Imfazwe iyasongela iNgqongileyo

Umkhosi wehlabathi ubeka isoyikiso esigqithisileyo kuMhlaba, obangela ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kokusingqongileyo, ukuthintela intsebenziswano kwizisombululo, kunye nokuhambisa inkxaso-mali kunye namandla ekufudumeni okufunekayo kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Amalungiselelo emfazwe kunye nemfazwe awona angcolisa umoya, amanzi kunye nomhlaba, izoyikiso ezinkulu kwi-ikhosistim kunye neentlobo, kunye negalelo elibaluleke kakhulu ekufudumaleni kwehlabathi kangangokuba oorhulumente bangabandakanyi ukukhutshwa kwerhasi ye-greenhouse evela kwiingxelo kunye nezibophelelo zesivumelwano.

Ukuba iindlela zangoku azitshintshi, ngo-2070, I-19% yommandla womhlaba weplanethi yethu - ikhaya kwiibhiliyoni zabantu - kuya kuba shushu ngokungenakuhlalwa. Ingcamango ekhohlisayo yokuba i-militarism sisixhobo esiluncedo ukujongana naloo ngxaki isongela umjikelo okhohlakeleyo ophela kwintlekele. Ukufunda indlela imfazwe kunye nemfazwe eqhuba ngayo ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo, kunye nendlela ukutshintshwa koxolo kunye nezenzo ezizinzileyo kunokuqinisa omnye nomnye, kunika indlela yokuphuma kwimeko embi kakhulu. Intshukumo yokugcina iplanethi ayiphelelanga ngaphandle kokuchasana nomatshini wemfazwe - nasi isizathu.

Ingozi Enkulu, Efihliweyo

Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izoyikiso zemozulu enkulu, i-militarism ayifumani ukuphononongwa kunye nenkcaso eyifaneleyo. A ngokugqiba uqikelelo oluphantsi Igalelo lomkhosi wehlabathi ekukhutshweni kwamafutha efosili yi-5.5% – ngokuqikelelwa kabini kwiigesi zegreenhouse njengabo bonke. inqwelomoya engeyiyo yomkhosi. Ukuba umkhosi wehlabathi ubulilizwe, bekuya kuba kwindawo yesine kukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse. Oku isixhobo sokwenza imaphu inika ujongo kukukhutshwa komkhosi ngokwelizwe kunye nomntu ngamnye ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe.

Ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse yomkhosi wase-US ngakumbi kunoko kwamazwe amaninzi, kuyenza ibe yeyodwa unobangela omkhulu kwiziko (okt, imbi kakhulu kunalo naliphi na iqumrhu elinye, kodwa ingabi mbi ngakumbi kunamashishini ahlukeneyo). Ukususela kwi-2001-2017, i Umkhosi wase-US ukhuphe i-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zee-metric tons yeegesi zegreenhouse, ezilingana nokukhutshwa kweemoto ezizizigidi ezingama-257 ngonyaka endleleni. ISebe lezoKhuselo lase-US (i-DoD) ngoyena mthengi mkhulu we-oyile kwiziko (i-$ 17B / ngonyaka) kwihlabathi - ngoqikelelo olunye, Umkhosi wase-US wasebenzisa imiphanda yeoli eyi-1.2 yezigidi e-Iraq kwinyanga nje enye ka-2008. Ubuninzi bolu setyenziso lukhulu lugcina ukusasazeka kwejografi yomkhosi wase-US, ogubungela ubuncinci iziseko zomkhosi zangaphandle ezingama-750 kumazwe angama-80: uqikelelo olunye lomkhosi ngo-2003 yayikukuba. isibini kwisithathu soMkhosi waseMelika osetyenziswa ngamafutha yenzeka kwizithuthi ezazisa amafutha kwindawo yedabi. 

Kwanala manani othusayo awafane akrwelele umphezulu, kuba impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yomkhosi ayinakulinganiswa. Oku kungoyilo - iimfuno zeyure yokugqibela ezenziwe ngurhulumente wase-US ngexesha lothethathethwano lwesivumelwano sase-Kyoto sowe-1997 sakhulula ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse yomkhosi kwiingxoxo zemozulu. Eso siko saqhubeka: ISivumelwano saseParis sowama-2015 sishiye ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yobushushu bomkhosi ngokokubona kwezizwe ngezizwe; INgqungquthela ye-UN yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu inyanzelisa abo batyikityayo ukuba bapapashe ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse yonyaka, kodwa ingxelo yokukhutshwa komkhosi yenziwa ngokuzithandela kwaye kaninzi ayiqukwa; I-NATO iyamkele ingxaki kodwa ayizange idale naziphi na iimfuno ezithile zokuyilungisa. Oku isixhobo sokwenza imaphu siveza izithuba phakathi kwezinto ezikhutshwa ngumkhosi ezixeliweyo kunye noqikelelo olunokwenzeka ngakumbi.

Akukho siseko sibambekayo salo msantsa womsantsa. Amalungiselelo emfazwe kunye nemfazwe zezona zikhupha igesi enkulu yegreenhouse, ngaphezulu kunemizi-mveliso emininzi engcoliseko yabo iphathwa nzulu kwaye ijongwe zizivumelwano zemozulu. Konke ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kufuneka kuqukwe kwimigangatho enyanzelekileyo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yobushushu. Akufuneki kuphinde kubekho ngaphandle kongcoliseko lomkhosi. 

Sicele i-COP26 kunye ne-COP27 ukuba zimisele imida engqongqo yokukhutshwa kwerhasi ye-greenhouse engenzi mehluko kumkhosi, kubandakanya iimfuno zengxelo ezicacileyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa okuzimeleyo, kwaye ungathembeli kwiinkqubo "zokuphelisa" ukukhutshwa. Ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yeGreenhouse evela kwiziseko zomkhosi waphesheya kweelwandle, sinyanzelise ukuba, kufuneka kuxelwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye kuhlawulwe kwelo lizwe, hayi ilizwe apho isiseko sikhoyo. Iimfuno zethu azikhange zifezekiswe.

Kwaye nangona kunjalo, neemfuneko zokunika ingxelo ngokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo zemikhosi azinakuthetha lonke ibali. Kumonakalo wongcoliseko lwemikhosi kufuneka kongezwe owabavelisi bezixhobo, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kweemfazwe: ukuchitheka kweoyile, imililo yeoli, ukuvuza kwemethane, njl. njl. , kunye nemithombo yezopolitiko kude nemizamo engxamisekileyo yokumelana nemozulu. Le ngxelo iyaxoxa iimpembelelo zangaphandle zokusingqongileyo zemfazwe.

Ngaphaya koko, umkhosi womkhosi unoxanduva lokunyanzelisa iimeko apho ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo kwenkampani kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezibonelelo kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, imikhosi isetyenziselwa ukugada iindlela zokuthumela ioyile kunye nokusebenza kwemigodi, kubandakanya izinto ubukhulu becala kufunwa ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi. Abaphandi ukujonga kwi-Arhente yoLungiselelo loKhuselo, umbutho onoxanduva lokuthenga zonke izibaso kunye neekhithi zeemfuno zomkhosi, qaphela ukuba “amaqumrhu… okanye, ngokuchanekileyo ... kukho ubudlelwane be-symbiotic phakathi kwecandelo lomkhosi kunye neshishini. "

Namhlanje, umkhosi wase-US uya uzihlanganisa ngokwawo kwinqanaba lezorhwebo, usenza mfiliba imigca phakathi kwabemi kunye nomlo. NgoJanuwari 12, 2024, iSebe lezoKhuselo lakhupha okokuqala ISicwangciso soShishino loKhuselo lweSizwe. Olu xwebhu luchaza izicwangciso zokubumba amakhonkco okubonelela, abasebenzi, ukwenziwa kwemveliso yasekhaya, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokulindela imfazwe phakathi kwe-US kunye "noontanga okanye abakhuphisana abasondeleyo" njengeChina neRashiya. Iinkampani zeTech zilungele ukutsiba kwi-bandwagon - kwiintsuku nje ngaphambi kokukhululwa koxwebhu, i-OpenAI ihlele umgaqo-nkqubo wokusetyenziswa kweenkonzo zayo ezifana ne-ChatGPT, ukucima ukuvala kwayo ukusetyenziswa emkhosini.

Ixesha Elide Liyeza

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwemfazwe kunye nezinye iindlela zokonakaliswa kwendalo azizange zibekho uluntu oluninzi, kodwa bebeyinxalenye yenkcubeko yabantu kangangeenkulungwane.

Ubuncinci ekubeni amaRoma ahlwayela ityuwa kumasimi aseCarthaginian ngexesha leMfazwe yesiThathu yePunic, iimfazwe zonakalise umhlaba, ngamabomu kwaye-kaninzi-njengesiphumo esingakhathaliyo. UGeneral Philip Sheridan, emva kokutshabalalisa umhlaba waseVirginia ngexesha leMfazwe yombango, waqhubeka nokutshabalalisa imihlambi yeenyathi njengendlela yokuthintela abantu bomthonyama baseMelika ukuba bagcine indawo yokuhlala. IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yabona umhlaba waseYurophu utshatyalaliswa ngemisele kunye negesi enetyhefu. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, abemi baseNorway baqalisa ukudilika komhlaba kwiintlambo zabo, ngoxa amaDatshi akhukulisa isinye kwisithathu somhlaba wawo weefama, amaJamani atshabalalisa amahlathi aseCzech, aza amaBritani atshisa amahlathi eJamani naseFransi. Imfazwe yamakhaya ende eSudan yakhokelela kwindlala apho ngowe-1988. Iimfazwe zaseAngola zaphelisa ama-90 ekhulwini ezilwanyana zasendle phakathi kowe-1975 nowe-1991. Imfazwe yamakhaya eSri Lanka yawisa imithi ezizigidi ezihlanu. Ukuhlala kweSoviet kunye ne-US e-Afghanistan kutshabalalise okanye konakalise amawaka eelali kunye nemithombo yamanzi. I-Ethiopia isenokuba yakurhoxisa ukujika kwayo ekubeni yintlango nge-50 yezigidi zeedola ekukhuliseni amahlathi, kodwa yakhetha ukuchitha i-275 yezigidi zeerandi kumkhosi wayo endaweni yoko - nyaka ngamnye phakathi kuka-1975 no-1985. Imfazwe yamakhaya ekhohlakeleyo yaseRwanda, eqhutywa ngumkhosi waseNtshona, yatyhalela abantu kwimimandla ehlala izilwanyana ezisengozini, kuquka iigorila. Ukufuduswa ngenxa yemfazwe yabemi behlabathi lonke besiya kwiindawo ezingenakuhlala kuzo kuyonakalise kakhulu inkqubo yendalo. Umonakalo owenziwe ziimfazwe uya usanda, njengoko bunjalo ubunzima bemekobume apho imfazwe ingomnye wabanegalelo kuyo.

Imbono yehlabathi esichasene nayo mhlawumbi iboniswe yinqanawa, i-Arizona, enye yezimbini ezisavuzayo ioli ePearl Harbor. Ishiywe apho njengepropaganda yemfazwe, njengobungqina bokuba umthengisi wezixhobo eziphezulu zehlabathi, umakhi wesiseko esiphezulu, ochitha imali ephezulu emkhosini, kunye nomfudumezi ophezulu lixhoba elimsulwa. Kwaye ioli ivumelekile ukuba iqhubeke ivuza ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. Bubungqina bobubi beentshaba zase-US, nokuba iintshaba zihlala zitshintsha. Abantu baphalaza iinyembezi kwaye beva iiflegi ziwangawangisa eziswini zabo kwindawo entle yeoli, zivunyelwe ukuba ziqhubeke nokungcolisa uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki njengobungqina bendlela esiyithatha nzulu kwaye ngokundilisekileyo ngayo ipropaganda yethu yemfazwe.

Izizathu ezingenanto, izisombululo ezingeyonyani

Umkhosi udla ngokuba sisicombululo kwiingxaki ozibangelayo, kwaye imeko yemozulu ayihlukanga. Umkhosi uyaluvuma utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuxhomekeka kwamafutha efosili njengemiba yokhuseleko kwicala elinye endaweni yokwabelana ngezisongelo ezikhoyo: Ngowama-2021 uHlahlelo lweDoD yeMozulu yoMngcipheko weMozulu kwaye i 2021 INkqubo Yokuziqhelanisa neMozulu yeDoD baxoxe ngendlela yokuqhubeka nokusebenza kwabo phantsi kweemeko ezinjengomonakalo kwiziseko kunye nezixhobo; ukwanda kongquzulwano kwimithombo yobutyebi; Iimfazwe kwindawo entsha yolwandle eshiywe yi-Arctic enyibilikayo, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kumaza eembacu zemozulu… ukanti uchithe ixesha elincinane ukujongana nenyani yokuba injongo yomkhosi ngoyena nobangela wokutshintsha kwemozulu. I-DoD Climate Adaptation Programme endaweni yoko icebisa ukusebenzisa "inzululwazi, uphando, kunye namandla ophuhliso abalulekileyo" "ukukhuthaza iteknoloji entsha" "yokusebenzisa kabini itekhnoloji" ukuze "ukulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo iinjongo zokuqhelana nemozulu kunye neemfuno zobuthunywa" - ngamanye amazwi, ukwenza uphando lokutshintsha kwemozulu lubonakale kwiinjongo zomkhosi ngokulawula inkxaso-mali yayo.

Kufuneka sijonge ngokunzulu, hayi kuphela apho amajoni abeka khona izixhobo kunye nenkxaso-mali, kodwa kunye nobukho bawo ngokwasemzimbeni. Ngokwembali, ukusungulwa kweemfazwe ngamazwe atyebileyo kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo akuhambelani nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu okanye ukunqongophala kwedemokhrasi okanye izoyikiso zobunqolobi, kodwa ihambelana kakhulu nobunqolobi. ubukho beoli. Nangona kunjalo, indlela entsha evelayo ecaleni kwale isekiweyo yeyamajoni amancinane/amapolisa ukuba agade “IiNdawo eziKhuselweyo” zomhlaba wezityalo nezilwanyana, ngakumbi eAfrika naseAsia. Ephepheni ubukho bazo benzelwe iinjongo zolondolozo. Kodwa bayabahlukumeza kwaye bagxothe abantu bomthonyama, emva koko bangenise abakhenkethi ukuze babone indawo kunye nokuzingela iindebe, njengoko kuxelwe ngabakwaSurvival International. Ukuntywila nzulu nangakumbi, ezi “Mimandla ziKhuselweyo” ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye norhwebo, apho amaqumrhu anokukhupha iirhasi zegreenhouse aze 'acime' ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ngokuba nobunini kunye 'nokukhusela' isiqwenga somhlaba esifunxa ikharbon. Ngoko ngokulawula imida ye "Iindawo eziKhuselweyo", i-paramilitary / imikhosi yamapolisa igada ngokungathanga ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha e-fossil njengeemfazwe ze-oyile, zonke ngelixa zibonakala phezu komhlaba ukuba zibe yinxalenye yesisombululo semozulu. 

Ezi zezinye zeendlela umatshini wokulwa oza kuzama ngazo ukufihla isoyikiso sawo kwiplanethi. Abaphembeleli bemozulu kufuneka balumke- njengoko imeko yokusingqongileyo isiya isiba mandundu, ukucinga ngesakhiwo somkhosi-semizi-mveliso njengehlakani lokujongana nayo kusigrogrisa ngomjikelo okhohlakeleyo wokugqibela.

Iimpembelelo Gcina Akukho cala

Imfazwe ayibulali nje kwiintshaba zayo, kodwa nakubantu abathi iyabakhusela. Umkhosi waseMelika nguye wesithathu-esikhulu kunazo zonke i-polluter yamanzi ase-US. Iziza zomkhosi zikwasisixa esikhulu seziza zeSuperfund (iindawo ezosulelekileyo zibekwe kuLuhlu lwezinto eziphambili kwi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ukuze zicocwe ngokubanzi), kodwa I-DoD idume ngokurhuqa iinyawo ngokusebenzisana nenkqubo yokucoca ye-EPA. Ezo ndawo azikhange zibeke esichengeni kungekuphela nje umhlaba, kodwa abantu abakuwo nabakufutshane nawo. Iindawo zokuvelisa izixhobo zeNyukliya eWashington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, nakwezinye iindawo ziye zatyhefa indalo engqongileyo kwakunye nabasebenzi bazo, ngaphezu kwe-3,000 yabo eyanikwa imbuyekezo ngo-2000. Ukususela ngo-2015, urhulumente wavuma ukuba ukuchanabeka kwimitha yelanga kunye nezinye iityhefu. enokubangelwe okanye ibe negalelo kwi Ukufa kwabantu abangama-15,809 ababesakuba ngabasebenzi bezixhobo zenyukliya baseUnited States – ngokuqinisekileyo oku kujongelwa phantsi umthwalo ophezulu wobungqina obubekwe kubasebenzi ukufaka amabango.

Uvavanyo lweNyukliya lolunye udidi oluphambili lwengozi yokusingqongileyo yasekhaya neyangaphandle eye yenziwa ngamajoni elinye lawo kunye namanye amazwe. Uvavanyo lwezixhobo zenyukliya yi-United States kunye neSoviet Union lubandakanye ubuncinane uvavanyo lwe-atmospheric engama-423 phakathi ko-1945 no-1957 kunye novavanyo olu-1,400 lwangaphantsi komhlaba phakathi ko-1957 no-1989. (Kumanani ovavanyo kwamanye amazwe, nali UVavanyo lweNyukliya kwiTally ukusuka kwi-1945-2017.) Umonakalo ophuma kuloo mitha awukaziwa ngokuzeleyo, kodwa usanwenwa, njengoko sisazi ngaphambili. Uphando ngo-2009 lwacebisa ukuba uvavanyo lwenyukliya lwaseTshayina phakathi kuka-1964 no-1996 lwabulala abantu abaninzi ngokuthe ngqo kunovavanyo lwenyukliya lwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe. UJun Takada, ingcali yefiziksi yaseJapan, ubale ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.48 yezigidi zabantu baye bachanabeka kwi-fallout kwaye i-190,000 yabo inokuba babhubhile ngenxa yezifo ezinxulumene nemitha kolu vavanyo lwaseTshayina.

Lo monakalo awubangelwa kukungakhathali nje emkhosini. EUnited States, uvavanyo lwenyukliya ngeminyaka yoo-1950s lwakhokelela kumawaka angamawaka abulawa ngumhlaza e-Nevada, e-Utah, nase-Arizona, ezona ndawo ziphantsi kakhulu kuvavanyo. Umkhosi ubusazi ukuba uqhushululu lwawo lwenyukliya luya kuba nefuthe kwezo zithontsi, kwaye libeke iliso kwiziphumo, lizibandakanya ngokufanelekileyo kulingo lwabantu. Kwezinye izifundo ezininzi ngexesha kunye nakumashumi eminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngokwaphulwa kweKhowudi yaseNuremberg ka-1947, umkhosi kunye neCIA baye babeka phantsi amagqala, amabanjwa, amahlwempu, abakhubazekileyo ngengqondo, kunye nabanye abantu ekulingelweni kwabantu ngokungazi. injongo yokuvavanya izixhobo zenyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye nezebhayoloji. Ingxelo elungiselelwe iKomiti yeSenate yase-US kwiMicimbi yaMagqala ngo-1994 iqala ngokuthi: “Ebudeni beminyaka engama-50 edluleyo, amakhulu amawaka abasebenzi basemkhosini baye babandakanyeka kulingo lwabantu kunye nokunye ukuvezwa ngabom okwenziwa liSebe lezoKhuselo (DOD), ngokufuthi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yelungu lenkonzo… amajoni ngamanye amaxesha ayeyalelwa ngamagosa aphetheyo. 'ukuvolontiya' ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphando okanye ukujongana neziphumo ezibi. Umzekelo, amagqala eMfazwe yasePersian Gulf ekwenziwa udliwano-ndlebe nawo ngabasebenzi beKomiti baxele ukuba bayalelwa ukuba bathathe izitofu zovavanyo ngexesha le-Operation Desert Shield okanye bajongane nentolongo. Ingxelo epheleleyo iqulethe izikhalazo ezininzi malunga nemfihlo yomkhosi kwaye icebisa ukuba iziphumo zayo zinokuthi zikhuphe kuphela oko kufihliweyo. 

Ezi ziphumo kwizizwe zasekhaya zomkhosi ziyoyikeka, kodwa aziphantse zibe qatha njengaleyo ikwiindawo ekujoliswe kuzo. Iimfazwe zamvanje ziye zabangela ukuba iindawo ezinkulu zingahlali abantu zaza zabangela amashumi ezigidi eembacu. Iziqhushumbisi ezingezizo ezenyukliya kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II zatshabalalisa izixeko, iifama neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iimbacu ezizizigidi ezingama-50 nabantu bagxothwe kwiindawo zabo. I-US yaqhushumbisa iVietnam, iLaos, kunye neKhambodiya, ivelisa iimbacu ezizizigidi ezili-17, kwaye ukususela ngo-1965 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1971. bafefa i-14 ekhulwini lamahlathi akuMzantsi Vietnam ngemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, batshisa umhlaba weefama baza badubula nemfuyo. 

Umothuko wokuqala wemfazwe ubeka iziphumo ezibuhlungu eziqhubeka ixesha elide emva kokuba uxolo lubhengezwe. Phakathi kwezi kukho iityhefu ezishiywe ngasemva emanzini, emhlabeni nasemoyeni. Enye yezona zinto zibi kakhulu zokutshabalalisa ukhula, iAgent Orange, isasongela impilo yaseVietnam kwaye ibangele iziphene ekuzalweni zifikelela kwizigidi. Phakathi kwe-1944 kunye ne-1970 umkhosi wase-US walahla izixa ezikhulu zezixhobo ezenziwe ngemichiza ukuya kulwandlekazi lweAtlantiki nePasifiki. Njengoko imibhobho yegesi yemithambo-luvo neyemostade ikhula kancinane ize ivuleke ngaphantsi kwamanzi, le tyhefu iyaphuma, ibulala ubomi baselwandle yaye ibulala yaye yenzakalisa abalobi. Umkhosi awuyazi nokuba ziphi iindawo ezininzi zokulahla. Ngexesha leMfazwe yeGulf, i-Iraq yakhulula iilitha ze-oyile ezizigidi ezili-10 kwiPersian Gulf yaza yatshisa amaqula e-oyile angama-732, yabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizilwanyana zasendle kunye nokutyhefa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngokuchitheka kweoli. Kwiimfazwe zayo kwi yiYugoslavia kwaye Irakh, iUnited States ishiye ngasemva iuranium ephelelweyo, ekwaziyo ukwandisa umngcipheko kwimiba yokuphefumla, iingxaki zezintso, umhlaza, imiba yemithambo-luvo, nokunye.

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibulala abantu ngakumbi zizigcayiseli kunye neebhombu zeqela. Kuqikelelwa ukuba amashumi ezigidi zawo alele emhlabeni. Uninzi lwamaxhoba abo ngabantu, uninzi lwabo ngabantwana. Ingxelo yeSebe Lelizwe laseUnited States yowe-1993 yathi izigcayiseli “lolona ngcoliso luyityhefu nolusasazeka ngokubanzi olujamelene noluntu.” Izigcayiseli ziyonakalisa imeko-bume ngeendlela ezine, uJennifer Leaning ubhala athi: “Ukoyika izigcayiseli kubangela ukuba abantu bangakwazi ukufumana ubuncwane bendalo nomhlaba olimekayo; abemi banyanzelwa ukuba bahambe ngokukhethayo kwiindawo ezingqongileyo nezibuthathaka ukuze baphephe imimandla yemigodi; oku kufuduka kukhawulezisa ukuncipha kweyantlukwano yebhayoloji; kwaye ukudubula kwezigcayiseli kuphazamisa inkqubo ebalulekileyo yomhlaba namanzi.” Ubungakanani bomphezulu womhlaba ochaphazelekileyo abukho mncinci. Izigidi zeehektare eYurophu, kuMntla Afrika, naseAsia ziphantsi kothintelo. Isinye kwisithathu somhlaba eLibya sifihla izigcayiseli kunye neembumbulu zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II ezingaqhushumbayo. Uninzi lwezizwe zehlabathi ziye zavuma ukuvala izigcayiseli kunye neebhombu zeqela, kodwa oko ibingelolizwi lokugqibela, njengoko iibhombu zeqela ziye zasetyenziswa yiRussia ngokuchasene neUkraine ukuqala ngo-2022 kwaye i-US yanikezela ngeebhombu zeqela e-Ukraine ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokuchasene neRussia ngo-2023. Olu lwazi kunye nokunye kunokufumaneka kwi Iingxelo zonyaka ze-Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor.

Iziphumo ezibuhlungu zemfazwe azikho nje ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa zinoluntu ngokunjalo: iimfazwe zokuqala zihlwayela ukonyuka kwamathuba exesha elizayo. Emva kokuba ibe yindawo yedabi kwiMfazwe Yomlomo, i Imisebenzi yaseSoviet kunye ne-US e-Afghanistan yaqhubeka itshabalalisa kwaye yonakalisa amawaka eedolophana kunye nemithombo yamanzi. I I-US kunye namahlakani ayo axhasa ngemali kwaye axhobile i-Mujahideen, Iqela labanqolobi elisisiseko, njengomkhosi wommeli wokubhukuqa ulawulo lweSoviet eAfghanistan - kodwa njengoko iMujahideen yaqhekeka kwezopolitiko, yavelisa iTaliban. Ukuxhasa ngemali ulawulo lwabo lwe-Afghanistan, iTaliban inalo ukurhweba ngamaplanga ngokungekho mthethweni ukuya ePakistan, okubangele ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okuphawulekayo. Iibhombu zaseUnited States neembacu ezifuna iinkuni zongezelele kulo monakalo. Amahlathi aseAfghanistan aphantse aphela, kwaye uninzi lweentaka ezifudukayo ezazidla ngokudlula eAfghanistan azisakwenzi oko. Umoya kunye namanzi ayo atyhefwe ngeziqhushumbisi kunye neziqhushumbisi zerokhethi. Imfazwe iphazamisa imeko-bume, iphazamisa imeko yezopolitiko, ekhokelela ekubhubhiseni okusingqongileyo, kwi-loop yokuqinisa.

Ikhwelo lokuSebenza

I-Militarism ngumqhubi obulalayo wokuwohloka kokusingqongileyo, ukusuka ekutshatyalalisweni ngokuthe ngqo kwemekobume yendawo ukuya kubonelelo lwenkxaso ebalulekileyo kumashishini angundoqo ongcoliseko. Iimpembelelo zomkhosi zifihlwe kwithunzi lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye impembelelo yawo inokonakalisa uphuhliso nokuphunyezwa kwezisombululo zemozulu.

Nangona kunjalo, umkhosi womkhosi awukwenzi konke oku ngomlingo. Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngumkhosi ukuziqhubela phambili - umhlaba, imali, intando yezopolitiko, abasebenzi balo lonke uhlobo, njl njl. Ngokudibeneyo, kufuneka sithathe ezo zixhobo sizikhuphe kwiinzipho zomkhosi kwaye sizisebenzise ngokunengqiqo ngakumbi.

World BEYOND War enkosi Alisha Foster kunye Pace e Bene ngoncedo olukhulu kweli phepha.