Iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu e-Afghanistan: Imibuzo efanayo, Iimpendulo ezifanayo-Kwaye ngoku eminye iminyaka emine efanayo.

NguAnn Wright.

NgoDisemba ka-2001, ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu eyadlulayo, ndandikwiqela elincinane labantu abahlanu elaphinda lavula i-Ambassy yase-US eKabul, e-Afghanistan. Ngoku kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kamva, imibuzo efanayo esayibuza phantse kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo iyabuzwa malunga nokubandakanyeka kwe-US e-Afghanistan kwaye sifumana iimpendulo ezininzi ezifanayo.  

Imibuzo yile: kutheni sise-Afghanistan iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kwaye ziphi iibhiliyoni zeedola ezifakwe e-US eAfghanistan?  

Kwaye iimpendulo ziyafana unyaka nonyaka-i-US ise-Afghanistan ukoyisa iTaliban kunye ne-al Qaeda, (kwaye ngoku namanye amaqela aneengcwangu) ukuze bangakwazi ukuhlasela iUnited States. Kangangeminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, owona mkhosi uhambele phambili kunye noxhaswa ngemali kakuhle emhlabeni uzame ukoyisa iTaliban kunye neAl Qaeda, ngokungathandabuzekiyo imikhosi yamajoni efumana inkxaso-mali encinci emhlabeni, kwaye ayiphumelelanga. 

Ihambe phi imali? Kuninzi okuye eDubai kumagumbi kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeenkokheli zase-Afghan kunye neekontraka (i-US, i-Afghan kunye nabanye) abenze izigidi ekubandakanyekeni kwe-US e-Afghanistan.

Ngomhla we-9 kaFebruwari, i-2017, ikomiti yeeNkonzo zeSenethi ezixhobileyo e-Afghanistan, uJohn Nicholson, umphathi we-US Forces e-Afghanistan, uphendule imibuzo kwiiyure ezimbini kwi-Senate yokuva malunga nokubandakanyeka kwe-US e-Afghanistan. Uphinde wathumela ingxelo ebhaliweyo yamaphepha angamashumi amabini malunga nemeko yangoku e-Afghanistan. http://www.armed-services. senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ Nicholson_02-09-17.pdf

Ukuphendula umbuzo weSenator, "Ngaba iRussia iyagxuphuleka e-Afghanistan?" U-Nicholson uphendule wathi: "Ngelixa iRussia ine-anti-narcotics malunga ne-Afghanistan kunye neenkxalabo zohlaselo lwabanqolobi ezivela kumaqela aneengcwangu e-Afghanistan, ukusukela ngo-2016 sikholelwa ukuba iRussia ibinceda iTaliban e-Afghanistan. umyalelo wokujongela phantsi i-US kunye ne-NATO mission. I-Taliban yindlela asebenza ngayo amanye amaqela aneengcwangu e-Afghanistan. Sinexhala malunga nokwanda kwentsebenziswano phakathi kweRussia nePakistan eqhubeka nokubonelela ngendawo engcwele yobunkokeli obuphezulu beTaliban. IRussia kunye nePakistan babambe umthambo odibeneyo wasePakistan. Thina kunye namahlakani ethu akuMbindi weAsia soyika ngeenjongo zaseRussia. ”

UNicholson uthe "inkqubela phambili iyaqhubeka ukwenziwa kwimishini yase-US yoqeqesho, ukucebisa kunye nokuvavanya (TAA) imikhosi yokhuseleko yase-Afghan." Akukho Senator yabuza ukuba kutheni emva kweminyaka eyi-16 i-US kufuneka iqhubeke nokwenza uqeqesho olufanayo-kwaye ixesha elingakanani olu hlobo loqeqesho luye lwaqhubeka nokuqeqesha imikhosi ekwazi ukunqoba iTaliban kunye namanye amaqela. 

U-Nicholson uthe i-US kunye ne-NATO bazibophelele ubuncinci beminyaka emine e-Afghanistan kwinkomfa ye-NATO eWarsaw, ePoland ngoJulayi 2016. Kwinkomfa yabaxhasi eBrussels ngo-Oktobha 2016, amazwe angama-75 anikela nge-15 yeebhiliyoni ukuze aqhubeke nokwakhiwa kwakhona. Afghanistani. I-US iya kuqhubeka inikela ngeebhiliyoni ezi-5 zeedola ngonyaka ukuya kutsho ngo-2020. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

Kwingxelo yakhe ebhaliweyo, uNicholson wongeze ukuba amanye amazwe angama-30 athembisa ngaphezulu kwe-800 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka ukuxhasa i-Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) de kube sekupheleni kuka-2020 kwaye ngoSeptemba, i-India yongeze i-$ 1B kwi-2B esele izibophelele kuyo. Uphuhliso lwe-Afghanistan.

Ukusukela ngo-2002, iNkongolo yase-US ibeke ngaphezulu kwe-117 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Afghanistan (ukuqeqesha imikhosi yezokhuseleko yase-Afghan, ukumisa urhulumente wase-Afghan, ukubonelela ngokhathalelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo kubantu base-Afghan, kunye nokuphuhlisa uqoqosho lwase-Afghan), eyona nkcitho inkulu yokwakha kwakhona nayiphi na into. ilizwe kwimbali yaseUnited States.  https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

U-Nicholson uthe i-8,448 yabasebenzi basemkhosini base-US e-Afghanistan ngoku kufuneka bahlale bekhusela i-US kumaqela aneengcwangu e-Afghanistan nasePakistan apho i-20 kumaqela angama-98 atyunjiweyo emhlabeni akhoyo. Uthe akukho ntsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Afghanistan Taliban kunye ne-ISIS, kodwa ukuba uninzi lwabalweli be-ISIS bavela / besebenzisa i-Pakistani Taliban.

Kunyaka ophelileyo, ukusukela ngoMatshi ka-2016, bekukho malunga ne-28,600 yabasebenzi bekontraka yeSebe lezoKhuselo (DOD) e-Afghanistan, xa kuthelekiswa nemikhosi ye-8,730 yase-US, kunye nabasebenzi bekhontrakthi abamele malunga ne-77% yobukho be-DOD bubonke elizweni. Kubasebenzi abangama-28,600 beekontraka ze-DOD, ama-9,640 yayingabemi base-US kwaye malunga nama-870, okanye malunga ne-3%, yayingoonokontraka babucala. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ natsec/R44116.pdf

Ukusukela ukuba amanqanaba omkhosi ahlala efana kulo nyaka uphelileyo, umntu angachaza ukuba inani leekontraka zabahlali lilingana ne-2017 malunga ne-37,000 yabasebenzi basemkhosini base-US kunye neekontraki ze-DOD e-Afghanistan.

Elona nani likhulu lomkhosi wase-US e-Afghanistan lalingama-99,800 kwikota yesibini ka-2011 kwaye elona nani liphezulu leekontraka zomkhosi laliyi-117,227 apho i-34,765 yayingabemi base-US kwikota yesibini ka-2012 malunga nenani labasebenzi base-US abamalunga nama-200,000 elizweni, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi kunye neekontraka zeSebe likaRhulumente.  https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ natsec/R44116.pdf   Idatha ngamanani abasebenzi beSebe likaRhulumente kunye neekontraka ngonyaka ngamnye e-Afghanistan ayifumaneki.

Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2001 ukuya kwi-2015, iikontraka zabucala ze-1,592 (malunga neepesenti ze-32 zazo zingamaMerika) ezisebenza kwiikontraka zeSebe lezoKhuselo nazo zabulawa e-Afghanistan. Ngo-2016, ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezibini iikontraki zabucala zabulawa e-Afghanistan kunomkhosi wase-US (i-56 yomkhosi wase-US kunye neekontraki ze-101 zabulawa).

http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/ 05/29/the-new-unknown- soldiers-of-afghanistan-and- iraq/

USenator McCaskill ubuze uNicholson imibuzo enzima malunga nokuqhubekeka kokugxunyekwa kunye norhwaphilizo kurhulumente wase-Afghan kunye neekontraka zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. U-Nicholson uthe emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, ukholelwa ukuba i-US ekugqibeleni iyakwazi ukuchonga amajoni "esiporho" kwintlawulo yasemkhosini kwaye ayeke iintlawulo kwinkokeli yomkhosi engenise amagama. Ukongeza, uNicholson wongeze ukuba ngokwengxelo yamva nje yoMhloli Jikelele weSebe leSizwe laseMelika malunga nokugxunyekwa kunye norhwaphilizo kwicandelo lekhontrakthi yathi i-200 yezigidi zeerandi kwiintlawulo ezigqithisiweyo kwiikontraka zekhontrakthi ye-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zokubonelela ngepetroli kubangele ukugwetyelwa komnye jikelele wase-Afghan. abane abafowunelwa bavalwe ukubhida kwiikhontrakthi. Iintlawulo eziya “kumajoni aziziporho” kunye nokuhlawulwa ngaphezulu kwepetroli ibe ngowona mthombo mkhulu worhwaphilizo kutsha nje e-Afghanistan. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/ quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr. pdf

Omnye uSenator olizwe lakhe lonakaliswe kukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi wabuza, "Ngokusweleka kwabantu abaninzi e-US bevela kwi-opiates evela e-Afghanistan, kutheni i-US / NATO ingawasusi amasimi e-opium poppy e-Afghanistan?" UNicholson waphendula wathi: “Andazi, kwaye ayingomyalelo wethu wasemkhosini. Enye iarhente iza kufuneka yenze loo nto. ”

UNicholson uthe iinzame zokuxolelana neTaliban kunye namanye amaqela ziye zaba nempumelelo encinci. NgoSeptemba 29, 2016, ishumi elinesine leminyaka yokulwa neSoviet Union, eminye imikhosi yamajoni ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, iTaliban kunye ne-US / NATO, uGulbuddin Hekmatyar, inkokeli ye-Hezb-e Islami batyikitya isivumelwano soxolo kunye norhulumente wase-Afghan ovumela ukubuya kwelizwe. Amajoni angama-20,000 kunye neentsapho zawo ukuya eAfghanistan.  https://www.afghanistan- analysts.org/peace-with- hekmatyar-what-does-it-mean- for-battlefield-and-politics/

UNicholson uthe abanye abalweli base-Afghan bayaqhubeka nokutshintsha umanyano ngokusekelwe ekubeni leliphi iqela elibonelela ngemali eninzi kunye nokhuseleko.

Ileta evulekileyo https://www.veteransforpeace. org/pressroom/news/2017/01/30/ open-letter-donald-trump-end- us-war-afghanistan kuMongameli uTrump ukuphelisa iMfazwe yase-Afghanistan, imibutho emininzi kunye nabantu ngabanye babongoza umongameli omtsha wase-US ukuba aphelise eyona mfazwe inde kwimbali yelizwe:

“Ukuyalela amadoda namabhinqa aselula aseMerika ukuba aye kwiphulo lokubulala okanye lokufa elaphunyezwa kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo yinto eninzi yokubuza. Ukulindela ukuba bakholelwe kuloo mishini kuninzi kakhulu. Loo nto inokunceda ukucacisa oku: umbulali ophambili wamajoni ase-US e-Afghanistan kukuzibulala. Umbulali wesibini ophezulu womkhosi waseMelika uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okanye ulutsha lwase-Afghan oluqeqeshwa yi-US lujika izixhobo zabo kubaqeqeshi babo! Wena ngokwakho ukubonile oku, Kuthetha: "Masiphume e-Afghanistan. Imikhosi yethu ibulawa ngabantu base-Afghans esibaqeqeshayo kwaye silahleka izigidigidi apho. Nonsense! Yakha i-USA. "

Ukurhoxiswa kwemikhosi yase-US kuya kuba kuhle kubantu base-Afghan, njengoko ubukho bamajoni angaphandle beyithintelo kwiintetho zoxolo. Ama-Afghani ngokwabo kufuneka achaze ikusasa labo, kwaye baya kukwazi ukwenza njalo xa kukho ukuphela kokungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Siyakubongoza ukuba utyhile eli phepha lokungenelela komkhosi kuyintlekele. Zisa yonke imikhosi yase-US ekhaya evela e-Afghanistan. Yeka i-airstrikes yase-US kwaye endaweni yoko, ngeqhekeza leendleko, nceda abantu base-Afghan ngokutya, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezixhobo zolimo. "

Iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu yemibuzo efanayo kunye neempendulo ezifanayo malunga nemfazwe yase-Afghanistan. Lixesha lokuphelisa imfazwe.

Malunga noMbhali: U-Ann Wright wakhonza iminyaka eyi-29 kwi-US Army / Army Reserve kwaye wathatha umhlala-phantsi njengeColonel. Uye wasebenza iminyaka eyi-16 njengonozakuzaku wase-US eNicaragua, eGrenada, eSomalia, eUzbekistan, eKyrgyzstan, eSierra Leone, eMicronesia, eAfghanistan naseMongolia. Warhoxa kurhulumente wase-US ngoMatshi ka-2003 ngokuchasene nemfazwe kaMongameli Bush e-Iraq. Ukusukela ekurhoxeni kwakhe, ubuyele e-Afghanistan izihlandlo ezithathu nasePakistan kube kanye.