Ityala elisisiseko:
Njengomenzi wemfazwe ophambili kwihlabathi - uhlala egameni “lokhuselo” - i-United States ibonisa kakuhle ukuba imfazwe ayinabuchule ngokwemiqathango yayo.
NgoDisemba 2014 Poll Galp Iintlanga ze-65 zifumene iUnited States ibe kude kwaye kude nelizwe libhekwa njengengozi enkulu yokuthula emhlabeni, kwaye Pew poll in 2017 found majorities in most emazweni avotelwe ukujonga iUnited States as a threat. Naliphi na elinye ilizwe elinethemba lokutshatisa i-United States kwezi polls kuya kufuneka libambe iimfazwe ezininzi "ezikhuselayo" ngaphambi kokuba livelise amanqanaba afanayo oloyiko kunye nenzondo.
Ayililo nje ilizwe elingaphandle kwe-United States okanye nangaphandle komkhosi wase-US owaziyo ngale ngxaki. Sele iphantse yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kubaphathi-mikhosi base-US, ngesiqhelo emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, Ukuxoxa ukuba iimfazwe ezahlukeneyo okanye amaqhinga adala ezininzi iintshaba kuneentshaba ezibabulalayo.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwandiswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lemfazwe yongqongqelo (njengoko lilinganiselwe ngu Inkcazo Yezobugqirha Yomhlaba). Phantse konke (i-99.5%) yohlaselo lwabakhukhuni livela kumazwe asebenza kwiimfazwe kunye / okanye asebenze kakubi njengentolongwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, ukuhlushwa okanye ukungabikho komthetho. Amazinga aphakamileyo obundlobongela 'akhululiwe' kwaye 'idemokhrasi' i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan. Amaqela amaphekula aphethwe yintlontle (oko kukuthi, engekho-mhlaba, ubundlobongela obuthatyathekileyo kwezopolitiko) emhlabeni jikelele uye wenyuka kwiimfazwe zase-US ngokulwa nobugandlo.
Nazi ezinye iinkcukacha ezivela I-Science Science Digest: “Ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi kwelinye ilizwe kwandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yimibutho yabanqolobi evela kwela lizwe. Izixhobo ezithunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe zandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yimibutho yabanqolobi evela kwelo lizwe. Ama-95% ohlaselo lwabanqolobi olwenzeka ngenjongo yokukhuthaza abo bangaphandle ukuba balishiye ilizwe labo. ”Iimfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamabanjwa ngexesha labo, kwaba zizixhobo eziphambili zokugaya ubunqolobi obuchasene ne-US. Ngo-2006, ii-arhente zobuntlola zase-US zavelisa Ubungcali boBulumko beSizwe esifikelele eso sigqibo. I-Associated Press yabika: "Imfazwe e-Iraq ibe yinto ebangela i-célèbre yama-Islamic extremists, izalisa inzondo enkulu yase-United States mhlawumbi iya kuba yingozi ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngcono, abahlaziyi be-intelligence bephephandaba baphetha ngengxelo engqinelana noMongameli Bush hlabathi likhuselekile. ... [T] abahlalutyi abaninzi belizwe abagqibeleleyo begqiba ukuba nangona umonakalo omkhulu kunkokheli e-al-Qaida, isongelo esivela kuma-Islamic extremist sisasazelele kubini nakwiindawo ezifihliweyo. "
A Ukufundwa kweentlanga ezithathe inxaxheba kwiMfazwe e-Afghanistan ngokwenani lemikhosi abayithumela apho, bafumana amava obundlobongela abanqolobi. Ke, imfazwe yobunqolobi ngokuthembekileyo kwaye kwangaphambili yavelisa ubunqolobi.
Iimfazwe zase-US zibulala amaqela e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa kwincwadi yeJeremy Scahill kunye nefilimu Imikhosi Engcolileyo Wathi xa bebesebenza ngendlela yabo kuluhlu lwabantu ukubulala, banikezwa uluhlu olukhulu; uluhlu lwaba lukhula ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yabo. Jikelele uStanley McChrystal, umlawuli we-US kunye ne-NATO e-Afghanistan Stone Rolling ngoJuni 2010 ukuba "kuwo wonke umntu ongenacala onokumbulala, udala ii-10 ezintsha iintshaba." I-Bureau ye-Journalism kunye nokunye yabhala ngokugqithiseleyo amagama abo abaninzi abangenacala ababulawa yi-drone.
Kwi-2013, uMcChrystal uthe kwakukho ukucaphuka kwintlonelo ye-drone ePakistan. Ngokwephephandaba lasePakistan Dawn NgoFebhuwari 10, 2013, uMcChrystal, "waxwayisa ukuba i-drone emininzi ephahlaka ePakistan ngaphandle kokuchazela ukuba imikhosi esicatshulwayo yodwa ingaba yinto embi. U-Gen. McChrystal uthe uyaqonda ukuba kutheni amaPakistan, nangakumbi kwiindawo ezingakhange zithinteke yi-drones, zenzanga kakubi nxamnye nemigqaliselo. Wabuza abaseMerika ukuba babeya kuthini xa ilizwe elingummelwane njengoMexico liqala ukudubula iibhola ezidakayo kwiiithagethi zaseTexas. I-Pakistani, yathi, yabona i-drones njengendlela yokubonakalisa amandla eMerika ngokumelene nesizwe sazo kwaye sabelana ngokufanelekileyo. 'Yintoni endikrakrayo malunga neentlonelo zentlonelo yindlela abaye baqonda ngayo emhlabeni jikelele,' u-Gen. McChrystal uthe kwintetho yangaphambili. 'Intukuthelo eyenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kweMelika kwemigqaliselo engalindelekanga ... inkulu kakhulu kunomlinganiselo waseMerika oxabiso. Bazondwa kwinqanaba le-visceral, nangabantu abangazange babone omnye okanye babone imiphumo yomnye. '"
Ngethuba le2010, uBruce Riedel, oye wadibanisa ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo we-Afghanistan kuMongameli Obama wathi, "Uxinzelelo esiye lwababeka kulo [i-jihadist force] kunyaka odlulileyo uye wawadonsa kunye, oku kuthetha ukuba intsebenziswano yamanyano iyanda melela kunzima. "(ENew York Times, Ngo-Meyi 9, i-2010.) UMongameli we-Intelligence National Dennis Blair uthe ngelixa "ukuhlaselwa kwesohlwayo kwandinceda ukunciphisa ubukhokheli baseQaeda ePakistan, banda inzondo yeMelika" kwaye bonakalisa "amandla ethu okusebenza nePakistan [ekugqibeleni] iTaliban iingqungquthela, ukukhuthaza intetho ye-Indian-Pakistani, kunye nokwenza i-arsenal ye-nyukliya ye-nuclear iphephile. "(ENew York Times, UAgasti 15, 2011.)
UMichael Boyle, inxalenye yeqela likaMongameli u-Obama lokulwa nobugandaganda ngethuba lakhe lokhankaso lonyulo lwe-2008, uthi ukusebenzisa i-drones "kuneempembelelo ezingalunganga ezingakhange zilinganiswe ngokumalunga neentengo zobuqhetseba ezibandakanyeka nokubulala amaphekula. ... Ukunyuka okukhulu kwenani lokufa kwabasebenzi abancinci kuye kwandisa inkqubela yezopolitiko kwinkqubo yase-Pakistan ePakistan, eYemen nakwamanye amazwe. "(Guardian, UJanuwari 7, 2013.) "Siyabona ukuba loo nto ibuhlungu. Ukuba uzama ukubulala indlela yakho kwisisombululo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uchanekile kangakanani, uya kubacaphukisa abantu nangona bengakhange bajoliswe kuyo, "wakhankanya u-Gen. James E. Cartwright, owayengumongameli wongameli IiNtloko zabasebenzi. (IENew York Times, Matshi 22, 2013.)
Ezi mbono aziqhelekanga. Isikhululo sikhululo se-CIA e-Islamabad kwi-2005-2006 becinga ukuba i-drone ishaywa, kwaye isengaphaya, "yenze into encinci ngaphandle kwenzondo yamafutha eMelika ngaphakathi ePakistan." (Funda Indlela Yomzi nguMark Mazzetti.) Igosa eliphezulu lase-US elisemthethweni elithile kwinxalenye yaseAfghanistan, uMatewu Hoh, wasula phantsi ngokubhikisha waza wathi, "Ndicinga ukuba senza ubundlobongela. Sitshatyalalisa ezininzi izinto ezintle ezihamba emva kwamadoda athile angasongela iUnited States okanye abanakho amandla okusongela iUnited States. "
Izixhobo zemfazwe zibeka ingozi kwi-apocalypse ngamabomu okanye ngokukhawuleza.
Sinokuphelisa zonke izixhobo zenyukliya okanye sinokuzibukela zigqithise. Akukho ndlela ephakathi. Asinakho izixhobo zenyukliya, okanye sinokufumana ezininzi. Oku akusiyo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye inengqiqo, kodwa ukubonelelwa okubonakalayo okuxhaswa ngophando kwiincwadi ezinje Apocalypse Never: Ukubeka iNdlela kwiLizwe leNkululeko yeNyukliya nguTad Daley. Ngethuba nje ezinye zibonisa izixhobo zenyukliya abanye baya kubafisa, kwaye ngakumbi ukuba banako ngakumbi ukusabalala kwabanye.
The IDock Day Clock lusekufutshane nakubusuku bobusuku njengoko bekuye kwenzeka.
Ukuba izixhobo zenuzi ziqhubeka zikhona, kuya kubakho inhlekelele yenyukliya, kwaye ngakumbi izixhobo ziye zanda, kungekudala ziya kuza. Amakhulu emicimbi siye satshatyalalisa ihlabathi lethu ngengozi, ukudideka, ukungaqondi kakuhle, kunye ne-machismo engenangqiqo. Xa ungeze kwiimeko ezinokwenene kunye nokwandiswa kwamaphekula angaboniyo ekufumaneni nasekusebenziseni izixhobo zenyukliya, ingozi ikhula ngokuphawulekayo - kwaye yanda nje ngemigaqo yeenkcukliya ezenza ukrebezi ngendlela ebonakala yenzelwe ukufumana amaphekula.
Ukufumana izixhobo zenyukliya akusinanto yokusigcina sikhuselekile; akukho ntengiso ebandakanyekayo ekupheliseni. Abavumi ukuhlaselwa ngabamagorha ngabasemagqabini abangekho ngandlela-thile. Akunakongeza iota ukuya kumandla omkhosi obalaseleyo wokunqanda iintlanga ekuhlaseleni, enikwe amandla e-United States ukutshabalalisa nayiphi na indawo nayiphi na izixhobo ezingekho zixhobo zenuzi. AmaNukes awanqobi iimfazwe, kwaye iUnited States, i-Soviet Union, i-United Kingdom, i-France kunye ne-China yonke ilahlekelwe yimfazwe emelene nemimandla engeyiyo yenyukliya ngelixa iphethe i-nukes. Kananjalo, xa kwenzeka imfazwe yenyukliya yehlabathi, unako naziphi na izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela isizwe nangayiphi indlela ukusuka ku-apocalypse.
IMfazwe iza ekhaya.
Imfazwe yaphesheya iyanda inzondo ekhaya kunye ukulwa kwamapolisa. Ngelixa iimfazwe zilwelwa egameni "lokuxhasa" abo balwa emfazweni, amagqala anikwa uncedo oluncinci ekujonganeni nokuziphatha okunetyala, ukwenzakala, ukwenzakala kwengqondo, kunye neminye imiqobo kwindlela yokuziqhelanisa noluntu olungenabundlobongela. Abo baqeqeshwe ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi ngumkhosi wase-US, umzekelo, ngokungafaniyo nabo baba abaphangi e-United States, apho isimilo esinjalo asamkelekanga. Kunye nemikhosi alahlekelwe okanye abiwe amanani amakhulu emipu asetyenziswa kulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela olungeyomfazwe.
Ukucwangciswa kweMfa kukhokelela kwimfazwe.
"Thetha ngokukhawuleza kwaye uthwale intonga enkulu," watsho uTheodore Roosevelt, owayenomdla wokwakha umkhosi omkhulu xa kunjalo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo akayi ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuba unyanzelekile. Oku kusebenze ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nemibalwa emincinci ye-Roosevelt yokuvuselela i-Panama kwi-1901, eColombia eColombia kwi-1902, eHonduras kwi-1903, kwiRiphabliki yaseDominican e-1903, eSiriya kwi-1903, e-Abyssinia kwi-1903, ePanama kwi-1903, kwiRiphablikhi yaseDominican I-1904, iMorocco e-1904, ePanama e-1904, eKorea kwi-1904, eCuba e-1906, eHonduras kwi-1907, nakwiiPhilippines kwi-ofisi kaMongameli waseRoosevelt.
Abantu bokuqala esazi ngabo bazimisele ukulwa nemfazwe - iqhawe laseSumalia iGilgamesh kunye nomlingane wakhe u-Enkido, okanye amaGrike awalwela eTroy - abuye alungiselele ukuzingela izilwanyana zasendle. UBarbara Ehrenreich uchaza ukuba,
Sithanda ukukholelwa kuyo yonke into enhle. "Hlalani nilungele" yi-Motto Boy Scouts, emva kwayo yonke into. Kunengqiqo, inoxanduva, kwaye ikhuselekile ukuba ilungiselelwe. Ukungazilungiseleli bekuza kuba yinto engenakunceda, akunjalo?
Ingxaki ngale ngxabano kukuba ayiyiyo iphosa. Kwinqanaba elincinci alisoloko liphosa ukuba abantu bafune izibhamu emakhaya abo ukuze bazikhusele kwiibhegi. Kuloo meko, kukho ezinye iimeko zokuqwalasela, kubandakanywa nemilinganiselo ephakamileyo yezingozi zebhamu, ukusetyenziswa kwezibhamu ngokuhambelana nentukuthelo, ukukwazi ukuba izigebengu ziphendukele izibhamu zabanini, ukukhwabanisa kwezibhamu, ukuphazamiseka Isisombululo sesibhamu esibangelwa yimigudu yokunciphisa iimbangela zobugebengu, njl.
Kwinqanaba elikhulu lemfazwe kunye nokuhlambulula isizwe somfazwe, izinto ezifanayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Izingozi ezihlobene nezixhobo, ukuvavanya kakubi kubantu, ukweba, ukuthengisa kwiintlangano eziba yiintshaba, kwaye ukuphazamiseka kwimigudu yokunciphisa iimbangela zobugubungela kunye nemfazwe kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Ngoko, kunjalo, kufuneka ukuba usebenzise izixhobo emva kokuba unako. Ngamanye amaxesha, izixhobo ezingaphezulu azikwazi ukuveliswa de kubekho i-stock ekhoyo kwaye i-innovative entsha ivavanywa "kwibala lemfazwe."
Kodwa kukho ezinye iimeko zokuqwalasela. Ukugcinwa kwezizwe ngezixhobo zokulwa kukubeka uxinzelelo kwezinye iintlanga ukwenza okufanayo. Nangona uhlanga oluhlose ukulwa kuphela ekukhuseleni, lunokuqonda "ukukhusela" ukuba lukwazi ukuphindisela kwezinye iintlanga. Oku kwenza ukuba kubalulekile ukudala izixhobo kunye nezicwangciso zemfazwe enobudlova, kwaye "nangemfazwe engaphambili," ukugcina iingqungquthela zomthetho zivule kwaye ziwandise, kwaye zikhuthaza ezinye iintlanga ukuba zenze okufanayo. Xa ubeka abantu abaninzi ukuba benze umsebenzi wokucwangcisa into ethile, xa loo projekthi ibaluleke kakhulu ekutshalweni koluntu olukhulu kunye nesibongo esikhulu, kunokuba nzima ukuba abo bantu bafumane amathuba okuphumeza izicwangciso zabo.
Nazi izixhobo ezinempumelelo kunemfazwe yokukhusela.
World BEYOND War liqulunqe Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe.
NgoDisemba 2014 Poll Galp Iintlanga ze-65 zifumene iUnited States ibe kude kwaye kude nelizwe libhekwa njengengozi enkulu yokuthula emhlabeni, kwaye Pew poll in 2017 found majorities in most emazweni avotelwe ukujonga iUnited States as a threat. Naliphi na elinye ilizwe elinethemba lokutshatisa i-United States kwezi polls kuya kufuneka libambe iimfazwe ezininzi "ezikhuselayo" ngaphambi kokuba livelise amanqanaba afanayo oloyiko kunye nenzondo.
Ayililo nje ilizwe elingaphandle kwe-United States okanye nangaphandle komkhosi wase-US owaziyo ngale ngxaki. Sele iphantse yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kubaphathi-mikhosi base-US, ngesiqhelo emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, Ukuxoxa ukuba iimfazwe ezahlukeneyo okanye amaqhinga adala ezininzi iintshaba kuneentshaba ezibabulalayo.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwandiswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lemfazwe yongqongqelo (njengoko lilinganiselwe ngu Inkcazo Yezobugqirha Yomhlaba). Phantse konke (i-99.5%) yohlaselo lwabakhukhuni livela kumazwe asebenza kwiimfazwe kunye / okanye asebenze kakubi njengentolongwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, ukuhlushwa okanye ukungabikho komthetho. Amazinga aphakamileyo obundlobongela 'akhululiwe' kwaye 'idemokhrasi' i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan. Amaqela amaphekula aphethwe yintlontle (oko kukuthi, engekho-mhlaba, ubundlobongela obuthatyathekileyo kwezopolitiko) emhlabeni jikelele uye wenyuka kwiimfazwe zase-US ngokulwa nobugandlo.
Nazi ezinye iinkcukacha ezivela I-Science Science Digest: “Ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi kwelinye ilizwe kwandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yimibutho yabanqolobi evela kwela lizwe. Izixhobo ezithunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe zandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yimibutho yabanqolobi evela kwelo lizwe. Ama-95% ohlaselo lwabanqolobi olwenzeka ngenjongo yokukhuthaza abo bangaphandle ukuba balishiye ilizwe labo. ”Iimfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamabanjwa ngexesha labo, kwaba zizixhobo eziphambili zokugaya ubunqolobi obuchasene ne-US. Ngo-2006, ii-arhente zobuntlola zase-US zavelisa Ubungcali boBulumko beSizwe esifikelele eso sigqibo. I-Associated Press yabika: "Imfazwe e-Iraq ibe yinto ebangela i-célèbre yama-Islamic extremists, izalisa inzondo enkulu yase-United States mhlawumbi iya kuba yingozi ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngcono, abahlaziyi be-intelligence bephephandaba baphetha ngengxelo engqinelana noMongameli Bush hlabathi likhuselekile. ... [T] abahlalutyi abaninzi belizwe abagqibeleleyo begqiba ukuba nangona umonakalo omkhulu kunkokheli e-al-Qaida, isongelo esivela kuma-Islamic extremist sisasazelele kubini nakwiindawo ezifihliweyo. "
A Ukufundwa kweentlanga ezithathe inxaxheba kwiMfazwe e-Afghanistan ngokwenani lemikhosi abayithumela apho, bafumana amava obundlobongela abanqolobi. Ke, imfazwe yobunqolobi ngokuthembekileyo kwaye kwangaphambili yavelisa ubunqolobi.
Iimfazwe zase-US zibulala amaqela e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa kwincwadi yeJeremy Scahill kunye nefilimu Imikhosi Engcolileyo Wathi xa bebesebenza ngendlela yabo kuluhlu lwabantu ukubulala, banikezwa uluhlu olukhulu; uluhlu lwaba lukhula ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yabo. Jikelele uStanley McChrystal, umlawuli we-US kunye ne-NATO e-Afghanistan Stone Rolling ngoJuni 2010 ukuba "kuwo wonke umntu ongenacala onokumbulala, udala ii-10 ezintsha iintshaba." I-Bureau ye-Journalism kunye nokunye yabhala ngokugqithiseleyo amagama abo abaninzi abangenacala ababulawa yi-drone.
Kwi-2013, uMcChrystal uthe kwakukho ukucaphuka kwintlonelo ye-drone ePakistan. Ngokwephephandaba lasePakistan Dawn NgoFebhuwari 10, 2013, uMcChrystal, "waxwayisa ukuba i-drone emininzi ephahlaka ePakistan ngaphandle kokuchazela ukuba imikhosi esicatshulwayo yodwa ingaba yinto embi. U-Gen. McChrystal uthe uyaqonda ukuba kutheni amaPakistan, nangakumbi kwiindawo ezingakhange zithinteke yi-drones, zenzanga kakubi nxamnye nemigqaliselo. Wabuza abaseMerika ukuba babeya kuthini xa ilizwe elingummelwane njengoMexico liqala ukudubula iibhola ezidakayo kwiiithagethi zaseTexas. I-Pakistani, yathi, yabona i-drones njengendlela yokubonakalisa amandla eMerika ngokumelene nesizwe sazo kwaye sabelana ngokufanelekileyo. 'Yintoni endikrakrayo malunga neentlonelo zentlonelo yindlela abaye baqonda ngayo emhlabeni jikelele,' u-Gen. McChrystal uthe kwintetho yangaphambili. 'Intukuthelo eyenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kweMelika kwemigqaliselo engalindelekanga ... inkulu kakhulu kunomlinganiselo waseMerika oxabiso. Bazondwa kwinqanaba le-visceral, nangabantu abangazange babone omnye okanye babone imiphumo yomnye. '"
Ngethuba le2010, uBruce Riedel, oye wadibanisa ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo we-Afghanistan kuMongameli Obama wathi, "Uxinzelelo esiye lwababeka kulo [i-jihadist force] kunyaka odlulileyo uye wawadonsa kunye, oku kuthetha ukuba intsebenziswano yamanyano iyanda melela kunzima. "(ENew York Times, Ngo-Meyi 9, i-2010.) UMongameli we-Intelligence National Dennis Blair uthe ngelixa "ukuhlaselwa kwesohlwayo kwandinceda ukunciphisa ubukhokheli baseQaeda ePakistan, banda inzondo yeMelika" kwaye bonakalisa "amandla ethu okusebenza nePakistan [ekugqibeleni] iTaliban iingqungquthela, ukukhuthaza intetho ye-Indian-Pakistani, kunye nokwenza i-arsenal ye-nyukliya ye-nuclear iphephile. "(ENew York Times, UAgasti 15, 2011.)
UMichael Boyle, inxalenye yeqela likaMongameli u-Obama lokulwa nobugandaganda ngethuba lakhe lokhankaso lonyulo lwe-2008, uthi ukusebenzisa i-drones "kuneempembelelo ezingalunganga ezingakhange zilinganiswe ngokumalunga neentengo zobuqhetseba ezibandakanyeka nokubulala amaphekula. ... Ukunyuka okukhulu kwenani lokufa kwabasebenzi abancinci kuye kwandisa inkqubela yezopolitiko kwinkqubo yase-Pakistan ePakistan, eYemen nakwamanye amazwe. "(Guardian, UJanuwari 7, 2013.) "Siyabona ukuba loo nto ibuhlungu. Ukuba uzama ukubulala indlela yakho kwisisombululo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uchanekile kangakanani, uya kubacaphukisa abantu nangona bengakhange bajoliswe kuyo, "wakhankanya u-Gen. James E. Cartwright, owayengumongameli wongameli IiNtloko zabasebenzi. (IENew York Times, Matshi 22, 2013.)
Ezi mbono aziqhelekanga. Isikhululo sikhululo se-CIA e-Islamabad kwi-2005-2006 becinga ukuba i-drone ishaywa, kwaye isengaphaya, "yenze into encinci ngaphandle kwenzondo yamafutha eMelika ngaphakathi ePakistan." (Funda Indlela Yomzi nguMark Mazzetti.) Igosa eliphezulu lase-US elisemthethweni elithile kwinxalenye yaseAfghanistan, uMatewu Hoh, wasula phantsi ngokubhikisha waza wathi, "Ndicinga ukuba senza ubundlobongela. Sitshatyalalisa ezininzi izinto ezintle ezihamba emva kwamadoda athile angasongela iUnited States okanye abanakho amandla okusongela iUnited States. "
Izixhobo zemfazwe zibeka ingozi kwi-apocalypse ngamabomu okanye ngokukhawuleza.
Sinokuphelisa zonke izixhobo zenyukliya okanye sinokuzibukela zigqithise. Akukho ndlela ephakathi. Asinakho izixhobo zenyukliya, okanye sinokufumana ezininzi. Oku akusiyo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye inengqiqo, kodwa ukubonelelwa okubonakalayo okuxhaswa ngophando kwiincwadi ezinje Apocalypse Never: Ukubeka iNdlela kwiLizwe leNkululeko yeNyukliya nguTad Daley. Ngethuba nje ezinye zibonisa izixhobo zenyukliya abanye baya kubafisa, kwaye ngakumbi ukuba banako ngakumbi ukusabalala kwabanye.
The IDock Day Clock lusekufutshane nakubusuku bobusuku njengoko bekuye kwenzeka.
Ukuba izixhobo zenuzi ziqhubeka zikhona, kuya kubakho inhlekelele yenyukliya, kwaye ngakumbi izixhobo ziye zanda, kungekudala ziya kuza. Amakhulu emicimbi siye satshatyalalisa ihlabathi lethu ngengozi, ukudideka, ukungaqondi kakuhle, kunye ne-machismo engenangqiqo. Xa ungeze kwiimeko ezinokwenene kunye nokwandiswa kwamaphekula angaboniyo ekufumaneni nasekusebenziseni izixhobo zenyukliya, ingozi ikhula ngokuphawulekayo - kwaye yanda nje ngemigaqo yeenkcukliya ezenza ukrebezi ngendlela ebonakala yenzelwe ukufumana amaphekula.
Ukufumana izixhobo zenyukliya akusinanto yokusigcina sikhuselekile; akukho ntengiso ebandakanyekayo ekupheliseni. Abavumi ukuhlaselwa ngabamagorha ngabasemagqabini abangekho ngandlela-thile. Akunakongeza iota ukuya kumandla omkhosi obalaseleyo wokunqanda iintlanga ekuhlaseleni, enikwe amandla e-United States ukutshabalalisa nayiphi na indawo nayiphi na izixhobo ezingekho zixhobo zenuzi. AmaNukes awanqobi iimfazwe, kwaye iUnited States, i-Soviet Union, i-United Kingdom, i-France kunye ne-China yonke ilahlekelwe yimfazwe emelene nemimandla engeyiyo yenyukliya ngelixa iphethe i-nukes. Kananjalo, xa kwenzeka imfazwe yenyukliya yehlabathi, unako naziphi na izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela isizwe nangayiphi indlela ukusuka ku-apocalypse.
IMfazwe iza ekhaya.
Imfazwe yaphesheya iyanda inzondo ekhaya kunye ukulwa kwamapolisa. Ngelixa iimfazwe zilwelwa egameni "lokuxhasa" abo balwa emfazweni, amagqala anikwa uncedo oluncinci ekujonganeni nokuziphatha okunetyala, ukwenzakala, ukwenzakala kwengqondo, kunye neminye imiqobo kwindlela yokuziqhelanisa noluntu olungenabundlobongela. Abo baqeqeshwe ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi ngumkhosi wase-US, umzekelo, ngokungafaniyo nabo baba abaphangi e-United States, apho isimilo esinjalo asamkelekanga. Kunye nemikhosi alahlekelwe okanye abiwe amanani amakhulu emipu asetyenziswa kulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela olungeyomfazwe.
Ukucwangciswa kweMfa kukhokelela kwimfazwe.
"Thetha ngokukhawuleza kwaye uthwale intonga enkulu," watsho uTheodore Roosevelt, owayenomdla wokwakha umkhosi omkhulu xa kunjalo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo akayi ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuba unyanzelekile. Oku kusebenze ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nemibalwa emincinci ye-Roosevelt yokuvuselela i-Panama kwi-1901, eColombia eColombia kwi-1902, eHonduras kwi-1903, kwiRiphabliki yaseDominican e-1903, eSiriya kwi-1903, e-Abyssinia kwi-1903, ePanama kwi-1903, kwiRiphablikhi yaseDominican I-1904, iMorocco e-1904, ePanama e-1904, eKorea kwi-1904, eCuba e-1906, eHonduras kwi-1907, nakwiiPhilippines kwi-ofisi kaMongameli waseRoosevelt.
Abantu bokuqala esazi ngabo bazimisele ukulwa nemfazwe - iqhawe laseSumalia iGilgamesh kunye nomlingane wakhe u-Enkido, okanye amaGrike awalwela eTroy - abuye alungiselele ukuzingela izilwanyana zasendle. UBarbara Ehrenreich uchaza ukuba,
". . . kunye nokuhla kwezilwanyana zasendle kunye nomdlalo wezilwanyana, bekungekho ncinane ukuba ihlale yindoda eyazikhethela ekuzingeleni nasekukhuselweni kwezilwanyana, kwaye akukho ndlela ehambileyo kwiimo 'yeqhawe.' Yintoni eyasindisa umzingeli-mkhuseli wesilisa kwi-obsolescence okanye ubomi bokusebenza nzima kwezolimo kwakukho ukuba wayenezixhobo kunye nezakhono zokuzisebenzisa. [Lewis] Mumford ubonisa ukuba umzingeli-mkhuseli walondoloza isikhundla sakhe ngokuguqula uhlobo 'lokukhusela': ukuhlawula (ngokutya kunye nokuhlala kwezentlalontle) okanye ukuxhomekeka kwixesha elidlulileyo.Ngamanye amazwi, imfazwe isenokuqala njengendlela yokufumana ubuqhawe, njengoko kuqhutyelwa ngokusekelwe kwintsomi efanayo. Kungenzeka ukuba iqalile kuba abantu babexhobile kwaye banesidingo seentshaba, kuba iintshaba zabo zemveli (iingonyama, iibhere, iingcuka) zazifa. Yiyiphi eya kuqala, iimfazwe okanye izixhobo? Lo mqatyana unokwenene unokuphendula. Impendulo ibonakala iyisixhobo. Kwaye abo bangayifunde kwi-prehistory banokuthi bahlaselwe ukuphinda baphinde.
"Ekugqibeleni, ukuvela kwabazingeli abangaphelelwanga kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala kuqinisekisile ukuba kunobungozi olutsha kunye 'nolwamanye amazwe' ukukhusela. Abazingeli-abaxhasi beqela elinye okanye uhlalutyo banokuthi baqikelele ukugcinwa kwabo ngokubhekiselele kwisongelo esenziwa ngabalingani babo kwamanye amaqela, kwaye ingozi inokuthi ihlale ibonakala ngokucacileyo ngokubeka isantya ngexesha. Njengoko uGwynne Dyer ebona kwiphulo lakhe lemfazwe, 'imfazwe yangaphambili. . . yayininzi umdlalo wesilisa onobuzingeli abangasebenzi. '"
Sithanda ukukholelwa kuyo yonke into enhle. "Hlalani nilungele" yi-Motto Boy Scouts, emva kwayo yonke into. Kunengqiqo, inoxanduva, kwaye ikhuselekile ukuba ilungiselelwe. Ukungazilungiseleli bekuza kuba yinto engenakunceda, akunjalo?
Ingxaki ngale ngxabano kukuba ayiyiyo iphosa. Kwinqanaba elincinci alisoloko liphosa ukuba abantu bafune izibhamu emakhaya abo ukuze bazikhusele kwiibhegi. Kuloo meko, kukho ezinye iimeko zokuqwalasela, kubandakanywa nemilinganiselo ephakamileyo yezingozi zebhamu, ukusetyenziswa kwezibhamu ngokuhambelana nentukuthelo, ukukwazi ukuba izigebengu ziphendukele izibhamu zabanini, ukukhwabanisa kwezibhamu, ukuphazamiseka Isisombululo sesibhamu esibangelwa yimigudu yokunciphisa iimbangela zobugebengu, njl.
Kwinqanaba elikhulu lemfazwe kunye nokuhlambulula isizwe somfazwe, izinto ezifanayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Izingozi ezihlobene nezixhobo, ukuvavanya kakubi kubantu, ukweba, ukuthengisa kwiintlangano eziba yiintshaba, kwaye ukuphazamiseka kwimigudu yokunciphisa iimbangela zobugubungela kunye nemfazwe kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Ngoko, kunjalo, kufuneka ukuba usebenzise izixhobo emva kokuba unako. Ngamanye amaxesha, izixhobo ezingaphezulu azikwazi ukuveliswa de kubekho i-stock ekhoyo kwaye i-innovative entsha ivavanywa "kwibala lemfazwe."
Kodwa kukho ezinye iimeko zokuqwalasela. Ukugcinwa kwezizwe ngezixhobo zokulwa kukubeka uxinzelelo kwezinye iintlanga ukwenza okufanayo. Nangona uhlanga oluhlose ukulwa kuphela ekukhuseleni, lunokuqonda "ukukhusela" ukuba lukwazi ukuphindisela kwezinye iintlanga. Oku kwenza ukuba kubalulekile ukudala izixhobo kunye nezicwangciso zemfazwe enobudlova, kwaye "nangemfazwe engaphambili," ukugcina iingqungquthela zomthetho zivule kwaye ziwandise, kwaye zikhuthaza ezinye iintlanga ukuba zenze okufanayo. Xa ubeka abantu abaninzi ukuba benze umsebenzi wokucwangcisa into ethile, xa loo projekthi ibaluleke kakhulu ekutshalweni koluntu olukhulu kunye nesibongo esikhulu, kunokuba nzima ukuba abo bantu bafumane amathuba okuphumeza izicwangciso zabo.
World BEYOND War liqulunqe Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe.
Incwadi kaDavid Vine ka-2020 I-United States yeMfazwe uxwebhu ukuba ukwakhiwa kunye nokuhlala kweziseko zasemkhosini zivelisa njani kunokuba kuthintelwe iimfazwe kwiindawo zeziseko.
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