NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UDisemba 13, 2021
Ukuba ubunokufunda uphononongo lwencwadi kaElizabeth Samet, Ukukhangela iMfazwe Elungileyo - njenge eyona kwi ENew York Times or omnye kwi ENew York Times - ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ungazifumana ufunda incwadi yakhe kwaye unethemba lempikiswano echasene nokufaneleka kwendima yase-US kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi.
Ukuba usanda kubhala incwadi ngokwakho, njengoko ndenze ngako, ukwenza ityala lokuba i-WWII idlala indima eyingozi kwinkcitho yempi yase-US yangoku, ayizange ilwe ukuze isindise nabani na kwiinkampu zokufa, akuzange kwenzeke kwaye yayinokuthi igwenywe ngeendlela ezininzi, ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweJamani kwi-bunk yesayensi ye-eugenics. eyathi ngokuyintloko yaphuhliswa yaza yakhuthazwa eUnited States, ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweJamani kwemigaqo-nkqubo yocalucalulo yobuhlanga eyafundwa eUnited States, yayibandakanya ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nokuhlanjululwa kohlanga kunye nezenzo zeenkampu zoxinaniso ezenziwe eUnited States nakwezinye iintlanga zaseNtshona, zabona umkhosi wamaNazi. Iququzelelwa yimali kunye neengalo zase-US, yabona urhulumente wase-US ngaphambi nangexesha lemfazwe ejonga i-USSR njengotshaba oluphezulu, yeza emva nje kwenkxaso emide kunye nokunyamezela kweJamani yamaNazi kodwa kunye nogqatso olude lweengalo kunye nokwakha imfazwe. kunye neJapan, akukho bungqina bemfuneko yobundlobongela, yayiyeyona nto imbi kakhulu eyenziwe ngabantu kulo naliphi na ixesha elifutshane, ikhona kwinkcubeko yase-US njengeseti eyingozi yeentsomi. isenziwa ngabaninzi eUnited States ngelo xesha (kwaye ingengabo nje abaxhasi bamaNazi), yadala ukurhafiswa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye kwenzeka kwihlabathi elahluke kakhulu kweli lanamhlanje, ngoko unokufunda incwadi kaSamet ngethemba lokuba kukho into echukumisayo nakweyiphi na kwezo zihloko. . Unokufumana okuncinci okuxabisekileyo.
Iincwadi zimiselwe ukuphelisa le seti yeentsomi zilandelayo:
“1. I-United States yaya emfazweni ukuze ikhulule umhlaba kwi-fascism kunye nengcinezelo.
“2. Bonke abantu baseMelika babemanyene ngokupheleleyo ekuzibopheleleni kwabo kumzamo wemfazwe.
“3. Wonke umntu owayelapho wancama izinto ezininzi.”
“4. Abantu baseMelika ngabakhululi abalwa ngokundilisekileyo, ngokuthandabuza, kuphela xa kufuneka.
“5. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaba yintlekele yangaphandle enesiphelo esimnandi saseMelika.
“6. Wonke umntu uhlala evumelana ngamanqaku 1-5. "
Kakhulu ukuya kokulungileyo. Iyayenza le nto. Kodwa ikwabethelela ezinye zezo ntsomi, inqanda ezinye ezibaluleke ngakumbi, kwaye ichitha uninzi lwamaphepha ayo kwizishwankathelo zefilimu kunye neenoveli ezinokuthi zibaluleke kakhulu kuyo nantoni na. USamet, ofundisa isiNgesi eWest Point, kwaye ke ngoko uqeshwe ngumkhosi onentsomi esisiseko ayisusayo, ufuna ukusicebisa ngeendlela ezininzi apho iWWII yayingentle okanye ihloniphekile okanye nantoni na efana nobuvuvu obudla ngokubonwa kwiimuvi zaseHollywood. — kwaye unika ubungqina obaneleyo. Kodwa ukwafuna ukuba sikholwe ukuba iWWII yayiyimfuneko kwaye ikhusela ngokuchaseneyo nesoyikiso eUnited States (ngamabango malunga nokwenza okulungileyo ukuze kuxhamle abantu baseYurophu bexoka inyaniso nechanekileyo ibali lenkuthazo yokuzikhusela) - kwaye akaboneleli nokuba mnye. isiqwenga sobungqina. Ndakhe ndenza isibini iingxoxo kunye noprofesa we-West Point "ethics", kwaye wenza ibango elifanayo (ukuba ukungena kwe-US kwi-WWII kwakuyimfuneko) kunye nobungqina obufanayo emva kwayo.
Ulindelo lwam olugwenxa malunga nencwadi lubandakanya inkxalabo encinci. Inqaku elikhulu apha mhlawumbi kukuba umntu ohlawulwe ngumkhosi wase-US ukufundisa ababulali bexesha elizayo kumkhosi wase-US, okholelwa ngokwenene (ngamazwi akhe) "ukuba ukubandakanyeka kwe-United States emfazweni kwakuyimfuneko" akakwazi ukukhupha isisu. iintsomi ezibaliswayo ngayo, kwaye uziva enyanzelekile ukuba abonise ubungqina "bokubonisa inqanaba ukulunga, umbono, kunye nokumanyana kwethu namhlanje ngokucingayo esikunxulumanisa neMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwakungabonakali lula kubantu baseMelika ngelo xesha." Ude abuze, ngobuchule bakhe: “Ngaba inkumbulo egqubayo ‘yeMfazwe Elungileyo,’ ibunjwe njengoko ibisenziwa kukurhalela, iimvakalelo, nobujingo, yenze umonakalo omkhulu kunokulunga kumaMerika okuziqonda kwawo nakwindawo yelizwe lawo ehlabathini? ”
Ukuba abantu banokubamba impendulo ecacileyo kulo mbuzo, ukuba banokubona umonakalo owenziwe yi-WWII ye-BS yothando nakwiimfazwe zamva nje ekungekho mntu uzama ukuzithethelela, iya kuba linyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili. Esona sizathu sokuba ndikhathalele ukuba nabani na ukholelwa nantoni na ebubuxoki malunga neWWII yimpembelelo enayo ngoku nakwixesha elizayo. Ingayiyo Ukukhangela iMfazwe Elungileyo iya kubakhokelela kwicala elilungileyo abanye abantu, kwaye abayi kuphelela apho. I-Samet yenza umsebenzi omhle wokubhentsisa abona bakhi bentsomi babi njengabaqulunqa iintsomi. Ucaphula umbhali-mbali uStephen Ambrose eneentloni echaza ukuba “ungumnquli oligorha.” Ubhala inqanaba apho uninzi lwamalungu omkhosi wase-US ngexesha le-WWII aluzange luveze naziphi na iinjongo zezopolitiko ezibekwe kubo ngabalandeli be-propagand kamva. Ubonisa ngokufanayo ukungabikho "kobunye" phakathi koluntu lwase-US ngelo xesha - ubukho be-20% yelizwe elichasene nemfazwe ngo-1942 (nangona kungekho negama elinye malunga nesidingo soyilo okanye ubungakanani bokuchaswa kwayo. ). Kwaye kwisicatshulwa esifutshane kakhulu, uqaphela ukwanda kobundlobongela bobuhlanga e-US ngexesha lemfazwe (kunye neendinyana ezide malunga nobuhlanga boluntu lwase-US kunye nomkhosi owahlulweyo).
USamet ukwacaphula abo ngexesha le-WWII ababekhala ngokungafuni koluntu oluninzi lwase-US ukwenza idini okanye ukwenza ngathi bayazi ukuba kukho imfazwe eqhubekayo, okanye abothuswa yinto yokuba amaphulo oluntu ayafuneka bongoza abantu ukuba banikele ngegazi emfazweni. Yonke yinyani. Zonke iintsomi-ziqhekeza. Kodwa kunjalo, konke kuyenzeka kuphela kwihlabathi apho kukho ulindelo oluphezulu kakhulu lokwazisa kunye nokuzincama kunokuba kunokuqondwa namhlanje. I-Samet ikwalungile ekudambiseni ipropaganda egxile kumkhosi weminyaka yamva nje kunye neemfazwe.
Kodwa yonke into ekule ncwadi-kubandakanya amakhulukhulu amaphepha ophononongo olucacileyo lweefilim kunye neenoveli kunye neencwadi ezihlekisayo-zonke ziza zipakishwe kwibango elingathandabuzekiyo nelingaphikiswanga lokuba bekungekho lukhetho. Akukho khetho malunga nokulinganisa izixeko, kwaye akukho khetho malunga nokuba nemfazwe kwaphela. Ubhala athi: “Enyanisweni, bekukho amazwi achaseneyo kwasekuqaleni, kodwa siye sathandabuza ukuqwalasela ukugxeka kwabo. Andithethi apha hayi malunga neekranki kunye namayelenqe, okanye malunga nabo bacinga ukuba besiya kuba ngcono ngandlela thile ukuba singathathi hlangothi, kodwa malunga naba bacingeli, ababhali, kunye namagcisa abonakala ekwazi ukuxhathisa amawele okuhenda imvakalelo kunye nokuqiniseka, abathi bafumana indlela epholileyo kunye ne-mbivalence indlela yokuqonda ilizwe labo ebonisa ukubaluleka kokwenyani kwisiphumo esingcono kune-Tocqueville 'yokuthand' izwe' iTocqueville kudala ichazwa ngabantu baseMelika. "
Hmm. Yintoni, ngaphandle kobuqinisekiso, obunokuchaza uluvo lokuba ekuphela kwento onokukhetha kuyo yayiyimfazwe nokungathabathi cala nokuba le yokugqibela ifuna imbonakalo yentelekelelo edibanisa enye ngeekranki kunye nabenzi bobubi? Yintoni, ngaphandle koburhalarhume obunokuchaza ukuleyibhelishwa njengeekranki kunye namayelenqe abo banombono ongamkelekanga kangangokuba ulele ngaphandle kommandla wamazwi achaseneyo? Kwaye yintoni, ngaphandle kobuqhetseba kunye neyelenqe, elinokuthi lichaze ibango lokuba yintoni eyenziwa ngabaphengululi, ababhali, kunye namagcisa achaseneyo nomsebenzi wokubonisa ixabiso lokwenyani lesizwe? Kwizizwe ezingama-200 eziseMhlabeni, umntu uyazibuza ukuba zingaphi kubo uSamet okholelwa ukuba iingcingane zehlabathi kunye namagcisa azinikele ekuboniseni ixabiso lokwenyani.
Izakhelo zeSamet kumxholo othoba isidima samazwi athi i-FDR yasebenza ukufumana i-United States emfazweni, kodwa zange-ewe-ewe-ngokucacileyo-ibanga ukuba ayichasanga into eboniswe ngokulula iintetho zikamongameli ngokwakhe.
USamet uchaza uBernard Knox othile “njengomfundi okrelekrele kakhulu ukuba angabhidanisa imfuneko yogonyamelo nozuko.” Kubonakala ngathi igama elithi “uzuko” lisetyenziswa apha ukuze lithethe enye into engeyiyo indumiso kawonke-wonke, ekubeni ubundlobongela obuyimfuneko-okanye, nangona kunjalo, ugonyamelo olucingelwa ukuba luyimfuneko-ngamanye amaxesha lunokuphumelela isikhephe esinye sendumiso yoluntu. Ezi ziqendwana zilandelayo zibonisa ukuba mhlawumbi “uzuko” luthetha ugonyamelo olungenawo nantoni na eyoyikisayo okanye embi ngalo (oluhlanjululweyo, ugonyamelo lwaseHollywood). “Ukusondelelana kukaKnox noVirgil noHomer kwakubandakanyeke ubukhulu becala ekwala kwabo ukubhenca iinyaniso ezibuhlungu zomsebenzi wokubulala.”
Oku kukhokelela kwiSamet ngqo kwi-riff ende kumkhwa wamajoni ase-US ukuqokelela izikhumbuzo. Umbhaleli wemfazwe uEdgar L. Jones wabhala ngoFebruwari 1946 Ngenyanga yeAtlantiki, “Yimfazwe enjani abantu abacinga ukuba siyilwe kakade? Sadubula amabanjwa ngegazi elibandayo, satshabalalisa izibhedlele, satyhoboza izikhephe zokuhlangula, sabulala okanye saphatha kakubi abantu abaziintshaba, sagqiba utshaba olonzakeleyo, saphosa abo bafayo emngxunyeni wabafi, kwaye kwiPasifiki sabilisa inyama kukhakhayi lweentshaba ukuze senze imihombiso yetafile. sweethearts, okanye bakrole amathambo abo aba ngoonobumba abavulayo.” Izikhumbuzo zemfazwe ziquka zonke iindidi zamalungu omzimba wotshaba, rhoqo iindlebe, iminwe, amathambo kunye nokakayi. I-Samet ikakhulu icwebezela le nyani, nokuba uVirgil noHomer bebengayi kuba nayo.
Ukwachaza imikhosi yase-US ixinana kakhulu nabasetyhini baseYurophu, kwaye uthi uyifundile incwadi ethile kodwa akazange abaxelele abafundi bakhe ukuba le ncwadi inika ingxelo ngodlwengulo oluxhaphakileyo yiloo mikhosi. Ubonisa ii-fascists zase-US njengoko zizama ukwenza umbono wamaNazi wangaphandle ubonakale ungowaseMelika ngakumbi, ngaphandle kokuphawula ukuba ububhanxa bogqatso lwaseNordic busuka kweliphi na ilizwe. USamet ubhala ukuba ukukhulula abantu kwiinkampu zoxinaniso akuzange kube yinto ephambili. Akuzange kubekho nto. Ucaphula iithiyori ezahlukeneyo zokuba kutheni kwaye njani iidemokhrasi ziphumelela iimfazwe, ngaphandle kokukhankanya ukuba uninzi lokuphumelela kweWWII lwenziwa yiSoviet Union (okanye iSoviet Union ayinanto yakwenza nayo konke konke). Yeyiphi intsomi engenamsebenzi malunga ne-WWII eyayiza kuba lixesha elifanelekileyo kwaye iluncedo ukuyilungisa kunaleyo malunga ne-US eyiphumeleleyo ngoncedo oluncinci oluvela e-Ruskies?
Ngaba umntu oqeshwe ngumkhosi ofanayo wase-US olahla amagqala-ahlala enzakala kakhulu kwaye enzakele kakhulu amadoda nabasetyhini abancinci- ngokungathi bebengekho ngaphezu kweengxowa zenkunkuma ukuba banikele ngeengxowa ezinkulu zencwadi ekucingelwa ukuba igxeka iintsomi zeWWII ekuchaseni ucalucalulo kumagqala. , nangona bebhala ngokungathi iimfazwe zibashiya abo bathabatha inxaxheba bekwimeko entle? Iingxelo zeSamet kwizifundo ezibonisa ukuba bambalwa kangakanani amajoni ase-US kwiWWII adubule utshaba. Kodwa akathethi nto ngoqeqesho kunye nemeko eye yasoyisa umkhwa wokungabulali. Usixelela ukuba amagqala awanakho ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ubuncinci ukuba umkhosi awunalo uxanduva lolo lwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa wongeza negama elinye malunga ne-US. abaphangi ukuba ngamagqala angafaniyo kakhulu. USamet ubhala malunga nophononongo lwe-1947 olubonisa ukuba uninzi lwamagqala ase-US bathi imfazwe "ibashiye bebi kakhulu kunangaphambili." Ngegama elilandelayo, iSamet itshintshe umxholo kumonakalo owenziwe kumagqala ngamagqala emibutho, ngokungathi usanda kubhala, hayi ngemfazwe, kodwa malunga nemfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe.
Ngexesha ufika kwiSahluko 4, esinomxholo othi “Imfazwe, Ilunge Ngantoni?” uyazi ukuba ungalindelanga lukhulu kwisihloko. Ngapha koko, esi sahluko sithatha ngokukhawuleza isihloko seefilim malunga nabagwenxa abancinci, silandelwa ziincwadi ezihlekisayo, njl.njl., kodwa ukufikelela kwezo zihloko sivula ngokutyhala enye yeentsomi ukuba le ncwadi ibifanele ukuba ihlaziywe:
“Ukuzingca kolutsha, kolutsha nokungathintelekiyo, kuye kwavuselela ingcamango yaseMelika ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo. Ukanti emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukuxhasa inkohliso, uhanahaniso ekucingeni okanye ukuthetha ngelizwe njengeliselula xa lalizuz’ ilifa iimbopheleleko ezazingajongwa zokuqola.”
Kodwa kwakungemva kowe-1940, njengoko kubhaliwe kuStephen Wertheim Ngomso Umhlaba, ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States wagqiba kwelokuba alwe imfazwe ngenjongo yokulawula ihlabathi. Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni ukuphikisa oku: "4. Abantu baseMelika ngabakhululi abalwa ngokundilisekileyo, bethandabuza, kuphela xa kufuneka.”?
Ukubiza Ukukhangela iMfazwe Elungileyo ukugxeka ingcamango yemfazwe elungileyo idinga ukuchaza "okulungileyo," kungekhona njengoko kuyimfuneko okanye kufanelekile (okufuneka ukuba ibe yinto yonke umntu anokuyithemba - nangona umntu uya kuba engalunganga - ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi), kodwa njengento enhle kwaye emangalisayo kwaye emangalisayo kwaye inamandla ngaphezu komntu. . Ukugxeka okunjalo kulungile kwaye kuluncedo, ngaphandle kwinqanaba lokuba libethelele eyona nto iyingozi kakhulu, ibango lokuba imfazwe inokuthetheleleka.
