Ungquzulwano lwe-ECOWAS-Niger: Izifundo ezisuka kwiMbali malunga neGlobal Power Dynamics phakathi kongquzulwano lweNgingqi

Ngu-Amos Oluwatoye, uNobhala woPhando, uCwangciso, kunye neQela eliSebenzayo loNxibelelwano, World BEYOND War – eNigeria, nge-10 kaOkthobha, ngo-2023

Ngomhla wama-26 kaJulayi 2023, iNiger yafumana a icoup d'etat eyayiyincopho yeendidi ngeendidi mngeni elijongene nelizwe kubandakanywa ubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo kunye nolawulo olubi. Emva kobhukuqo-mbuso lwakutsha nje, oluvele kwiwebhu entsonkothileyo ye izinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle, sizifumana sikweli xesha linzima elifuna ukuqonda ngokunzulu oko sikufundileyo kwimbali. Iintshukumo zezopolitiko zamandla ehlabathi, ngakumbi kwimimandla ezele lungquzulwano, ziye zahlala zilungisa indlela yeziganeko. Imeko yangoku eNiger isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esibuhlungu sendlela amagunya ehlabathi anokuphembelela kwaye asebenzise ngayo ungquzulwano lwengingqi, ngokufuthi ukonakalisa abemi bendawo. Ukuzoba ungqamaniso olusuka kwiziqendu zembali ezifana ne Khusela iAfrika kunye nexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, apho izilangazelelo zangaphandle zazibangela ungquzulwano, kufuneka sithobele izilumkiso zexesha elidlulileyo.

Ukufunda kwiMbali

Uphononongo lwembali sisifundo esibalulekileyo kwezopolitiko. Isinika ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nendlela ungquzulwano lwasekhaya kunye nemikhosi yamazwe ngamazwe esebenzisana ngayo. Imeko yangoku eNiger, enokukhokelela kuhlaselo ngo uMbutho wezoQoqosho waMazwe aseNtshona Afrika (ECOWAS), isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esibukhali somdaniso oethe-ethe amazwe amakhulu athathe inxaxheba kuwo kwimbali yonke. Ukutyhubela imbali, ungquzulwano lwemimandla belusetyenziswa ngamagunya ehlabathi ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zawo ngokufuthi ngokucinezela uluntu lwasekuhlaleni.

Umkhwa ofanayo wembali unokubonwa ngasekupheleni kwe-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 Khusela iAfrika. Ekhuthazwa yiminqweno yobukhosi kunye nemfuneko yemithombo yobutyebi, amagunya obukoloniyali aseYurophu alahlula-hlula ilizwekazi laseAfrika ngokungakhathaleli inkcubeko, ubuhlanga, okanye intshukumo yezopolitiko yemimandla ayifumanayo. Iziphumo zaba yintlekele: abantu bomthonyama babephantsi kobundlobongela, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye nokuzithoba ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kobutyebi kunye nolawulo lwelizwe lezopolitiko.

ENiger namhlanje, sisenokubona umkhondo wale ndlela yembali. Ubutyebi bendalo obukhulu balo mmandla, kuquka oovimba be-oyile kunye ne-uranium, batsala umdla wangaphandle kulo mmandla. Asimele sinciphise amathuba okuba ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi kunokuchaphazela izigqibo ezithathwe ngamaqela angaphandle, nangona isenzo se-ECOWAS sinokubonakala siqhutywa ziinkxalabo malunga nozinzo lwengingqi.

Ixesha leMfazwe ebandayo sesinye isifundo esibangela umdla. Ukhuphiswano lwamagunya ehlabathi ngeli xesha rhoqo ziphembelela kwaye zandisa iingxabano zengingqi kwihlabathi liphela. Iimfazwe zommeli, iingxabano zeengcamango, kunye nokusukelana nobutyebi kubangele ukubandezeleka okungapheliyo kunye nokungazinzi kumazwe amaninzi. Kwiimfazwe ezininzi ezenzeka eAfrika, amaqela akhuphisanayo axhaswa ngamagunya ehlabathi, nto leyo eyandisa ukubandezeleka kwabemi balapho.

Imfazwe yaseVietnam (1955 ukuya ku-1975) yaphenjelelwa kakhulu lusukuzwano phakathi kwemfazwe EUnited States kunye neSoviet Union ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo. Babonisa ingcamango yemfazwe yommeli ngokuyenza ibe mandundu kakhulu imeko ngenxa yothethathethwano lwabo. ISoviet Union ibonelele ngenkxaso enkulu yezomkhosi nezoqoqosho kwinzame zemfazwe eMntla Vietnam, ngelixa iUnited States yayandisa ukubandakanyeka kwayo ngokunikela amashumi amawaka amajoni ukuba alwe. EMzantsi Vietnam. Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2,000,000 yabemi, i-58,000 yamajoni ase-US, kunye ne-1,100,000 yamajoni aseNyakatho yeVietnam kunye ne-Viet Cong babephakathi kwenani elimangalisayo ukulimala. Olu ngquzulwano lusebenze njengomzekelo obalaseleyo weendleko ezibuhlungu zezopolitiko kunye nezopolitiko ezenziwe ngexesha leMfazwe yamaCold ngenxa yokhuphiswano lwamandla amakhulu.

Sisenako ukubona iziphumo zolu tshintsho lwembali namhlanje eNiger nakwindawo enkulu yeSahel. Njengoko zombini iRussia kunye ne-United States zifuna ukukhusela umdla wazo wezentlalo, wezoqoqosho, kunye nezopolitiko kule ndawo ibalulekileyo yehlabathi, le meko ikwaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nefuthe elandayo laseRussia kule ndawo, enokuthi iguqule iNiger ibe yindawo yemidlalo yeqonga. .

Amagunya ehlabathi kunye nomdla wabo we-geo-political ukukhuphisana ngempembelelo kunye nokufikelela kwimithombo enenzuzo enempembelelo ekhulayo kwiimfazwe zengingqi. Yinkxalabo kuba kukho ithuba lokuba olu ngquzulwano luqinise kwaye lubandakanye amaqela amaninzi.

Izifundo ezifundiweyo zinokuzisa impendulo yethu kwimeko yangoku yaseNiger 

Kufuneka sihlale sijonge kwaye silumkele ukuba yintoni na amagunya amakhulu ukuze siqinisekise ukuba ukubandakanyeka kwabo kwiingxabano zengingqi kukhuthaza uzinzo kwaye kuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi bendawo kunokuba kubangele ungquzulwano kunye nokuxhaphaza imeko ngenjongo yabo yokuzingca. Ulawulo lobutyebi kufuneka lube selubala kwaye luthathelwe ingqalelo ukuze kuthintelwe abantu basemzini ekubeni baphange ubutyebi beAfrika. Ungaze inyathelo lomkhosi lithathe indawo yokuqala ngaphezu kwediplomacy kunye nokusombulula impixano engenabundlobongela. Iinzame zokulamla ezingakhethi cala namazwe ngamazwe ziyafuneka.

Phantsi kwesikhokelo seZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neminye imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka lusebenze kunye ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweentlekele zengingqi ngeenjongo ze-geo-political. Iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokuthintela ungquzulwano, ukwakha uxolo, kunye noncedo loluntu kufuneka lubekho ukuze kuthotywe umthwalo kubantu abasesichengeni.

Imibutho yoluntu jikelele kufuneka ikhulise ulwazi kunye nokuchasa iinzame zokunyusa iingxabano zengingqi eNtshona Afrika ngokugxila ekuthinteleni ungquzulwano ngeendlela ezingenalo ubundlobongela. Olu thethathethwano olusebenzayo luya kuba negalelo ekwandiseni ulwazi lwehlabathi lonke ngalo mbandela kwaye luvuse umdla wabantu abacinga phambili ekusonjululweni kwengxabano eNiger nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Ukuqonda ngakumbi uhlobo lwemfazwe kunye neziphumo zayo ezinokubakho kuya kuvela kule nto, eya kuthi ekugqibeleni ikhuthaze inkxaso yasekhaya ekuchaseni iinjongo zamazwe ngamazwe kwiingxabano zengingqi.

isiphelo

Imbali isebenza njengesilumkiso esinamandla seziphumo ezinokubakho xa amagunya ehlabathi esebenzisa iimfazwe zengingqi ukuqhubela phambili ii-ajenda zawo. Kufuneka sikhokelwe kwizifundo zexesha elidlulileyo njengoko sixoxisana nomhlaba onzima wengxabano ye-ECOWAS-Niger. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kumazwe ngamazwe kukhuthaza uxolo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuchuma kwabantu baseNiger kunye nommandla omkhulu waseNtshona Afrika, sinethuba lokuphelisa umjikelo wokuxhatshazwa. Amagunya amakhulu ehlabathi kufuneka axhakamfule eli thuba lokubandakanyeka kwimigaqo yokuziphatha endaweni yokuxhaphaza.