Ngo-1974, umninawa wam u-Nhi wabulawa yibhombu ye-napalm: Ezimisele ukoyisa i-guerrilla yabasetyhini be-National Liberation Front (NLF), i-ARVN yawisa i-napalm macala omabini, yatshisa wonke umntu, kuquka nomntakwethu. Wathi umama ezokuthatha amathambo kaNhi atshileyo, abonwa ngamazinyo akhe.
Emva kwemfazwe, ndahlala eUnited States ukuze ndiphumelele kwisikolo esiphakamileyo. Abantakwethu abane kunye neentsapho zabo beza e-US ngephenyane phakathi ko-1975 no-1981.
Njengomfundi obalaseleyo kwiPhondo laseGia Định, ndafumana i-Arhente yase-US ye-International Development scholarship ukufunda kwiYunivesithi yaseSan Jose State ngo-1968. Xa ndifika eCalifornia, ekuqaleni ndaxhasa kodwa ngokukhawuleza ndachasa imfazwe emva kokufunda imbali yaseVietnam kunye nokufunda "Ngaphandle koko. Vietnam” emva kokubulawa kukaMartin Luther King, Omnci. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1972, mna nabanye abangama-30 sayila iManyano yaseVietnam e-US (UVUS) emva kokuba umhlobo wam osenyongweni kunye nomfundi owayechasene nemfazwe, uNguyễn Thái Bình, wadutyulwa ngummeli wezokhuseleko wase-US owayenganxibanga ngubo kwithafa laseTân Sơn Nhat. Isikhululo seenqwelomoya ngelixa sigxothwa eVietnam. Ukufa kukaBình kwabangela uqhushululu olukhulu eSàigòn. Amalungu e-UVUS onke athetha ngokuchasene nemfazwe, ecaleni kunye neVietnam Veterans Against the War ukusuka ngo-1972 ukuya kutsho ngo-1975.
Ndiqhubeka nokusebenza kwaye ndiphakamisa iingxaki ze-Agent Orange phakathi kwabantu baseVietnam - zombini eVietnam nase-US - kunye namagqala aseVietnam. Okubaluleke kakhulu yimpembelelo i-Agent Orange, equlethe i-dioxin (enye yeekhemikhali eziyityhefu eyaziwa kwisayensi) ebantwaneni nabazukulwana babo bavezwe ngokutshiza kwe-US ngexesha lemfazwe. Amakhulu amawaka enzala yabo ngoku athwaxwa ziziphene ezimanyumnyezi nomhlaza. Urhulumente wase-US, ngelixa sele eqalile ukunceda ukucoca i-Agent Orange esele emhlabeni eVietnam, akakanikezeli uncedo kumaxhoba aselula e-Agent Orange, mhlawumbi eVietnam okanye e-US kunye nama-Vietnamese aseMelika (zombini. I-ARVN kunye nabahlali) abaye bachatshazelwa yi-Agent Orange abafumananga ngqalelo okanye uncedo. Urhulumente wase-US kunye nabavelisi beekhemikhali, ngokukodwa i-Dow kunye neMonsanto, kufuneka benze into efanelekileyo kwaye bahlangabezane noxanduva lwabo kumaxhoba abo!
Uchungechunge lwe-PBS "Imfazwe yaseVietnam" yayiluphuculo olukhulu kumaxwebhu angaphambili emfazwe, evakalisa amazwi abantu base-US kunye nabantu baseVietnam kwaye ebonisa ubuhlanga bemfazwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukubiza imfazwe ngokuba "yimfazwe yaseVietnam," kuthetha ukuba iVietnam inoxanduva, xa isiFrentshi kunye ne-US eyaqala kwaye yanda. Enyanisweni, "yimfazwe yase-US eVietnam."
Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, ifilimu inobuthathaka obuninzi, apho ndiza kuxubusha ezintathu:
Okokuqala, indima yentshukumo echasene nemfazwe yaseVietnam e-US ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-'70s ukuya phambili ayikho kwaphela kwifilimu. Ukugubungela intshukumo yokulwa nemfazwe kwindawo esemazantsi eVietnam kuncinci.
Okwesibini, ngelixa i-documentary ikhankanya i-Agent Orange ngokudlula amaxesha amaninzi, iyayihoya imiphumo emibi yempilo kubantu baseVietnam kunye nase-US kunye nabantwana babo kunye nabazukulwana ukusuka kwi-1975 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Lo ngumba izigidi zeentsapho eziwukhathaleleyo kwaye uyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoxolelwaniso enconywa ngulo mboniso bhanya-bhanya.
UCongresswoman uBarbara Lee uxhase i-HR 334, i-Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act ka-2017, ukuqalisa uxanduva lukaRhulumente wase-US ukujongana nale mfuno.
Okwesithathu, amazwi abantu abancinci baseVietnam baseMelika, kunye nabalingane babo baseCambodian naseLaotian, iintsapho zabo zisabandezeleka ngenxa yemiphumo yokuchithwa kunye nokwenzakala, aziviwa.
Iimfazwe azipheli xa iibhombu ziyekile ukuwa kwaye nomlo uphelile. Ukutshatyalaliswa kuyaqhubeka emva kwexesha elide, emhlabeni nasengqondweni nasemizimbeni yabantu abachaphazelekayo. Oku kuyinyani eVietnam, e-US phakathi kwamagqala aseVietnam, abantu baseVietnam-, baseCambodian- kunye neLao-American, kwaye ngakumbi phakathi kwawona maxhoba mancinci emfazwe asabandezeleka ngenxa yokukhubazeka okunxulumene neAgent Orange.
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Dr. Ngô Thanh Nhàn ungumlingane kunye nomlawuli odibeneyo weZiko leFilosofi yaseVietnam, iNkcubeko kunye noMbutho weYunivesithi yaseTempile. Ulilungu lebhodi yeZiko leNkcubeko yaseVietnam kunye neMfundo, kunye neMekong NYC (eququzelela uluntu lwase-indochinese kwi-NYC). Wayelilungu eliseka i-Peeling the Banana kwixesha elidlulileyo kunye ne-Mekong Arts & Music, i-New York yase-Asia yaseMelika ehlangeneyo yobugcisa.
UDkt Nhàn wayengumsunguli weManyano yaseVietnam e-US, echasa imfazwe yase-US eVietnam (1972-1977), umsunguli kunye nenkokeli yoMbutho wePatriotic Vietnamese e-US, exhasa uxolo oluhlala eVietnam (1977-1981) ), kunye nomseki we-Association of Vietnamese e-US, kwi-US-Vietnam yokulungelelanisa ubudlelwane (1981-1995). Okwangoku ungumququzeleli kunye nomseki we Ummeli waseVietnam Uncedo kunye noMkhankaso woXanduva.
Eli bali inxalenye yochungechunge WHYY Ukuphonononga ukuba i-United States, kumashumi amane eminyaka kamva, isaqhuba njani iMfazwe yaseVietnam. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nesihloko, jonga u-Ken Burns kunye noLynn Novicks' 10-part documentary "Imfazwe yaseVietnam." WHYY amalungu aya kwandiswa kwi-imfuno ukufikelela kuthotho ngokusebenzisa KUTHENI iPassport ukuya ekupheleni kuka-2017.
