addict ivunyelwe, "Sithanda izibhamu," kwaye "Izibhamu - Ndiyathanda izibhamu - Kulula nje oko. ” 2nd Ukulungiswa kwamalungelo okulawula okuphezulu, ngelixa kunzima umngeni wokuba abantwana bamele bavezwe kwezi ndawo.

Umfanekiso wegeyimu ye-Arcade elayishwe nguDimitri ibonise umdlalo wesithuthuthu somntu wokuqala Uxolo ezisa ubomi obunjani amava. Unamashishini amaninzi kwimakethe ye-sniper yemakethe, nangona ifumana amanqaku aphezulu. Lo mdlalo ubonisa uMongameli wase-US, umfazi wakhe nentombi, abanjwe ngabantu ababi, bebiza uDimitri le sniper ukuba alondoloze isizwe.

I-nine ye-Instagram idilesi i-Dimitri elandelelanayo yayiphepha iphepha lokutshiza. Ezinye ezine zibandakanya i-akhawunti esemthethweni yeNdlu ye-White House, uMongameli uDonald Trump, u-Ivanka Trump noMelania Trump. UDimitri wayehlala kwilizwe eliyingcamango lamongameli kunye needemon kunye nama-avatars. UDifiti naye wayehlala kwihlabathi langempela leenqununu kunye nabazali kunye nothando olungathandabuzekiyo. Kulula kakhulu ukudibanisa kwengqondo yentsha. Ubungqina kunye nenyaniso buya kugqitywa.

Sifuna igama elitsha, iOxford! Njani "ngefantasy"?

UDimitri wabulala amawaka kwaye wayeliqhawe elibonakalayo. (UAdam Lanza, umhlaseli waseNewton, wabulala abantu abangama-83,000.) Ukubulawa okuqinisekileyo kwenza ukuba uDemitri ashiye imeko yakhe kwezentlalo esikolweni kunye noxinzelelo lokwaliwa yintombazana entle. Wayemthiyile ngenxa yakhe kwaye wayenqwenela ukuba afe, kunye nabanqolobi bakhe. Unokubakhupha bonke ngobuchule obuqaqambileyo kunye namaqhinga akhethwe ngononophelo.

Njengabanye abaphangi besikolo esiphakamileyo, wayengenayo inxalenye "kwisihlwele."

Izikolo eziphakamileyo zingaba ziindawo ezinobungozi.

ULt Col. Dave Grossman unikela ngecala lokutshatyalaliswa kweemidlalo zezobudlova kwividiyo epapashwe ngokubanzi, Isifundo seNkundla: Paducah, eKentucky, epapashwe ngokuwa kwe2000. UMnuz Michael Carneal oneminyaka eyi-14 wabhunqa ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza kwiqela lokuthandaza ulutsha lwabaphakamileyo, wabulala abathathu belimaza amahlanu.

U-Grossman ubhala athi, “Ndiqeqesha amajoni amaninzi aqeqeshekileyo emkhosini kunye noomthetho. Xa ndibaxelela ngale mpumelelo, bothukile. Akukho ndawo kwimbali yemikhosi yasemkhosini okanye yomthetho esinokufumana "impumelelo" efanayo. Uphi inkwenkwana eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala engazange ikhuphe umpu ngaphambi kokufumana ubuchule kunye nomnqweno wokubulala? Imidlalo yevidiyo nogonyamelo kumajelo eendaba. ” UGrossman uthi ulutsha olutsala inyani yokubulala amawaka baba lukhuni ngokweemvakalelo. Le midlalo uyibiza ngokuba 'yeyokulinganisa ukubulala.'

Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) umiselwe ukubandakanya "ukungahambi kakuhle kwezemidlalo" kuhlaziyo lukaJuni kuHlelo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe lweZifo (ICD). I-WHO ichaza ukuphazamiseka kwimidlalo njengesifo "esibonakala ngokungalawuleki kwimidlalo." Izigidi zinokuchaphazeleka, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba kukho i-2.2 yezigidigidi zabadlali emhlabeni. Baza kuxhamla kwinkqubo yamanyathelo ali-12 anje ngeTywala engaziwayo. Inyathelo lokuqala liya kuba, "Sivumile ukuba asinamandla okudlala - ukuba ubomi bethu bebungenakulawuleka."

I-US ayinakwenzeka ukuhamba kwisikhokelo sokuhlelwa kweengxaki zokudlala njengesifo. Emva koko, imboni yezemidlalo yokudlala yase-US iyona I-36 Billion ishishini. Yindlela izinto ezihamba ngayo eMelika kwezi ntsuku. Umzi mveliso wokudlala unengeniso ephindwe kabini kwishishini lompu, eliye laxhathisa ngempumelelo amanyathelo engqiqo yokuthintela izixhobo zokubetha.

I-American Psychiatric Association iye ifundela "ingxaki yokudlala ye-intanethi" ukususela kwi-2013, kodwa akukho nxeba kwisenzo. Esikhundleni sokuhlolisisa ngokugqithiseleyo imiba yempilo yengqondo njengemidlalo yokudlala njengemvelaphi yokubulala abantu, abaqulunqi bemigaqo-merika banelisekile ukugxininisa ekuqinisekiseni ezinye iindawo zokuhlola kunye nokuphelisa iifotyi.

Indoda ephethe ingubo

UDimitri wathumela isithombe sesambatho sakhe somsele ngeenkcazo ezimfutshane zeemali ezazigqoka. Siyakwazi ukujonge ngokubanzi kwihlabathi likaDimitri ngokuhlola ezi mqondiso. Wayefuna i-America ukuba iqonde apho ihamba khona kuyo yonke indawo:

Duster
I-Hammer kunye neSickle = Ukuvukela
Ukuphakama kwelanga = i-Kamikaze tactics
I-Iron Cross = Ubungqina
Baphomet = Ububi
Cthulhu = Amandla

=========

Kunzima ukwazi ukuba kuthetha ntoni "idasta". Dimitri?

IHammer & Sickle, Ukunyuka kwelanga, kunye ne-Iron Cross ziindawo eziqhelekileyo kwihlabathi labaselula abafikisayo, abasebenza ngengqondo, hayi ukuba baninzi abakuqondayo ukubaluleka kwembali kunye noluntu kwezi mpawu zinamandla. Ukungeniswa kweBaphomet kunye neCthulhu kuyaphazamisa.

Baphomet = Ububi

Kukho umtsalane weBaphomet ukusukela kwiiNkqubela. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba uDimitri wayejonga njani uBaphomet: Wayenguthixo owayenqulwa nguKnights Templar, umkhosi onamandla wamaKatolika kunye nemali ngexesha leNkqubela. I-Knights Templar yayisebenza njengeebhanki ezizityebi zecawa. Benza ivenkile kwiNtaba yeTempile eYerusalem kwakamsinya emva koloyiso lwamaKatolika esixeko. Baye basebenzisa amandla amakhulu kunye nefuthe eYurophu kwada kwafika uKumkani uPhilip IV wase-France (1285-1314) abaninzi bebabambile kwaye bangcungcuthekiswa. Iitemplars zatshiswa ngokusesikweni kwisibonda.

Ingqungquthela ithi i-Templars ikhafula eMnqamlezweni, yamkhanyela uKristu, kwaye yenza izinto ezingcolileyo kunye nokunqula izithixo. Kwathiwa banezithethe phambi kwesithixo esikhulu sedemon iBaphomet. Iitemplars kunye nothixo wabo baye baba ngamaqhawe aphikisana nenkcubeko yemihla yokugqibela, amahlakani okomoya abanye babo abagxothiweyo banamhlanje kwezona ndawo zinzima kwezentlalo- kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zaseMelika.

UBaphomet inxalenye yenkcubeko yaseMelika. Amakhulu amaSathana ahlanganiselwe eDetroit e-2015 ukuze avule umfanekiso we-bronze ka-9-foot. Ubuninzi obudumileyo nobuyiselwayo babuye baqulunqa kwisiqendu se-DaVinci Code.

Cthulhu = Amandla

I-Cthulhu isidalwa esikhulu esesabekayo esihlala kwisixeko saseR'lyeh esingaphantsi kweSouth Pacific. I-Cthulhu kunye nezinye izidalwa ezinjengeye zazicingelwa ukuba zilawulwe ihlabathi. Abalandeli bakhe emhlabeni jikelele balindele ukuphakama kwakhe kwihlabathi.

UCthulhu usekwe kwimisebenzi yombhali owoyikisayo waseMelika uHP Lovecraft. Igama elithi Cthulhu livela kwisidalwa esiphambili kwibali elifutshane likaLovecraft, "Umnxeba waseCthulhu," epapashwe ngo-1928. Umsebenzi uhlangabezana nokuvuselelwa okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili. U-Lovecraft uchaze u-Cthulhu, “Ukucinga kwam okuthe kratya kuveze imifanekiso ngaxeshanye ye-octopus, inamba, kunye nomzimba womntu, andizukungathembeki kumoya wento leyo. Intloko e-pulpy, eneentente yongamela umzimba owoyikekayo nonamaxolo onamaphiko amdaka; kodwa lulwandlalo lwento yonke olwenza ukuba yoyike kakhulu. ”

http://vsbattles.wikia.com/wiki/Cthulhu_(Cthulhu_Mythos)

Ukususela kumdlalo odlawayo wevidiyo, Ifowuni yeChulhu.

UDimitrios Pagourtzis noNik Cruz ziimveliso zenkcubeko yaseMelika. Bobabini babegxothiwe ababalekela kwimidlalo yevidiyo enogonyamelo kunye nembono yokuba imipu yeyona nto ilinganayo ekuhlaleni ngenxa yendlela abahlawula ngayo amanqaku. Kwiingqondo ezininzi, uDimitri noNik banokubaluleka. Basemthethweni kuba balwa umlo. Ezi ndawo zingaziwayo ezifihlakeleyo zamkelwe ngokubanzi. Abanakufa! Baza kubetha umdlalo kwakhona enzonzobileni ngonaphakade.

Amakhwenkwe ngamagorha amakhulu aseMelika kunye namagorha anobukroti kumzabalazo wokulwa nentshutshiso kunye nokwaliwa. Benze imisebenzi eyimfuneko yobuqhawe. Badlala indima yabo kwisikimu sokugqibela se-diabolical ukubuyela umva kwinqaba yasebukhosini yeentolongo kunye needragons zesikolo sasebukhosini saseMelika kunye namava okufikisa. Izenzo zabo ziqhwatyelw 'izandla yimikhosi eyomeleleyo ngenxa yesibindi sayo. Akukho nto ibaluleke ngokwenene. Ubomi bomntu bunqabile. Iintlawulo zisihogo. Suka endleleni. Uphelile umdlalo.

Izifundo ezixhaswe ngemibutho kwi-video yokudlala ayifaki ingxelo Ama-killers axhumene kumidlalo yevidiyo enobudlova:

Michael Carneal, Umntu oneminyaka eyi-14 owayesebenzisa iqela le-8 ethandaza nabo ekilasini kwi-Heath High School eWest Paducah, KY wadlala imidlalo yevidiyo yonke imini.

Nehemiya Griego, wabulala amahlanu, kuquka umama, uyise kunye nabantwana abancinci eNew Mexico. Wayethanda ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo enobudlova.

Ndilinde ukwenza le nto iminyaka. ” utshilo Chris Harper-Mercer, Umpqua, Oregon shooter, ngaphambi kokuba abulale abantu be-10, kuquka yena. Wahlala kwilizwe elimnandi lokudlala imidlalo enobudlova.

UJames Holmes wabulala abantu be-12 kwaye balimaza abanye i-70 abanye kwi-movie ye-Century movie. Wadlala imidlalo yokudlala ibhola, ngokukodwa, iWorld Warcraft. "Yiloo nto ayenzayo," bathetha abo baziyo.

Kip Kinkel, umqhubi waseThurston High School obulala abane nabalimala i-25, wayengumdlali odlala umdlalo.

UDylan Klebold no-Eric Harris, ababulali kwiColumbine High School yokubulawa kwabantu, babengamakhoboka emidlalo. Kwividiyo uHarris noKlebold abayenzileyo, uHarris uthi ukudubula kuya kuba "njengentshabalalo" kwaye kungekudala emva koko uchaze umpu wakhe obusarhwe "njengophume ngqo eDoom." Umgwebo ngumdlalo wokudlala umntu wokuqala onogonyamelo ngendlela engaqhelekanga. AmaMarines aseMelika axabisa amandla amakhulu omdlalo. AmaMarines akhuthazwa ukuba ayidlale, kwaye yagwetyelwa ukuba ifakwe kwii-PC zikarhulumente.

UAdam Lanza, Newtown shooter wayengumdlali othanda umdlalo. UAdam waphawula i-22,000 'yentloko' esebenzisa imidlalo enobundlobongela ukuziqeqesha ekubulaweni kwakhe.

UJared Lee Loughner babulala i-13 eyimimandla emithathu, kunye ne-Rep. uGabby Giffords. "Yonke into ayeyenza yayidlala imidlalo yevidiyo kwaye idlala umculo," bathetha abo baziyo.

kwi 2003 Devin Moore, intombazana yaseAlabama, eyadubula iipolisi ezintathu, yachitha ixesha elikhulu lobomi bakhe lidlala imidlalo yokuqala yomdlali. Ubomi ngumdlalo wevidiyo, "emva kokubanjwa kwakhe.

Evan Ramsey, umdubuli wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eAlaska, wabulala umfundi kunye nenqununu kwaye wenzakalisa abanye ababini. Ukhomba kumdlalo wevidiyo, iDoom, esithi ibugqwetha ubunyani bayo, "Khange ndiqonde ukuba xa ndikhupha umpu ndikudubula… awubuyeli mva. Udubula umntu kwiDoom, aze abuye. Kuya kufuneka uzidubule izinto kwiDoom izihlandlo ezisibhozo okanye ezisithoba ngaphambi kokuba ife. ”

UJoseph Reyes wayengumdala oneminyaka eyi-12 owavula umlilo kwiSparks Middle School e-Nevada, ebulala utitshala waza wamlimaza abafundi ababini ngaphambi kokuba aphendulele. Wayedlala imidlalo yevidiyo enobudlova ngeenyanga ngaphambi kokudubula.

Elliot Rodger, Isla Vista, CA shooter, wabulala ezisixhenxe, kuquka yena. Wavuma ukuba wayenomlutha wokudlala imidlalo enobudlova kwaye wadlala iWorld Warcraft.

UJacob Tyler Roberts, umqhubi we-Clackamas Oregon, wayengumdlali odlala umdlalo.

IDylann Storm Roof, Umculi waseCharlestown owabulala abathathu, waphuma esikolweni ukuchitha ixesha lakhe edlala imidlalo yevidiyo enobudlova.

UJeff Weise, iLwandle oluBomvu, iMN shooter, yadubula efile abantu abayisithoba kunye nasekufutshane nesikolo sakhe esiphakeme. Ulandele umdlalo-mdlalo we-video kwi-massacre yakhe.

Nik. Cruz kwaye Iidimitrios I-Pagourtzis ujoyine ihholo elidumileyo lokudumisa.

Izimpendulo ze-9

  1. Ibaluleke kakhulu.
    INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavakalisa imidlalo yevidiyo njengendlela ekhuselekile yokuthetha.
    Ngaba unayo isifundo sokudibana kosapho lomkhosi kunye nokusondela kwiziseko zomkhosi?

  2. Abo banobundlobongela batsaleleka kubundlobongela obuqanjiweyo kunye nobomi bokwenyani. Kububudenge ukuzama ukudweba ikhonkco phakathi kwemidlalo yevidiyo kunye nobundlobongela bobomi bokwenyani, cinga ngezigidi zabadlali abangaze benzakalise umphefumlo. Cinga ngobundlobongela kwiindawo ezingenakho ukufikelela kwi-intanethi, abantu abaxhela indlela yabo yokuma komhlaba abangazange badlale umdlalo wekhompyuter / wekhonsoli ebomini babo. Ingxaki ayikho kwimimandla eqingqiweyo enezixhobo ezibonakalayo, kodwa kunoko kwihlabathi lenene ngokufikelela ngokulula ngokungafaniyo kuzo zonke iinjongo zokufa.

    1. Ke, ulungile ngokusebenzisa umdlalo waseMelika woMkhosi ekufumaneni abantwana kwaye uziva ngathi yinto eyenzekileyo ukuba uninzi lwababulali baseMelika babengabadlali bomdlalo wokuqala wokudubula? Kwaye kufuneka uve ukuba i-WHO ikude nesiseko?

  3. Ngendlela, i-Templars ayinakunquli uBaphomet, loo nto yayiyimangalelo yamanga ekwaziswanga kubo ukuze kuqinisekiswe intshutshiso kunye nokubulawa kweqela.

  4. Idasta yingubo ende ekhanyayo, enxitywa kwi-Old West eyomileyo ukugcina uthuli kwimpahla kabani xa ekhwele, esalusa iinkomo, njalo njalo. Kulungile ukufihla imipu emide ngokunjalo.

  5. Uxolo, kodwa ukudibanisa abadlali bevidiyo nomdlalo wobundlobongela yinto nje eqondakalayo. Ukuba amakhulu ezigidi adlala imidlalo, KUSENOKWENZEKA ukuba phakathi kwabo kuya kubakho ababulali bokwenyani. Abo bantu kunokwenzeka ukuba bafundiswe esidlangalaleni, abakumgangatho ophakathi, kunye naseMelika. Uthini umbono eMelika…

    Unoluhlu lweqela labadlali ababulala abantu. Ngaba oku kuyenza ukuba umntu abe nakho ukuhlaba umntu ngenxa yokuba bonwabela imovie kunye nemidlalo apho abalinganiswa abaphambili basebenzisa iimela okanye amakrele? Ngaba ukudlala umdlalo wokudubula obekiweyo kunika umntu izakhono zokudubula zobomi bokwenyani kunalowo ungadlaliyo? Mhlawumbi, kodwa ayilulo naluphi na uhlobo lwesiqinisekiso.

    Andiyiboni njengayo nayiphi na into ngaphandle kokungqinelana kwezibalo, ngenxa yokwanda kwabadlala umdlalo. Kusengqiqweni ukuthi utywala ubekek 'ityala ngobundlobongela. Ngokuqinisekileyo, inokuba yinto ethile Kwezinye iimeko, kodwa ayizizo zonke iimeko.

  6. Ngoku jonga, eli nqaku, ngelixa linesixa esifanelekileyo sezibakala, licacile, licacile kwaye lilula. Imithombo yeendaba iyakonwabela ukusebenzisa i-scapegoat kula mabali abuhlungu, kwaye imidlalo yevidiyo yenye yazo. Ewe lemme ndikuxelele, Pat, ayingomdlalo ngokwawo owenza ukuba umntu abe nogonyamelo, koko bakukhupha kuye. Ukuba umntu ubukele imovie enogonyamelo, emva koko ahambe ayokubulala abantu abaninzi, ungamsola umboniso bhanyabhanya?

  7. Uninzi lwehlabathi langoku lidlala umntu wokuqala wokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo. Uninzi lwehlabathi langoku alunabundlobongela kwaphela. Inzululwazi ikuxelele ukuba uphosakele kangangezihlandlo ezininzi kumakhulu ezifundo. Okwangoku ungena kwimidlalo yevidiyo. Yima nje.

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