Kubulawelwe indalo esingqongileyo kunye neMozulu: I-United States Imikhosi yezoMkhosi neMfazwe

NguReiner Braun, Oktobha 15, 2019

Kutheni le nto izixhobo zemfazwe zisongela abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo ngaxeshanye?

Ingxelo ye-2012 evela kwi-US Congress ifumanise ukuba uMkhosi wase-US ngowona mthengi omkhulu wezinto zepetroleum e-USA kwaye ke kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokwengxelo yakutshanje eyenziwe ngumphengululi uNeta C. Crawford, iPentagon ifuna imiphanda ye-350,000 yeoyile ngemini. Ngemeko engcono yokupheliswa koku, igesi yePentagon ekhupha igreenhouse ekwi2017 yayizigidi ze-69 ngaphezulu kweSweden okanye iDenmark. (I-Sweden ibala i-50.8 yezigidi zeetoni kunye ne-Denmark 33.8 yezigidi zeetoni). Inxalenye enkulu yezi zinto zikhutshwa luhlaza kukuchaphazela ukusebenza kweenqwelo moya zoMkhosi Womoya wase-US. I-25 eyoyikisayo% yazo zonke ioli ye-US isetyenziswa kuphela emkhosini wase-US. Umkhosi wase-US ngoyena wabulala imozulu enkulu. (INeta C. Crawford 2019 - I-Pentagon Fuel Use, Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neNdleko zeMfazwe)

Ukusukela ukuqala kwento ebizwa ngokuba 'yiMfazwe ngeNzondo' kwi2001 iPentagon ikhuphe iitoni zegesi ze1.2 yeebhiliyoni zegesi, ngokweengxelo ezivela I-Watson Institute.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20, izivumelwano zehlabathi zaseKyoto naseParis zokunciphisa umda wokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 zikhulule umkhosi emkhosini kwiimvumelwano ezingavunyelwanga ngenye indlela zokunika ingxelo zokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ukuze kufakwe iithagethi zokunciphisa, ngakumbi i-US, i-NATO kunye neRussia. Kuyabonakala ukuba umkhosi wehlabathi unokukhupha ngokukhululekileyo i-CO2, ukuze ezona zinto zikhutshwa zii-CO2 emkhosini, imveliso yezixhobo, urhwebo lwezixhobo, imisebenzi kunye neemfazwe zihlala zihleli zifihliwe unanamhla. “Umthetho wenkululeko wase-USA” wase-USA ufihla ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngomkhosi; Ithetha ukuba iJamani alunalo ulwazi olukhoyo ngaphandle kwezicelo ezivela kwiqhekeza lasekhohlo. Ezinye zinikezelwe kwinqaku.

Esikwaziyo: I-Bundeswehr (umkhosi waseJamani) uvelisa i-1.7 yezigidi zeetoni ze-CO2 ngonyaka, itanki yeLeopard 2 itya iilitha ze-340 isendleleni kwaye ujikeleza ebaleni malunga neelitha ze-530 (imoto enye itya malunga neelitha ze-5). A Ifayitile yokulwa ijethi itya phakathi kwe-2,250 kunye neelitha ze-7,500 zeparafini ngeyure nganye, kunye nomsebenzi ngamnye wamazwe ngamazwe kukho ukonyuka kweendleko zamandla ezongeza ngaphezu kwe-100 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka kunye ne-CO2 yokuphuma kwiitoni ze-15. Ukuphononongwa kwetyala nguBürgerinitiativen gegen Fluglärm aus Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland (Amanyathelo amaLungu aMfazwe ngokuchasene neNqwelo-moya) evela eRhineland-Palatinate naseSaarland) ifumene ukuba ngosuku olunye lukaJulayi 29^thIjeets zokulwa ze-2019 ezivela kwi-US Army kunye ne-Bundeswehr zibhabha iiyure ze-15, zichitha iilitha ze-90,000 ze ipetroli kwaye ivelise iikhilogremu ze-248,400 ze-CO2 kunye ne-720kg ye-nitrogen oxides.

Izixhobo zenyukliya zingcolisa indalo kwaye zisongela ubukho bomntu.

Kwiisayensi ezininzi, kuqhushumbe lokuqala lwebhombu yeatom kwi-1945 kuthathwa njengento yokungena kubudala obutsha bejografi, iAnthropocene. Iibhombu ze-atom zika-Hiroshima kunye neNagasaki yayizezokuqala ngokubulala abantu abaninzi ngenxa yokuqhushumba ibhombu, nokubulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-100,000. Iziphumo zexesha elide zamashumi eminyaka zeendawo ezinokungcola kwirediyo ziye zatsho ukuba amakhulu amawaka abantu abasweleke ngenxa yezifo ezinxulumene noko. Ukukhutshwa kwerediyo ukusuka ngelo xesha kunokuncitshiswa ngokwemvelo ngesiqingatha sobomi bezinto ezinento esebenzayo, kwezinye iimeko oku kwenzeka kuphela emva kwamashumi eminyaka. Ngenxa yovavanyo oluninzi lwezixhobo zenyukliya phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-20th, umzekelo, umgangatho wamaza olwandle kwiPasifiki awukhanyiswa nje ngamacandelo epulasitiki, kodwa nezixhobo zerediyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweqhekeza elincinci lezixhobo zenyukliya zangoku, ezimiselwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba zisebenze "njengezithintelo", kuya kubangela intlekele yemozulu ("ubusika beatom") kwaye kukhokelele ekuweni koluntu lonke, izazinzulu zithi. Iplanethi ibingasayi kuphinda ihlale abantu kunye nezilwanyana.

Ngokutsho Ingxelo ye-1987 Brundtland, izixhobo zenyukliya kunye notshintsho lwemozulu zizo zombini ezi ntlobo zokuzibulala kwiplanethi, kunye notshintsho lwemozulu lube 'zixhobo ezicothayo zenyukliya'.

Izixhobo zoonomathotholo zineziphumo ezingapheliyo.

Iinguqu zeUranium zazisetyenziswa kwiimfazwe zika Umanyano olukhokelwe yi-US ngokuchasene ne-Iraq kwi-1991 kunye ne-2003 nakwimfazwe ye-NATO ngokuchasene neYugoslavia kwi-1998 / 99. Oku kubandakanya inkunkuma yenyukliya enomthamo osaseleyo, othunyelwe kwiisuntswana ezincinci xa ubetha iithagethi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu emva koko usasazwe ngokubanzi kwindalo esingqongileyo. Emntwini, la masuntswana angena egazini kwaye abangela ukonzakala okukhulu kwemfuza kunye nomhlaza. Oku ulwazi kunye nokuphendula kulo kuye kwashenxiswa, ngaphandle kokuba kubhalwe kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo iseyeyona mfazwe inkulu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwendalo.

Izixhobo zemichiza-zikhutshiwe namhlanje, kodwa iziphumo zexesha elide kwimeko-bume ziyaqhubeka.

The Iziphumo zezixhobo zemichiza zibhalwe kakuhle, njengokusetyenziswa kwegesi yemastadi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I ukubulala abantu be-100,000 kunye nokufaka ityhefu enkulu yomhlaba. Imfazwe yaseVietnam kwii-1960s yayiyimfazwe yokuqala yokujolisa kwindalo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Umkhosi wase-US usebenzise i-Ogent yeOrange echazayo ukutshabalalisa amahlathi nezityalo. Le yayiyindlela yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwehlathi njengendawo yokufihla kunye noncedo lomchasi. Kwizigidi zabantu baseVietnam, oku kukhokelele kwizifo kunye nokufa - ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abantwana bazalwa eVietnam abanengxaki yemfuza. Iindawo ezinkulu ezinkulu kuneHessen kunye neRhenland-Pfalz eJamani zigawulwa ngamagqabi ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, umhlaba ushiye ungenamntu kwaye utshatyalalisiwe.

Ukuqhuba ngenqwelo moya.

Ukungcola emoyeni, emhlabeni kunye nasemanzini aphantsi komhlaba okwenziwe ziinqwelomoya emkhosini Isebenza nge-NATO yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya. Bazi I-carcinogenic kakhulu ngenxa yezongezo ezikhethekileyo ukungcola komoya we-carcinogenic.

Apha, kwakhona, imithwalo yezempilo igutyungelwe ngabomkhosi. Uninzi lweendawo zemfazwe zomoya zingcoliswe kukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali zePFC ezisetyenziselwa ukucima umlilo ngogwebu. I-PFC phantse ayinakubalwa kwaye ekugqibeleni ingene kumanzi omhlaba kunye neziphumo zexesha elide kwimpilo yabantu. Ku Hlaziya iindawo ezinesifo ezibangelwe sesikweni, ubuncinci iibhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika ziqikelelwa kwihlabathi liphela.

Ukuchitha imali yasemkhosini kuthintela ukukhuselwa kwendalo esingqongileyo kunye nokutshintsha kwamandla.

Ukongeza kwimithwalo ethe ngqo yendalo esingqongileyo kunye nemozulu yasemkhosini, inkcitho ephezulu kwimikhonto ithoba imali eninzi kutyalo-mali kukhuseleko lwendalo, ukubuyiselwa kwemo engqongileyo kunye notshintsho lwamandla. Ngaphandle koncedo, akuyi kubakho imeko-bume yamanye amazwe ngokubambisana eyimfuneko yeenzame zehlabathi zokukhusela indalo / ukhuseleko lwemozulu. Ukuchitha imali emkhosini waseJamani kwakusetwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba kufane ne-50 yezigidi zezigidi nge2019. Ngonyuka kabukhali kwi-Euro, kulindeleke ukuba baphakamise eli nani ukuya malunga ne-85 yezigidigidi ngokuhambelana ne-2% yabo ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, yi-16 yeebhiliyoni zee-Euro eyatyalwe kumandla ahlaziyekayo kwi-2017. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweHaushalt des Umweltministeriums (iSebe lezeNdalo) Ixabisa i-2.6 yezigidigidi zee-Euro kwihlabathi liphela, lo mda wohlukaniswe ngakumbi nge-1.700 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika kwinkcitho yomkhosi, kunye ne-United States njengenkokeli eyedwa. Ukuze usindise imeko-bume yehlabathi kwaye ke eluntwini, kufuneka lwenze ithuba elicacileyo, lokuxhasa iinjongo zozinzo lwehlabathi kwezomthetho wehlabathi.

Imfazwe kunye nobundlobongela kukhuseleko lwezixhobo ze-imperi?

Ukuxhaphaka kwihlabathi liphela kwezinto ezingavuthi kunye nezothutho zabo kufuna amandla ezopolitiko ekukhuselekileyo ukufikelela kubutyebi bezinto zamandulo. Ukusebenza kwemikhosi kusetyenziswa i-US, i-NATO kwaye i-EU iya isanda ngokwanda ukuseka imithombo yawo kunye neendlela zokubonelela ngeenqanawa zomkhumbi kunye nemibhobho. Kukho iimfazwe kwaye kuyaliwa (Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Mali) Ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweefosili zitshintshwa ngamanye amandla ahlaziyekayo, anokuthi aveliswe ngobunono, iphelisa imfuneko yokubuyiselwa kwemikhosi yasemkhosini kunye nemfazwe.

Inkunkuma yehlabathi kwezixhobo inokwenzeka kuphela ngepolitiki yezamandla. Ukuveliswa kunye nokuthengiswa kweemveliso kwiimarike zehlabathi kukhokelela ekuchithekeni kwenkunkuma, ngenxa yokonyuka kwamaxabiso ezothutho, okukhokelela ekonyukeni kokusetyenziswa kweefosili. Ukuvula amazwe njengeentengiso zeemveliso zehlabathi, zikwabekwa phantsi koxinzelelo lomkhosi.

Inkxaso-mali eyonakalisayo yendalo esingqongileyo ifikelela kwi-57 yeebhiliyoni zee-Euro (Umweltbundesamt) kunye ne-90% yazo ingcolisa indalo.

Ukubaleka-sisiphumo semfazwe kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo.

Ehlabathini lonke, abantu babalekela emfazweni, ubundlobongela kunye nentlekele yemozulu. Baninzi ngakumbi abantu abaqhutywa kwilizwe lonke, ngoku bangaphezu kwesigidi se-70. Unobangela zezi: iimfazwe, uburhulumente, ukonakaliswa kwendalo kunye neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, esele zikhwankqisa kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zomhlaba kunaseYurophu esembindini. Abo bantu benza indlela esongela ubomi basongela ngendlela eya eYurophu baphinde babanjwa ngasemva kwimfazwe yangaphandle kwaye bajika iMeditera yaba yingcwaba.

isiphelo

Ukuthintelwa kweentlekele kwindalo esingqongileyo, ukuthintelwa kweentlekele zemozulu ezizayo, ukuphela kwezinto ekuthiwa zezokukhula kunye nokukhuselwa koxolo kunye nokuxhotyiswa ngezixhobo ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye, ebizwa ngokuba bubulungisa behlabathi. Le njongo inokufezekiswa kuphela ngenguqu enkulu (okanye ukuguqula) okanye, ukuyibeka ngenye indlela, inguquko yotshintsho kubunini- utshintsho lwenkqubo endaweni yotshintsho lwemozulu! Into engacingekiyo kufanele ukuba, iphinde ibe nokucinga xa ujongene nemiceli mngeni.