Iphepha leNkcazo: Amaseko aseMerika ase-Okinawa

nguJoseph Essertier, uJanuwari 2, 2017

2014 INdemokhrasi ngoku inceda abaninzi abaphulaphuli bafumana ukuqonda okubhetele ukukhathazeka kwehlabathi jikelele malunga neenqwelo zemikhosi zaseMerika e-Okinawa, eJapan. Nantsi ulwazi oluthe xaxa malunga nesi sihloko esibalulekileyo.

Ulwahlulo kubantu baseOkinawa

Ama-Okinawa ahlukunyezwa kakhulu ngabantu baseJapan naseMerika. Oku kukuthi, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, imbambano edlalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimiboniso yesitalato eJapane kunokuba kuthethwa ngamajelo aseburhulumenteni njengesiNgesi njengoko ENew York Times kwaye i Japan Times. The Japan Times iye yiphepha elivulekileyo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo libandakanya intshukumo yokulwa nesiseko e-Okinawa ngaphezu kwamaphepha amakhulu aseJapan abhalwe ngesiJapane, njengokuba Mainichi kwaye i Yomiuri, kodwa Okinawa Times kwaye Ryukyu Shimpo Imiba enxulumene neenkcukacha zenkxaso-mali ngokubanzi ngokubanzi, kwaye baphando ngemibandela yobuhlanga. Kwakhona banokuthintela ubuhlanga ngokobuhlanga abangabomhlophe kunye nabasetyhini baseMelika.

Intukuthelo eninzi abantu baseOkinaw bavakalelwa ngayo kurhulumente waseJapan kunenxalenye enkulu kwindlela abahlala ngayo njengabahlali baseJapan kunye nendlela iJapan eqhubeka ngayo kubajonga njengekoloni, indawo yokuxhamla kunye nenxalenye yaseJapan enokubingelelwa ukwenzela ukukhusela amalungelo eJapan ephakathi okukhuselekileyo eHonshu (apho iTokyo neKyoto zikhona), uKyushu, noShikoku. Bambalwa kakhulu abantu kulezi ziqithi eziphambili bahlala kufuphi neziseko, kuba i-70% yeziseko zaseJapan zise-Okinawa Prefecture. Ama-Okinawa agxininisa umthwalo weziseko kwaye ahlala nokungakhuselekanga kwansuku zonke kunye nengxolo. Ingxolo yombutho we-Osprey wempi yase-US, efikelela kwi-100 decibels kwiindawo apho zikho izikolo kwaye zivame ukuvimbela abantwana ukuba zifunde xa zibaxakekisa, zifanekisela loo ngcamango ebandlululayo ebona umnikelo wezinga lika-Okinawans lokuphila njengendalo kunye nefanelekileyo.

Iziseko zase-Okinawa zisekwe ngokufanelekileyo

I-US isebenzise oku kuhlasela iNorth Korea neVietnam, kwaye bayayisebenzisa kwakhona kwikamva lokuhlasela iNorth Korea okanye iChina. Ukususela kwimibono yabantu baseMpuma yeAsia, iziseko zinoyikisayo. Abantu abaninzi asebekhulile aseMpuma Asia namhlanje banokukhumbula ngokugqithiseleyo, ukukhunjulwa kweentlanga zaseJapan ngexesha leMfazwe yeSibini yesiJapan (i-1937-45) kunye ne-Asia-Pacific (i-1941-45), kunye nokulwa phakathi kweJapan kunye BaseMerika. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ama-Okinawa akhumbule okulungileyo, kodwa kwakukho ubungakanani obundlobongela kwiidolophu ezinkulu zaseJapan apho amabutho aseMerika asemva kwexesha emva kwemfazwe phantsi kwe-US Occupation.

Ngokukodwa, ukutshabalaliswa komlilo kwezixeko ezinama-napalm kunye neziganeko zobundlobongela ngokwesondo kwaye zikhunjulwa ngabantu baseJapan asebekhulile-abo bambalwa abasaphila namhlanje. Abantu baseOkinaina, nangona kunjalo, banomdla kwaye banolwazi oluninzi lweMfazwe. Bakhumbula ubukhosi baseJapan kunye ne-ultranationalism, kwaye baqonda ngokuchanekileyo ukuhlaselwa kwe-ultranationalist ekhoyo ngokugqithiseleyo ubomi babo. Njengoko uJohn Pilger echaze kwifilimu yakhe Imfazwe ezayo kwiChina, kunamakhulu eziseko ezizungeze iChina ezingasetyenziselwa ukuqalisela ukuhlaselwa kweChina. Inani elihle labo base-Okinawa.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesondo

1. Ukususela kwi-1972, emva kokuba iTokyo iphinde ilawulwe u-Okinawa, kukho iimeko ezingaphezu kwekhulu zokudlwengula ezixelwe kumapolisa apho. Kwi-1972 iIyyukyu Islands kunye neziQhingi zaseDaito, ezidibanisa ndawonye indawo yaseJapan eyaziwayo njenge-Okinawa Prefecture, "zabuyela" eJapan, oko kukuthi, kurhulumente waseTokyo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba i-Okinawa ixhaswe yiJapan kwi-1879, i-Ryukyu archipelago yayingumbuso ozimele, ngoko i-Okinawans yayingenakuvuyela ukubuyiswa kolawulo lwaseJapan kwaye abaninzi baqhubeka befuna ukuzimela. Kukho ukufana okufana nembali yaseHawaii, ngoko ukuhamba ngokuzimela kwe-Okinawa neHawaii ngamanye amaxesha kubambisana kwizenzo zezopolitiko. Okanye ndivile.
2. Ukudlwengulwa kwe-1995 yentombazana eneminyaka eyi-12, eyakhokelela ekunyuseni okukhulu ukunyuswa kwe-base-base, yayingomnye wamakhulu amabini adlwenguliweyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, inani langempela lokudlwengulwa e-Okinawa lincinci inani lamabanjwa okudlwengulwa, njengoko kunjalo kwiJapan ngokubanzi, apho amapolisa ahlala khona? ngokuqhelekileyo? ayenzi irekhodi okanye ingxelo yokudlwengulwa xa amaxhoba ezama ukufuna ubulungisa. Ngaphambi kokuba i-1995, kwakukho ukunyaniseka okunamandla ngokubhekiselele kwiziseko, kwaye inxalenye enkulu yale ntshukumo ya khokelwa ngamagunya omalungelo ase-Okinawa. Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana kuye kwafumanisa inani elifanelekileyo kwiJapan kwiminyaka yokugqibela ye-10 okanye ngokunjalo ukunyanzelana nokuhlukunyezwa ngokwesondo kwiJapan kwandula amandla ngexesha le-1990s. Olunye uphando luhlawulwa kwi-PTSD eJapan, kwakhona. Ngaloo ntshukumo yokunyuswa kwamalungelo oluntu ukufumana amandla ngexesha elinye laseJapan kunye ne-Okinawa ukulwa nokuthula kwiminyaka yokugqibela ye-10, kukho ukunyamezela okungaphantsi kweJapan kumajoni amaninzi e-America kunye nolwabantwana nabantwana, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kwe-Okinawa kuya kuthobela ingqalelo kwiimeko ezinokucetyiswa kakuhle kunye nezobuhlungu. Amajoni ngamanye amaxesha enza amanyathelo olwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesini kwiJava kwiziqithi ezine eziphambili, phantse zihlala zisezantsi, ezifana ne-Yokosuka baseMisawa e-Aomori, kodwa ndicinga ukuba kukho ukuqeqeshwa okunzima kwamajoni kulezi ziqithi kwaye kwenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunoko-Okinawa-ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni ngokungaqhelekanga kweengxelo zephephandaba kwiminyaka.
3. UKenneth Franklin Shinzato Ukudlwengulwa kunye nokubulawa komsebenzi weofisi wase-Okinawan eneminyaka eyi-20 ukonyusa ulwazi malunga nobundlobongela bezomkhosi wase-US kulo lonke elaseJapan kunye nokomeleza ukuxhathisa kwiziseko zase-Okinawa. 
4. Iziseko zifanele ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwaseJapan kodwa nazo zonke izidlwengulo kunye nokubulala ezenzeke ngeenxa zonke, kunye ne-US ukunyuka kwamanani kunye namanye amazwe, njengaseNorth Korea, onokuthi ujolise i-Okinawa ngokusekelwe kwimizuzu emide. , abaninzi baseOkinawa bavakalelwa kukuba iziseko zibeka ubomi babo engozini. Uninzi lwabantu base-Okinawa bafuna zonke iziseko ezisuka kwisiqithi. Impikiswano endala yokuba iziseko zinoqoqosho luyanelisekanga abaninzi baseOkinawa kule mihla. UkuKhenketho yinkampani enkulu e-Okinawa. Kukho ezininzi iindwendwe ezivela kwezinye iindawo zaseAsia, ezifana neTshayina, ezichitha imali eninzi eJapan ngokubanzi kodwa nakwi-Okinawa. Ngoko banako ezinye iindlela zokwenza isizukulwana sobutyebi, kwaye azinjengezinto ezibonakalayo njengabantu abakwiziqithi ezine eziphambili. Njengoko usenokuva, banokutya okunempilo kakhulu kwaye banokulindela okude kunabo bonke kwihlabathi.

Ukubanjwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwabaProthestani abangenacala

Kukho yoluntu umdla kwimeko yomdlali ongu-activist Yamashiro Hiroji.  Nazi ezinye amakhonkco achaza ukuphathwa kakubi kunye nokungekho mthethweni ngaphandle kwakhe kokuvalelwa, kunye kunye ukukhululwa kwakhe entolongweni.

Kutheni iJapan ihlawula i-US Bases?

Umthwalo wokuhlawula iindleko zeziseko zase-US zifakwe kumahlombe abakhokhi berhafu baseJapan. Iminyaka eyi-15 eyadlulayo ndaliva ngenye ingcali kunye ne-anti-militant activist ukuba uYaI-pan ihlawula ii-10 amaxesha amaninzi kwiziseko zase-US kuneMzantsi Korea okanye eJamani. AmaJapane asemnyama ngokumalunga nokuhlawulwa kweentlawulo zabo, ukuba umthwalo omkhulu kangakanani kwezi ziseko. "AmaQumrhu oKhuselo" aseJapan (Ji ei tai) nazo ziquka iindleko ezinkulu, kwaye iJapane ichitha kakhulu kwimikhosi yayo njengamanye amazwe anabantu abaninzi abafanayo kunye noqoqosho.

Iziphumo zendalo

1. Izixhobo zokubhubhisa ubuninzi ziye zagcinwa e-Okinawa ixesha elide kwixesha leminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, kubandakanywa izixhobo zamachiza, i-biological, nezixhobo zenukliya. Ukuvuza kwezixhobo zamachiza kunye ne-biological kwonakalise imeko. Oku kuye kwaxelwa amaxesha amaninzi. Kukho neengozi ezibandakanya izixhobo zenuzi, ezibangela ukufa okanye ukulimala kumajoni aseMerika apho. Ibali malunga nezixhobo zenuzi ziqala ukuphuma. Urhulumente waseJapan uthembela kubemi balo malunga nalokhu.
2. I-Okinawa inemifuma emihle ye-coral kunye nendawo entsha yokwakha yaseHenoko sele ibangele ukutshabalalisa kakhulu i-coral reef. I-coral reef mhlawumbi iya kubulawa phantsi kwaye ijikeleze isiseko. (Esinye isiseko siya kwandisa emanzini).
3. Ukwakhiwa kwesiSeko saseHenoko kusongela ukutshabalalisa "isiphephelo sokugqibela" ama-dugong ase-Okinawa. I-dugong inkulu, inhle, umdla isilwanyana esilisayo esisondeza ulwandle. Uthando lwase-Okinawan lwezilwanyana lubangela ukuba bafake impilo yezinye izilwanyana kunye neentlobo eziphambili kumzabalazo wazo. Amafilimu amaninzi empi e-Okinawa aqala ngokuthetha ngezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala elwandle ezijikeleze iziqithi zase-Ryukyuan, indawo engummandla osekude ibe yinxalenye enkulu yeendlela zokuphila eziseKyyukyuus ezisongelwa ukwakhiwa kweziseko ezingaphezulu apho. Iiprojekthi zokwakha zaseHenoko neTakae zandikhumbuza inhlekelele ye-Exxon Valdez ngaloo ndlela, kwaye ukuba loo ntlekele yabonakalisa njani ubomi kunye nendlela yokuphila yamawaka ama-America ase-Alaska.

I-Anti-based Activism

I-85% yabase-Okinawa ichasene neziseko kunye nesinye sezizathu eziphambili ezinokubandezeleka okunjalo kukuba ama-Okinawa ngabantu abanothando. Ndicinga ukuba kulungile ukuthetha ukuba izinga labo lokulwa nokulwa nempi likhulu kunezinga lokuchasana nokulwa kwempi phakathi kweJapan ngokubanzi. (IJapan ngokubanzi imelene nemfazwe. Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho amaJapane amaninzi ngokulwa nemfazwe ngokubanzi kunamaMerika ngokulwa nemfazwe ngokubanzi). Ama-Okinawa aphikisana kakhulu naluphi na uhlobo lobundlobongela olubhekiswe kwabanye abantu baseAsia. Abayena nje ukujolise ekukhuseleni ubomi babo kodwa beyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphathelele kwimfazwe kunye noxolo kunye nobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ukuziphatha okubi kwemfazwe yinxalenye enkulu yeengcamango zabo zokulwa nemfazwe. Bayazi kakuhle indlela umhlaba kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngayo yiJapane ukuba zibuhlungu abantu basekhompyutheni zangaphambili bobukhosi baseJapan kunye namazwe ayenziwa yiJapan kunye nendlela abaye basebenzisa ngayo amaMerika ukulimaza abantu kwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Inqaku le-9 loMgaqo-siseko waseJapan

IJapan ine "siseko woxolo," eyingqayizivele ehlabathini kwaye ngokubanzi iyakwamkelwa kwaye iyathandwa eJapan. Abanye abantu banomdla wokuba umgaqo-siseko wawunikwe ngu-US Occupation, kodwa eqinisweni, umgaqo-siseko uhambelana nemikhosi ye-liberal esele idlalwe yi-1920 kunye ne-1930. Isiqendu 9 salo mgaqo-siseko sinqabela ngokwenene iJapan ukuba ihlasele nayiphi na ilizwe ngaphandle kokuba ize ihlaselwe kuqala. "Ukuxhasa ngokunyanisekileyo uxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe olusekelwe kubulungisa kunye nokuhlelwa, abantu baseJapan banqabile ngonaphakade imfazwe njengelungelo elilawulayo lohlanga kunye nosongelo okanye ukusebenzisa amandla njengendlela yokulungisa iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ... Ukuze kufezwe injongo yendima esandulelayo , umhlaba, ulwandle, kunye nemimoya yomoya, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokulwa, aziyi kuze zigcinwe. Ilungelo belligerency lombuso aluyi kuqatshelwa. "Ngamanye amazwi, iJapane ayivunyelwe ukuba nomkhosi omileyo kwaye" imikhosi yokuzikhusela "ayikho mthethweni. Ixesha.

Imbali ethile yeSiseko

Ku-1879 urhulumente waseJapan unamathele u-Okinawa. Yayibukumkani obuzimeleyo, ubuncinane egameni, kodwa ulwalamlo olwenziwa ngabantu baseOkinawa kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwezoqoqosho kwabo baseJapan ezivela kwiziqithi eziphambili (ezibandakanya iHonshu, iShikoku, kunye neKyushu) sele sele zinzima kwixesha le17X yokuqala. Ukuxhatshazwa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yinkxalabo ye-1879, xa urhulumente waseTokyo waqala ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo kwaye ulawulo lwama-Okinawa kunye neentlobo ezintsha zokuxhaphaza zaziswa ngurhulumente olutsha eTokyo, olwakhokelwa nguMlawuli waseMeiji (1852-1912). (Ukuqhathaniswa ne-Okinawa, iHokkaido yayiyifumaneke ngokutsha urhulumente waseTokyo, kwaye kukho intshabalalo yabantu basekuhlaleni, okuthiwa ngu-Ainu, eyenziwe, kungekhona ukungafani nokubulawa kwabantu baseMerika eMelika naseCanada. Kodwa i-Okinawa neHokkaido zombini uvavanyo olwenziwe kwi-colonization ngurhulumente waseMeji. Iziganeko zeembali zibizwa ngokuba ngumlawuli. I-Meiji Emperor yalawula ukusuka kwi-1868-1912). IsiJapan sisuka kwiSatsuma Domain (oko kukuthi, isixeko saseKagoshima kunye neSiqithi saseKyushu) sasiye sagunyaza kwaye saxhaphaza i-Okinawa iminyaka engama-250 de ibe urhulumente waseTokyo unamathela kwi-Okinawa. Abaninzi bama-oligarch e-elite abagijimela urhulumente omtsha eTokyo bavela kwiintsapho ezinamandla kunye neentsapho zaseSatsuma, abaninzi inzala yabo baxinzezelekileyo baseOkinawa baqhubeka bexhamla ngokuxhatshazwa / ukucinezelwa kwama-Okinawa "kwiJapan yamanje." ( Umgca wokuhlukanisa, ukuhlukanisa "iJapane yangaphambi kwexesha" ukusuka "kwiJapan yangoku" ngokuqhelekileyo i1868, eyayiyilapho uMlawuli waseMeiji ethatha ulawulo lukaRhulumente kwiShogunate okanye "bakufu", oko kukuthi, iToggawa "iToggawa" aqhelekanga kuthiwa "ubukhosi.")

I-200,000 yase-Okinawa yabulawa kwi-Battle of Okinawa. Isiqithi saseOkinawa sinokulingana nobukhulu be-Long Island eNew York, ngoko ke bekuyipesenti enkulu yabantu. Kwakungenye yeemeko ezibuhlungu kakhulu kwi-Okinawan / i-Ryukyuan. Kwakhokelela ekuthotheni ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugqithiseleyo kobomi ngenxa yobuninzi babantu, njengokuba umhlaba ongcono kwi-prefecture yabanjwa yimikhosi yase-US, kwaye nanamhla, incinci yelizwe ibuyiselwe. Imfazwe yaseOkinawa yahlala ngo-1 ngo-Ephreli kwaze kwaba yi-22 Juni 1945, kwaye amaninzi aseMerika, nawo, alahlekelwa ubomi bawo apho. NgoJuni 23rd, oko kukuthi, umhla emva komhla wokugqibela weMfazwe yaseOkinawa, ubizwa ngokuba yi "Okinawa Memorial Day" kwaye liholide kawonkewonke e-Okinawa. Le mini ibalulekile kwi-Okinawans, kwaye yimini ebalulekileyo kwiintshaba ezilwa ne-Arabhu kulo lonke elaseJapan, kodwa ayibonakali njengeholide ngaphandle kwe-Okinawa Prefecture. Ayinakudunyiswa, ayikhunjulwa okanye ikhunjulwe nganoma yiyiphi indlela yiJapan kwiiqithi eziphambili, nangona i-Okinawan ihlala kunye neepropati zenziwa ngedini ngenxa yabantu kwiziqithi eziphambili, kwaye ngaloo ndlela, abantu kwiziqithi eziphambili zihlawulwe ngabase-Okinawa ngenxa yokuba ama-Okinaw ayenzelwe njani ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-1945 kuze kube ngoku.

I-US yabamba isiqithi sase-Okinawa ukusuka kwi-Okinawans e-1945, umhlaba obiwe ukusuka e-Okinawans, wakha iziseko zemikhosi kulo lonke isiqithi, waza wabulawula kwaze kwaba yi-1972. Kodwa nangemva kokubuya kwe-Okinawa ukuya eJapan, iziseko zaqhubeka zikhona kwaye ubudlova kubantu base-Okinawa ngamasosha aseMerika baqhubeka-oko kukuthi, ubundlobongela ngohlobo lokubulala, udlwengulo, njl.

Ama-Okinawa ahlala ebizwa ngokuthi "abantu baseRyukyuan" ngabaphengululi. Kukho / kwakukho inani leentetho ezithethwa kwisiqithi se-Ryukyuan, ngoko kukho ukuhlukahluka kwenkcubeko phakathi kweeRyukyuans (njengokuba kukho ukuhlukahluka kwenkcubeko kulo lonke elaseJapan. ukulungelelanisa ezininzi zelizwe, kodwa ulwahlulo lweelwimi luye lwaqhubeka lukhuni). Igama leSiqithi sase-Okinawa-isiqithi esiphezulu se "Okinawa Prefecture" ngolwimi lwendawo "Uchina". Ukusetyenziswa kwezichazo zeRyukyuan kubonakala rhoqo kwimiboniso yokulwa ne-anti-base-base-Okinawan, njengendlela yokugxininisa ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko yabo, ngokuqonda indlela abaye baqhelana ngayo neJapan, kunye nokubonakalisa ukuchasene naloo koloni-bobabini bekholoni kunye nekoloniyoni yengqondo / intliziyo ekhokelela ekuphunyezweni kweembono zeJapan ezibandlulululwayo zamaRyukyuans.

Ingaxoxwa ngokubanzi ngabaphengululi okanye abanye abaphandi beeMpuma zaseAsia kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda iimbali zakwa-Okinawan kunye nomlando waseKorea uxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba yi "NSC 48 / 2." Ukucaphula apha kwinqaku lam kwi-CounterPunch ngo-Oktobha, i-Open Door Policy iholele kwiimfazwe zokungenelela, kodwa i-US ayizange iqale ukuzama ukutshatyalalisa ukunyuka kwama-antiticolonial eMpuma ye-Asia, ngokutsho kuka- [Bruce] Ukunyuka, kude kube ne1950 / 48 ye-2 yeKomiti yoKhuseleko kaZwelonke, eyayiyiminyaka emibili yokwenza . Inesihloko esithi "Isikhundla sase-United States ngeNtlonipho ye-Asia" kwaye sakha isicwangciso esitsha ngokupheleleyo "esasingacatshangwanga ngokupheleleyo ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II: iya kulungelelanisa ukulwa nokunyuka kwama-antiticolonial e-East Asia-yokuqala eKorea, iVietnam, kunye ne-Chinese Revolution njengengqongqeleko. "Le NSC 48 / 2 ibonise ukuchasana" nokuqhutyelwa komsebenzi jikelele. "Ngamanye amazwi, kuya kuba kuhle kumazwe aseMpuma Asia ukuba abe neemarike ze-niche, kodwa asifuni ukuba bahlakulele ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo kwezentengiselwano njengoko i-US yenzayo, kuba ngoko baya kuba nako ukukhuphisana nathi kwiindawo apho "sinomsebenzi othelekisa." Yiloo nto iNSC 48 / 2 ebizwa ngokuthi "isiqheno sesizwe kunye nesifiso," esasiza " ukuthintela ididithi efunekayo yokusebenzisana ngamazwe. "(https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/10/31/americas-open-door-policy-may-have-led-us-to-the-brink-of-nuclear-annihilation/)

Ukubhalwa kwe-NSC 48 / 2 yaqala nge-1948. Oku kuyahambelana ngokusesikweni kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi "Course Reverse", utshintsho olukhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-United States ngokubhekiselele kwiJapan kodwa ngokungaqhelekanga eMzantsi Korea. I-NSC 48 / i-2 kunye neCandelo eliPhindayo liyathintela kakhulu i-Okinawa, kwakhona, ekubeni i-Okinawa yayisisiseko esisisiseko apho kuhlaselwa khona iKorea, iVietnam kunye namanye amazwe. I-"Course Reverse" yayisigxina emhlane wabo bonke abantu abalwela ukuphelisa ukulwa nobukhosi baseJapan kunye nekoloniyaliyali, kubandakanywa neenyawo zaseKorea, ezazilwela ukuzimela kunye namajoni aseMerika, awayekulwa ngexesha Imfazwe yaseJapan. Kwakuyinto yokugwaza emqolo emva kweJapan kunye neyekhohlo eyayihamba nayo eyayibambisane nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-MacArthur ekuqalekeni kwexesha lokuSebenza, ngexesha le-1945 ne-1946. In1947 kwagqitywa ukuba imboni yaseJapan iya kuphinda ibe "iindibano zeMpuma ne-mpuma ye-Asia," kwaye iJapan kunye neSouth Korea ziza kufumana inkxaso evela eWashington ukubuyiswa koqoqosho ngokwemigqaliselo yeSicwangciso seMarshall eYurophu. (Enye into ebalulekileyo apha eWashington isigqibo sokuguqula inkqubo yaba yiCawa yamaKhomanisi aseTshayina eyabonakala iphumelele ngexesha leMfazwe YaseChina, njengoko ekugqibeleni yenze kwi-1949). Isivakalisi esinye kwisigqibo esivela kuNobhala weSizwe uGeorge Marshall kuDean Acheson ngoJanuwari 1947 igxotha umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US eKorea oya kusebenza ukususela kuloo nyaka kude kube yi-1965, "uququzelele urhulumente ocacileyo waseMzantsi Korea aze adibanise uqoqosho kunye neJapan. "U-Acheson waphumelela kuMarshall njengoNobhala kaRhulumente ukusuka kwi-1949 ukuya kwi-1953. "Waba ngummeli wangaphakathi wokugcinwa kweKorea yaseMzantsi Korea kwingingqi yaseMelika kunye neJapan, kunye nokungenelela ngokulandelelana kweMerika kwiMfazwe yaseKorea." (Phantse yonke ingcaciso kunye nezicaphuno zivela kwiincwadi zikaBruce Cumings , ngakumbi yakhe incwadi Imfazwe yaseKorea). I-Reverse Course yayifana ne-Marshall Plan yaseYurophu kwaye yayiquka ukutshala imali enkulu eMelika kunye nokwabelana ngeteknoloji kunye nobutyebi eJapan naseMzantsi Korea.

Imfazwe yaseKorea yaqala ngoJune 1950, xa ibutho laseNorth Korea "lihlasela" (ilizwe labo) ngokulandelelana kolwaseburhulumenteni wase-US, kodwa imfazwe eshushu yaseKorea yayivele iqalile ekuqaleni kwe1949, kwaye kwakukho ubudlova obuninzi kwi-1948, nayo. Ngaphezu koko, iingcambu zale mfazwe zibuyela kwiinqanaba ezaqala ngo-1932 xa amaKorea aqala umzabalazo onamandla wokulwa nekoloniyali kunye namaKoloni aseManchuria. Umzabalazo wabo wokulwa nekoloniyali yaseJapan waba ngumzabalazo wokulwa ne-neo-colonialism kunye nomlawuli onguMlawuli uSyman Rhee ekupheleni kwe-1940s. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eKorea okwabulala izigidi zabantu baseKorea "kwindawo yokubingelela," kwaye yayingashiyi isakhiwo esime eNyakatho Korea kwaye yabonakalisa ininzi yaseMzantsi Korea, kwakungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kweziseko zaseOkinawa. Iziseko eziseOkinawa nazo zisetyenziswa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu kuVietnam.

Kwi-1952 yaseJapan ibukhosi bayo ngokuhambelana ne-Washington imfuno yokuba iKorea neChina zikhutshwe kwinkqubo yoxolo. Oku kwenza nzima ukuba iJapane ixolise kwaye ihlanganyele ekuxolelaneni nabamelwane bayo. Kwakhona, oku kulandelayo kuyicatshulwa elivela kwinqaku lam CounterPunch: I-Historical win-winning historian uJohn Dower ibonisa umphumo owodwa obalalayo olandelwa kwizivumelwano zombini zaseJapan ezaqala ukusebenza ngomhla weJapan ophinde wabuya ulawulo lwakhe 28 April 1952: " IJapan yayivinjelwe ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza ekuxolelaneni nokubuyiswa kwakhona kunye nabamelwane base-Asia abasondeleyo. Ukubangela uxolo kuye kwabambezeleka. "IWashington yavala uxolo phakathi kweJapan kunye nabamelwane ababini abakhulu abaye baxolisa, eKorea naseTshayina, ngokusungula" uxolo oluhlukeneyo "olungabandakanyekanga iiKorea kunye neRiphabliki yabantu baseChina (PRC) kuyo yonke inkqubo. I-Washington idonsa ingalo yaseJapan ukufumana intsebenziswano ngokusongela ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi owawuqalile ngu-General Douglas MacArthur (u-Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964). Ukususela eJapan naseMzantsi Korea abazange balondoloze ubudlelwane kuze kube ngoJuni 1965, kunye noxolo lwamazwe phakathi kweJapan kunye I-PRC ayisayinwe kwaze kwaba yi1978, kwakukho ukulibaziseka kwexesha elide, ngexesha apho ngokutsho koMlambo, "Amanxeba kunye neentlungu ezibuhlungu ze-imperialism, ukuhlasela kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwashiywe kwi-fester-engabonakaliyo kwaye ingabonakaliyo eJapan. iqhutywe kwindawo yokujonga empuma ngaphaya kwePacific ukuya eMelika ngokukhuseleka kwaye, ngokwenene, ngenxa yesazisi sayo njengesizwe. "Ngaloo ndlela iWashington yaqhuba phakathi kweJapane ngakwesinye icala kunye namaKorea kunye nesiShayina ngolunye uhlangothi, ukuphika iJapane ithuba ukucamngca ngezenzo zabo zokulwa, ukuxolisa, nokuvuselela ubudlelwane obusondeleyo. Ukucalulwa kwamaJapan kubantu baseKorea nabaseTshayina kuyaziwa, kodwa bambalwa abantu IWashington nayo ityala.

Kwi-1953 iMfazwe yaseKorea iphelile ngokuhluleka okukhulu. IWashington ayizange iphumelele, njengoko ingazange iphumelele imfazwe enkulu kwi-1945. Ukucaphula kwi-My "Let's Put Put Rest" Ezi ngqungquthela malunga ne-US-North Korea Ubudlelwane, "imfazwe yombango ayizange iphele ngoxolo lwentsebenziswano kunye nenkqubo yoxolelwano kodwa kuphela i-armistice kwi-1953. I-armistice yashiya ivula ithuba lokuba iMfazwe iqaliswe nanini na. Le nyaniso, ukuba imfazwe ayizange ibe nesisombululo esinokuthula sempikiswano yoluntu, yinto enye yeentlekele zayo kwaye kufuneka ibhekwe njengenye yeemfazwe ezinobuthathaka kwixesha langoku. Ngaloo nto, amaKorea bobabini basentla nabasezantsi baye bakwazi ukunandipha uxolo, kodwa uxolo lwabo lusexeshana kwaye aluqinisekanga. Kukho ukungavumelani malunga nokuba iMfazwe yaseKorea (i-1950-53, imihla eqhelekileyo yeMfazwe ethanda ukulandelelana ngokulandelelana eWashington) yinto yemfazwe yombutho okanye imfazwe yombutho. Kukho ezinye iinkalo ze-proxy imfazwe ukususela kwi-US kunye neSoviet Union, kodwa xa umntu ejonga ingcambu yemfazwe, ebuyela emva koko kwi-1932 xa kwakukho imfazwe enkulu yokulwa namaKorea ngokumelene namaKoloni aseManchuria, UBruce Ukwahlula ukuba ngokoqobo, yinto / imfazwe yombutho. Enye into ebalulekileyo kule mpi engaxoxwa ngayo kodwa enye imbangela ebaluleke kakhulu yemfazwe yithemba labaninzi baseKorea ngokusabalalisa ubutyebi. Ngamanye amazwi, akuzange kube ngumzabalazo phakathi kukaRhulumente osenyakatho kunye noRhulumente waseRashington osezantsi, kodwa ukungabi nabulungisa kweklasini (mhlawumbi nokuba "i-caste") ukungalingani okubuyela kwixesha langaphambili eKorea. Ubukhoboka abuzange bususwe kude kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, emva kwamashumi ambalwa emva kokupheliswa kwe-US.

Resources

Ezinye iingcali zase-Okinawa:

1. U-Yamashiro Hiroji, omnye wabasemagunyeni ababalaseleyo nabasemagqabini e-Okinawa, owayesandula ngokungafanelekanga kwaye mhlawumbi wayevalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni aze aphathwa kakubi, ukuba akahlanjululwa, entolongweni
2. Douglas Lummis (http://apjjf.org/-C__Douglas-Lummis)
3. UJon Mitchell obhalayo Japan Times
4. UJohn Junkerman, umlawuli wefilimu ephambili "I-Japan Peace Peace Constitution" (http://cine.co.jp/kenpo/english.html) kunye nezinye iifilimi ezibhekiselele kumaziko ase-Okinawa ase-US (http://apjjf.org/2016/22/Junkerman.html)
5. I-International League League yoxolo neNkululeko
6. UTakazato Suzuyo, umlindi womlamlo woxolo (http://apjjf.org/2016/11/Takazato.html)
7. UJohn Dower, isazi-mlando saseMerika
8. UGavan McCormack, isazi-mlando e-Australia
9. UStep Rabson, owayengumkhosi wejoni kunye nomlando-mlando wase-US: http://apjjf.org/2017/19/Rabson.html
10. U-Satoko Oka Norimatsu, umlawuli we-Peace Philosophy Centre, inhlangano yokufundisa uxolo eVancouver, eCanada, nge-blog efundwa ngokubanzi yaseJapan neNgesiNgesi. peacephilosophy.com
11. UKatherinerine HS Moon, uprofesa wezenzululwazi zezopolitiko oye wabhala malunga nobukhosi bezocalulo ngokwesondo e-East Asia (http://apjjf.org/-Katharine-H.S.-Moon/3019/article.html)
12. UCaroline Norma, enye yeengcali eziphezulu malunga nokuthengiswa ngokwesini oye wabhala kwishishini lokuthengiswa ngokwesini eJapan ukusuka kwi-1920 nakwii-1940, kwaye indlela urhulumente waseJapan eguqule ngayo iinkqubo ezisungulwe yi-shishini ukuba zenze "abafazi benduduzo" (urhulumente -nogqirha lokudlwengula), nguye umbhali wencwadi entsha I-Comfort Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery ngexesha le-China ne-Pacific War (2016). (http://www.abc.net.au/news/caroline-norma/45286)

Imithombo yeendaba kunye nohlalutyo:

1. Kude, uncwadi olulona luncedo kakhulu lwesiNgesi kubantu abalukhuseli bama-anti-language bathetha ukulwa I-Asia-Pacific Journal: IJapan Focus (http://apjjf.org).
2. Kodwa njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, amaphepha eelwimi zesiNgesi njenge-Okinawan, njengaye Okinawa Times kwaye Ryukyu Shimpo, gubungela intshukumo echasene nesiseko ngokucace ngakumbi, ngendlela ejulile kuneJapan Times okanye nawaphi na amanye amaphepha eelwimi angaphandle kwe-Okinawa.
3. SNA Shingetsu News Agency inephephandaba elitsha eline-intanethi elinikezela iindaba ezivela kwimiba eqhubekayo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zibandakanya imiba yemfazwe, njengokuba uhulumeni waseJapan wakhawuleza ukukhawuleza kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuvuselela (oko kukuthi, ukuphuhlisa uhlobo lwempi oluya kuphinda luvelise iklasi ye-A yemfazwe izigebengu), http://shingetsunewsagency.com
4. The Asahi Shinbun Kwakuyimpembelelo ehloniphekileyo ekhohlakeleyo eJapan, kodwa bayeke ukuzinikezela kwabo kwixesha elivakalayo ukuba baveze iziphoso zaseburhulumenteni baseJapan kunye kwaye bayeka ukubhala malunga neengxaki zembali zengxaki, ezifana "nabafazi benduduzo" kunye nokubulawa kwabantu baseNanking. "Iphephandaba elincinane elisekhohlo, elilodwa kuphela elikhulu, ngoku Tokyo Shinbun, kodwa ngelanga, ngokungafani no-Asahi ohloniphekileyo ubudala, abavakalisi ngeNgesi, ngolwazi lwam. Siye sashicilela inguqulelo yamanqaku abo amanqaku aphezulu eJapan kule I-Asia-Pacific Journal: I-Japan Focus (http://apjjf.org).

Umculo wokuphefumlelwa:

UKwawaguchi Mayumi, umculi wengoma nomculi olwachasayo baseKyoto. Ungabona ezininzi iividiyo zokucula kwakhe kwimiboniso kwi-YouTube ukuba ucinga ngegama lakhe ngesiJapane: 川口 真 由 美. Ngomnye wezona ziqhamo ezivumileyo eziphambili kwiimvumi, kodwa zikhona ezinye iimvumi ezibalaseleyo, ezibucayi ezidibeneyo kunye nokunyakaza, ukuvelisa umculo kumasiko amaninzi ahlukeneyo kuquka umculo womculo, idwala, ukugubha kunye nomculo wokulinga.