NguEd O'Rourke
NgoSeptemba 26, 1983, ihlabathi lasisigqibo somntu omnye ngaphandle kwemfazwe yenyukliya. Igosa lomkhosi lanyanzeleka ukuba liyeke ukuthobela inkqubo ezenzekelayo. Uxinzelelo lwaluphezulu, kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokuba umkhosi waseSoviet udubule ijethi yabahambi, inqwelomoya yaseKorea yaseKorea i-007, yabulala bonke abakhweli abangama-269. Umongameli uReagan wabiza iSoviet Union ngokuthi “bubukhosi bobungendawo.”
UMongameli uReagan walunyusa ugqatso lwezixhobo kwaye wayeqhuba iNyathelo loKhuselo lobuChule (Iimfazwe zeNkwenkwezi).
I-NATO yayiqala umthambo wasemkhosini i-Able Archer 83 eyayiluqeqesho olunenyani logwayimbo lokuqala. IKGB yawugqala lo msebenzi njengolungiselela into yokwenene.
Ngomhla wama-26 kuSeptemba, 1983, uLieutenant woKhuseleko loMoya uLieutenant uCoronel Stanislav Petrov wayeligosa elisebenza kwiziko lomyalelo wokhuselo lomoya waseSoviet. Uxanduva lwakhe lwaluquka ukubeka esweni inkqubo yesathelayithi yokulumkisa kwangethuba kunye nokwazisa abaphathi bakhe xa ebona uhlaselo olunokwenzeka lwemijukujelwa ngokuchasene neSoviet Union.
Kamsinya nje ezinzulwini zobusuku, iikhomputha zabonisa ukuba kwaphehlelelwa umjukujelwa we-intercontinental ukusuka e-US ukuya eSoviet Union. UPetrov wayithatha le mpazamo yekhompyuter kuba naluphi na ugwayimbo lokuqala luya kubandakanya amakhulu aliqela eejukujulwa, hayi enye. Iiakhawunti ziyahluka ukuba uqhagamshelane nabaphathi bakhe. Emva kwexesha, iikhomputha zachonga imijukujelwa emine evela e-US.
Ukuba wayebazise abaphathi bakhe, kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba abaphathi babeyalele ukuqaliswa okukhulu e-US. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka, ukuba u-Boris Yeltsin wagqiba kwiimeko ezifanayo, ukukhwela izinto kude kubekho ubungqina obuqinileyo bokubonisa oko kwenzekayo.
Inkqubo yekhompyutha yayingasebenzi kakuhle. Kwakukho ulungelelwaniso olungaqhelekanga lokukhanya kwelanga kumafu akwindawo ephakamileyo kunye nee-orbits ze-Molniya zesathelayithi. Amagcisa alungisa le mpazamo ngokuwela i-geostationary satellite.
Abasemagunyeni baseSoviet babekwimeko entle, ngaxa lithile bamdumisa baza bamkhalimela. Kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo, ngakumbi iSoviet, ngaba uqala ukuvuza abantu ngokungathobeli imiyalelo? Wafumana umsebenzi ongakhathali kangako, wathatha umhlala-phantsi kwangethuba waza waba nexhala.
Kukho ukubhideka okuthile koko kwenzeka ngoSeptemba 23, 1983. Imvakalelo yam kukuba akazange abaxelele abaphathi bakhe. Kungenjalo, kutheni eza kufumana isithuba esingakhathali kangako kwaye aye kumhlala-phantsi kwangethuba?
Akukho nenye iarhente yezobuntlola eyayinombono wokuba ihlabathi lalisondele kangakanani kwimfazwe yenyukliya. Kwakukho kuphela kwi-1990s xa i-Coronel General Yury Votintsev, umphathi we-Soviet Air Defense Missile Defense Unit, wapapasha izikhumbuzo zakhe ukuba ihlabathi lifunde malunga nesiganeko.
Omnye uyangcangcazela ukucinga ukuba bekuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba u-Boris Yeltsin ebenomyalelo kwaye enxilile. Umongameli wase-US unokuziva uxinzelelo olwahlukileyo lokudubula kuqala kwaye aphendule imibuzo kamva, ngokungathi bekukho umntu ophilayo onokubuza. Xa uMongameli uRichard Nixon efikelela ekupheleni ngexesha lophando lwe-Watergate, u-Al Haig wanikela imiyalelo kwiSebe lezoKhuselo ukuba lingaqalisi isiteleka senyukliya kumyalelo kaRichard Nixon ngaphandle kokuba (uAl Haig) avume umyalelo. Ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kwenza ubomi kwesi sijikelezi-langa bube sengozini. Owayesakuba nguNobhala wezoKhuselo uRobert McNamera waziva ngathi abantu babenethamsanqa kunokuba babekrelekrele ngezixhobo zenyukliya.
Imfazwe yenyukliya iya kuzisa inkxwaleko nokufa okungazange kubonwe kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kwisijikelezi-langa sethu esiethe-ethe. Utshintshiselwano olubalulekileyo lwenyukliya phakathi kwe-US ne-Russia luya kubeka i-50 ukuya kwi-150 yezigidi zeetoni zomsi kwi-stratosphere, ithintele ukukhanya kwelanga ekubetheni umhlaba iminyaka emininzi. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya ezili-100 ezilingana ne-Hiroshima eziqhumayo eIndiya nakwizixeko zasePakistan zinokuvelisa umsi owaneleyo onokubangela intlekele yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Intloko yemfazwe eqhelekileyo ine-2 megaton isivuno okanye iitoni ezizizigidi ezibini ze-TNT, amandla ephela aqhushumbayo aveliswe ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini aya kuthi akhululwe kwimizuzwana embalwa kwindawo engama-30 ukuya kuma-40 ukunqumla. Ubushushu bobushushu bufikelela kwizigidi eziliqela ngokukaCelsius, malunga noko kufumaneka kumbindi welanga. Ibhola enkulu yomlilo ikhupha ubushushu obubulalayo kunye nokukhanya okuqalisa imililo macala onke. Amawaka aliqela omlilo angakhawuleza enze umlilo omnye okanye isaqhwithi somlilo, esigubungela amakhulu okanye mhlawumbi amawaka eemayile ezikwere.
Njengoko isaqhwithi somlilo sitshisa isixeko, amandla apheleleyo avelisiweyo aya kuba mkhulu ngokuphindwe kayi-1,000 kunalawo akhutshwe kugqabhuko-dubulo lokuqala. Umlilo uya kuvelisa umsi onetyhefu, oqhuma ngemitha kunye nothuli olubulala phantse yonke into ephilayo efikelelekayo. Kwisithuba esimalunga nosuku, umsi wesiphango osuka kutshintshiselwano lwenyukliya uya kufikelela kwistratosphere uze uthintele ukukhanya kwelanga okuninzi emhlabeni, utshabalalise ucwecwe lweozone kwaye ngeentsuku ezimbalwa unciphise umyinge wobushushu behlabathi ube ngaphantsi komkhenkce. Amaqondo obushushu e-Ice Age aya kuhlala iminyaka emininzi.
Ezona nkokeli zinamandla nezityebi zinokuphila okwexeshana kwikhusi elixhotyiswe kakuhle. Ndinombono wokuba abahlali bendawo yokuhlala banokuba nengqondo kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba kuphele iimpahla kwaye bayajikelana. UNikita Khrushchev waphawula emva kwemfazwe yenyukliya, ukuba abaphilayo baya kubamonela abafileyo. Ingca kunye namaphela kufanele ukuba asinde kwimfazwe yenyukliya kodwa ndicinga ukuba izazinzulu zenze ezi ziqikelelo phambi kokuba zithathele ingqalelo ubusika benyukliya. Ndivakalelwa kukuba amaphela kunye nengca aya kujoyina wonke umntu ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo. Akuyi kubakho usindayo.
Ukunyaniseka, kufuneka ndibonise ukuba ezinye izazinzulu zithatha imeko yam yasebusika yenyukliya njengento engqongqo kunokuba izibalo zabo ziya kubonisa. Abanye bacinga ukuba kuyakwenzeka ukunciphisa okanye ukuquka imfazwe yenyukliya, xa sele iqalile. UCarl Sagan uthi le yiminqweno. Xa imijukujelwa ibetha, kuya kubakho ukusilela konxibelelwano okanye ukuwa, ukungalungelelani, uloyiko, iimvakalelo zokuziphindezela, ixesha elicinezelweyo lokwenza izigqibo kunye nomthwalo ngokwasengqondweni ukuba uninzi lwabahlobo kunye namalungu osapho afile. Akuyi kubakho sithintelo. I-Coronel General Yury Votintsev ibonise, ubuncinane kwi-1983, i-Soviet Union yayinempendulo enye kuphela, ukuqaliswa kwe-missile enkulu. Khange kubekho mpendulo icwangcisiweyo yabathweswe izidanga.
Kwakutheni ukuze iUnited States neSoviet Union bakhe izixhobo zenyukliya ngamashumi amawaka kwicala ngalinye? Ngokutsho kweNational Resources Defense Council’s Nuclear Weapons Databook Project, izixhobo zenyukliya zaseUnited States zafikelela incopho yazo kuma-32,193 1966 ngowe-10. Kwakungelo xesha apho izixhobo zehlabathi zazinokulingana neetoni ezili-XNUMX zeTNT kwindoda, umfazi nomntwana ngamnye osemhlabeni. . UWinston Churchill ukuchasile oko kugqwesa okunje esithi ekuphela kwenqaku kukubona ukuba ingqushu iya kugxumeka phezulu kangakanani na.
Kutheni le nto iinkokeli zezopolitiko nezomkhosi ziqhubeka zisenza, zivavanya kwaye ziphucula ezi zixhobo ngamanani amakhulu? Kwabaninzi, iimfazwe zenyukliya yayizizixhobo nje ezingakumbi, kanye zinamandla ngakumbi. Kwakungekho mbono malunga nokugqithiswa. Kanye njengokuba ilizwe elinamatanki amaninzi, inqwelomoya, amajoni kunye neenqanawa babenenzuzo, ilizwe elinezona zixhobo zenyukliya lalinalo nethuba lokuphumelela. Kwizixhobo eziqhelekileyo, kwakukho ithuba lokuphepha ukubulala abantu. Ngezixhobo zenyukliya, kwakungekho. Umkhosi wahlekisa ngobusika benyukliya xa uCarl Sagan kunye nezinye izazinzulu zacebisa okokuqala ukuba kunokwenzeka.
Amandla okuqhuba yayiluthintelo olubizwa ngokuba yi-Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) kwaye yayiphambene. Ukuba i-US kunye neSoviet Union zinezixhobo ezaneleyo, zihlakazwe ngobukrelekrele kwiindawo ezilukhuni okanye kwiinqanawa ezintywilayo, icala ngalinye liya kuba nakho ukuqalisa iimfazwe ezaneleyo ukwenza umonakalo ongamkelekanga kwiqela elihlaselayo. Oku kwakulinganisa uloyiko oluthetha ukuba akukho mkhosi wonke uza kuqalisa imfazwe ngokuzimeleyo kwimiyalelo yezopolitiko, akuyi kubakho zimpawu zobuxoki kwiikhompyuter okanye kwizikrini ze-radar, ukuba iinkokeli zezopolitiko kunye nezomkhosi zihlala zingabantu abanengqiqo kwaye imfazwe yenyukliya inokufumaneka emva. ugwayimbo lokuqala. Oku kuyawubetha ngoyaba umthetho kaMurphy odumileyo: “Akukho nto ilula njengoko ikhangeleka. Yonke into ithatha ixesha elide kunokuba ulindele. Ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle, iya kwenzeka ngelona xesha libi kakhulu.”
ISiseko soXolo lweNyukliya siphuhlise iSanta Barbara Declaration echaza iingxaki ezinkulu ngothintelo lwenyukliya:
- Amandla ayo okukhusela ayingozi. Isoyikiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya akunikezeli lukhuselo kuhlaselo.
- Ithatha iinkokeli ezinengqiqo, kodwa kunokubakho iinkokeli ezingenangqondo okanye eziphikisanayo kulo naliphi na icala lengxabano.
- Ukugrogrisa okanye ukubulala abantu abaninzi ngezixhobo zenyukliya akukho mthethweni kwaye kukwaphula umthetho. Ikwaphula imithetho esisiseko yemithetho yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe, isoyikisa ngokubulawa kwabantu abamsulwa.
- Kukuziphatha okubi ngokunzulu ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo ukuba akukho semthethweni: isongela ukufa kunye nokutshabalalisa okungakhethiyo kunye nokungalingani kakhulu.
- Iphambukisa izibonelelo zoluntu nezoqoqosho ezifuneka ngamandla ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno ezisisiseko zabantu kwihlabathi jikelele. Ehlabathini jikelele, malunga ne-100 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zichithwa minyaka le kumandla enyukliya.
- Ayinampembelelo ngokuchasene nabagqwesileyo abangengorhulumente, abangalawuli mmandla okanye abemi.
- Isesichengeni sohlaselo lwe-cyber, ukutshatyalaliswa, kunye nempazamo yomntu okanye yobugcisa, enokuthi ibangele ugwayimbo lwenyukliya.
- Imisela umzekelo kumazwe ongezelelweyo ukuba alandele izixhobo zenyukliya ukuze afumane amandla awo okuthintela inyukliya.
Abanye baqala ukuba nexhala lokuba ukwenziwa kunye novavanyo lwezixhobo zenyukliya zisisoyikiso esikhulu kwimpucuko. NgoAprili 16, 1960, abantu abamalunga nama-60,000 100,000 ukusa kwi-XNUMX XNUMX bahlanganisana eTrafalgar Square ukuze “bavale loo bhombu. Olu yayilolona mboniso mkhulu eLondon ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kwakukho inkxalabo yokungcoliseka kwe-radioactive ekuphumeni kovavanyo lwenyukliya.
Ngo-1963, i-United States kunye ne-Soviet Union zavumelana kwiSivumelwano sokuVavanya ngokuNgaphandle koVavanyo.
ISivumelwano sokuNgenisa iNyukliya seNyukliya saqalisa ukusebenza ngoMatshi 5, 1970. Kukho abantu abali-189 abasayinileyo kwesi sivumelwano namhlanje. Exhalatyiswa ngamazwe angama-20 ukusa kwangama-40 abe nezixhobo zenyukliya ngowe-1990, amazwe anezixhobo athembisa ukuziphelisa ukuze angabi namdla wamazwe angakumbi ukuba aziphuhlise ukuze azikhusele. Amazwe anobuxhakaxhaka benyukliya athembise ukwabelana ngeteknoloji yenyukliya kunye nemathiriyeli namazwe asayinileyo ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zamandla enyukliya.
Kwakungekho thayimthebhile kwisivumelwano sokupheliswa kwezixhobo. Kuya kude kube nini amazwe eyeka ukwenza okanye ukufumana izixhobo zenyukliya ngoxa amanye amazwe esenazo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-US kunye namahlakani ayo ngebelumkile ngakumbi ngoSaddam Hussein kunye noMuammar Omar Gaddafi ukuba babenezixhobo zenyukliya kwindawo yabo yomkhosi. Isifundo kwamanye amazwe kukwakha ngokukhawuleza nangokuzola ukuphepha ukutyhala okanye ukuhlaselwa.
Ayizizo iihippie ezitshaya imbiza kuphela kodwa amagosa omkhosi akwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye nabezopolitiko baye bakhuthaza ukuba kuchithwe zonke izixhobo zenyukliya. NgoDisemba 5, 1996, iinjengele ezingama-58 kunye namagosa aphuma kumazwe ali-17 akhupha iNgxelo yeeNjengele naBaphathiswa behlabathi Ngokuchasene nezixhobo zeNyukliya. Ngezantsi zizicatshulwa:
"Thina, iingcali zomkhosi, ezinikezele ubomi bethu kukhuseleko lwesizwe lwamazwe ethu kunye nabantu bethu, siqinisekile ukuba ukuqhubeka kobukho bezixhobo zenyukliya kwiindawo zokugcina izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nesoyikiso esihlala sikhona sokufumana ezi zixhobo ngabanye. , kuyingozi kuxolo nokhuseleko lwehlabathi lonke nakukhuseleko nokusinda kwabantu esizinikele ukubakhusela.”
“Lulweyiseko lwethu olunzulu ukuba oku kulandelayo kufuneka ngokukhawuleza kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe ngoku:
- Okokuqala, izixhobo zenyukliya ezikhoyo nezicetyiweyo zikhulu ngokugqithisileyo kwaye ngoku kufuneka zincitshiswe kakhulu;
- Okwesibini, izixhobo zenyukliya ezishiyekileyo kufuneka zithathwe ngokuthe ngcembe nangokucacileyo, kwaye ukulungela kwazo kuncitshiswe kakhulu kumazwe ezixhobo zenyukliya nakwilizwe lezixhobo zenyukliya;
- Okwesithathu, umgaqo-nkqubo wenyukliya wexesha elide wamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka usekwe kumgaqo obhengeziweyo wokupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ngokuqhubekayo, okupheleleyo nokungenakuguqulwa.”
Iqela lezizwe ngezizwe (elalibizwa ngokuba yiCanberra Commission) elahlanganiswa ngurhulumente waseOstreliya ngowe-1997 lagqiba ngelithi, “Ingcamango yokuba izixhobo zenyukliya zinokugcinwa ngokusisigxina yaye zingaze zisetyenziswe—ngempazamo okanye ngezigqibo ezinokwenza kube nzima ukuthenjwa.”
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Kwinkupho yeWall Street Journal kaJanuwari 4, 2007 owayesakuba ngooNobhala beLizwe uGeorge P. Schultz, uWilliam J. Perry, uHenry Kissinger nowayesakuba ngusihlalo weSenate Armed Forces, uSam Nunn, bancomela “ukumisela usukelo lwehlabathi elingenazixhobo zenyukliya.” Bacaphula ikhwelo lowayesakuba ngumongameli uRonald Reagan lokuba kupheliswe zonke izixhobo zenyukliya awayezigqala “njengezingekho ngqiqweni ngokupheleleyo, azinabuntu kwaphela, azinamsebenzi ngaphandle kokubulala, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zitshabalalisa ubomi emhlabeni nempucuko.”
Inyathelo eliphakathi lokubhangisa kukususa zonke izixhobo zenyukliya kwisimo sesilumkiso se-hair-trigger (elungele ukuqaliswa ngesaziso semizuzu eli-15). Oku kuya kunika iinkokeli zomkhosi nezopolitiko ixesha lokuvavanya izisongelo ezibonwayo okanye zokwenyani. Ihlabathi lasondela kwintshabalalo yenyukliya kungekuphela nje ngoSeptemba 23, 1983 njengoko kwakuchaziwe ngaphambili kodwa nangoJanuwari 25, 1995 xa izazinzulu zaseNorway noogxa baseMerika bavelisa isathelayithi eyenzelwe ukufunda izibane zaseMntla. Nangona urhulumente waseNorway wayewazisile amagunya eSoviet Union, asingabo bonke abalivayo eli lizwi. Kumagcisa eradar aseRashiya, i-rocket yayineprofayile efana nomjukujelwa we-Titan owawunokumfamekisa ukhuselo lweradar yaseRashiya ngokuqhushumba kwemfazwe yenyukliya kwiatmosfera engaphezulu. AmaRashiya avula "ibhola lebhola yenyukliya," ibrifkheyisi eneekhowudi eziyimfihlo ezifunekayo ukuze kuhlaselwe umjukujelwa. Umongameli uYeltsin ufike kwimizuzu emithathu eyalele uhlaselo lwakhe lwenyukliya olwalubonakala lukhusela.
Uthethathethwano lwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe lokubeka zonke izixhobo zenyukliya kwisithuba seyure ezine okanye i-24 yeeyure zokulumkisa kuya kunika ixesha lokujonga iinketho, ukuvavanya idatha kunye nokuphepha imfazwe. Ekuqaleni, eli xesha lokulumkisa lisenokubonakala libaxekileyo. Khumbula ukuba imijukujelwa ethwele iinkwili zineentloko zemfazwe ezaneleyo zokuqhotsa ihlabathi izihlandlo ezininzi nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba yonke imijukujelwa esekwe emhlabeni iye yakhutshelwa ngaphandle.
Kuba iikhilogram ezisi-8 kuphela zezixhobo zomgangatho weplutonium ziyimfuneko ukwakha ibhombu yeathom, kuphelisa amandla enyukliya. Ekubeni imveliso yehlabathi ivelisa iitoni ezili-1,500 XNUMX ngonyaka, abanqolobi abasenokubakho banemithombo emininzi abanokukhetha kuyo. Utyalo-mali kwezinye izibaso luza kusinceda sisisindise ekunyukeni kobushushu behlabathi kwaye luvale isakhono sabanqolobi sokwakha izixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukuze uphile, uluntu kufuneka lwenze imigudu engakumbi ekudaleni uxolo, amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkqubo yehlabathi lonke yokuchasana nobuhlwempu. Abantu abanikela uncedo kangangeminyaka emininzi bezixhasa ezi zinto. Ekubeni izixhobo zenyukliya kubiza kakhulu ukuzigcina, ukupheliswa kwazo kuya kukhulula izixhobo zokuphucula ubomi emhlabeni kwaye kuyeke ukudlala iroulette yaseRashiya.
Ukuvalwa kwebhombu ngeminyaka yee-1960 kwakuyinto eyayikhuthazwa kuphela ngumphetho wasekhohlo. Ngoku sinesixhobo sokubala esinegazi elibandayo njengoHenry Kissinger obiza izixhobo zenyukliya zehlabathi. Nanku umntu obenokubhala INkosana ukuba wayephila kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu.
Ngeli xesha amaziko omkhosi kufuneka aziqeqeshe ukugcina iminwe yawo kwizixhobo zenyukliya xa kukho ukuqaliswa okungagunyaziswanga okanye ngengozi okanye ugwayimbo lwabanqolobi. Uluntu alunakuvumela isiganeko esinye esilishwa senzeka kwintlekele enokuphelisa impucuko.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, kukho ithemba elivela kwi-Republican Party. Bathanda ukucutha uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Xa uRichard Cheney wayengunobhala wezoKhuselo, wasusa iziseko ezininzi zomkhosi e-US. URonald Reagan wayefuna ukuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya. ISivumelwano sikaKellogg-Briand esasibiza ukupheliswa kwemfazwe saphunyezwa xa uCalvin Coolidge wayengumongameli.
Kuphela i-inertia kunye neengeniso ezivela kwiikhontrakthi zokhuselo ezigcina ubume benyukliya bukhona.
Amaziko ethu eendaba, ezopolitiko nawomkhosi kufuneka anyukele phezulu ukuze azise ihlabathi elinoxolo. Oku kuya kufuna ukwenziwa elubala kunye nentsebenziswano kuthintelwa imfihlo, ukhuphiswano kunye noshishino njengesiqhelo. Abantu kufuneka bawuqhawule lo mjikelo wemfazwe ungapheliyo ngaphambi kokuba umjikelo uphele kuthi.
Kuba i-US yayinezixhobo zenyukliya ezili-11,000, uMongameli u-Obama unokuyalela ukudilizwa kwe-10,000 kwisithuba senyanga ukuba isondele inyathelo elinye kwiphupha likaMongameli uReagan kunye noluntu.
U-Ed O'Rourke ngumhlali waseHouston wangaphambili. Ngoku uhlala eMedellin, eKholombiya.
Imithombo engundoqo:
Isandi seNkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo. "Stanislav Petrov - Iqhawe lehlabathi. http://www.brightstarsound.com/
INkcazelo yeeNjengele kunye nee-Admirals zehlabathi ezichasene nezixhobo zeNyukliya, i-Canadian Coalition ye-web site ye-Nuclear Responsibility, http://www.ccnr.org/generals.html .
Iwebhusayithi yoBumnyama beNyukliya (www.nucleardarkness.org) “Ubumnyama beNyukliya,
Ukutshintsha kweMozulu yeHlabathi kunye neNdlala yeNyukliya: Iziphumo eziBuyayo zeMfazwe yeNyukliya. "
Sagan, uCarl. “UBusika beNyukliya,” http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/sagan_nuclear_winter.html
Isiteyitimenti sikaSanta Barbara, iManyano yaseKhanada yeWebhusayithi yoXanduva lweNyukliya, http://www.ccnr.org/generals.html .
Wickersham, uBill. "Ukungakhuseleki kweNuclear Deterrence," Columbia Daily Tribune, Septemba 1, 2011.
Wickersham, uBill. "Izixhobo zeNyukliya zisengumngcipheko," i-Columbia Daily Tribune, ngoSeptemba 27, 2011. UBill Wickersham nguprofesa oncedisayo wezifundo zoxolo kunye nelungu le-Missouri University Nuclear Disarmament Education Team (MUNDET).
Wickersham, uBill. kunye ne-“Nuclear Deterrence a Faile Myth” Columbia Daily Tribune, Matshi 1, 2011.
Isandi seNkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo. "Stanislav Petrov - Iqhawe lehlabathi. http://www.brightstarsound.com/
