Ngo-Pat Elder, ngo-Ephreli 25, 2019
Ibali leentsiba, i-wax, izilumkiso ezingabanjwanga, kunye neengozi zobunjineli bemichiza yosuku lwangoku
Kwiingoma zamaGrike, iindaba zikaDaedalus noIcarus zinika isifundo esingazange sifunde ngabantu. UDaedalus nendodana yakhe, u-Icarus wayevalelwe entolongeni. Ukuze ubaleke, uDaedalus wadala amaphiko ukusuka kwintsiba kunye ne-wax. UDaedalus walumkisa unyana wakhe ukuba angasondeli kufuphi nelanga ngenxa yokwesaba ukuba i-wax iya kutyhafaza. U-Icarus wahamba, wayedlala ngokuveliswa, waza wenyuka ngokufudumele elangeni. Amaphiko akhe awela, kwaye uCarko wawela ekufeni kwakhe.
Ubuchwepheshe obuphawulekayo bubalekela ukulawulwa kwethu kunye nokungapheleli kwabantu. Izixhobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kwi-1938 zinjengeDaedalus 'yokuqina kwamaphiko ukuxaka: ukuhlukana kwe-athomu ye-uranium yiJamani yaseNazi, kunye nokufumanisa kwezinto kunye nezipolitiki ze-fluoroalkyl (PFAS) zeDupont zemithi eNew Jersey.
U-Albert Einstein waqaphela ukuba amaNazi ayenokuhlakulela izixhobo zenyukliya kwaye wamkhokelela ekukhuthazeni ukudala i-nuclear nyukliya. Xa kwakusondele kakhulu, wakhala ngesabelo sakhe ekudaleni amandla anjalo. "I-atom ekhutshweyo ye-athomu ishintshile yonke into igcina iindlela zethu zokucinga, kwaye ngoko ke sisondela kwiintlekele ezingafaniyo," watsho.
Kuyafana nakwimishini yobunjineli yamanje.
Kwangelo xesha, ilizwe labona ngengozi ukufunyanwa kwendawo ye-PFAS eyaziwa ngokuba yi-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Njengokwahlula iathom yeuranium, le yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezenzululwazi kwimbali yoluntu. I-PTFE yafunyanwa nguRoy J. Plunkett kwiDupont Inkampani yaseJackson Laboratory e-Deepwater, eNew Jersey.
Itheknoloji inzima ngakumbi kunokuba i-wax kunye neentsiba zikaDaedalus zenziwe, kodwa iziphumo, njengokudibanisa i-athomu. banako ukukhonza kunye nokutshabalalisa uluntu.
I-Plunkett yavelisa iiplundi ezilikhulu zegesi ye-tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) kwaye igcinwe kwiisilinda ezincinci kwiqondo lokushisa elomileyo ngaphambi kokuba lichithwe. Xa wayilungisa isilinda ukuze ayisebenzise, akukho gesi yaphuma-kodwa ityilinda yayilinganisa njengangaphambili. Plunkett yavula I-cylinder yePandora Ufumene umgubo omhlophe ongenayo yonke imichiza kwaye uthathwa njengeyona nto ityibilikayo ekhoyo - kunye nobushushu obunganyangekiyo.
Yayisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimveliso zeTeflon kunye nezinto ezahlukileyo zaba sisithako esisebenzayo kwigwebu lokulwa nomlilo ngexesha lokuqhutywa komlilo rhoqo kwiziseko zomkhosi nakwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya. Izinto ezenziwayo ngokumangalisayo zisetyenziswa kumalaphu agxotha amanzi- kunye namanzi, iipolishi, ioyile, iipeyinti, ukupakishwa kokutya, i-floss yamazinyo, iimveliso zokucoca, ukugoba i-chrome, ukuveliswa kwe-elektroniki, kunye nokubuyiselwa kweoyile, ukubiza ezinye izicelo. Ezi ndlela-ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwe-PFAS njengogwebu lokulwa nomlilo ongena emanzini aphantsi komhlaba-vumela ii-carcinogens zingene emzimbeni womntu ozigcinayo ngonaphakade. Uphononongo olwenziwe ngo-2015 ngoVavanyo lwezeMpilo kuZwelonke lwezeMpilo kunye neSondlo lufumene ii-PFASs kwiipesenti ezingama-97 zeesampulu zegazi lomntu. Ubuninzi be-5,000 nganye yeekhemikhali ezenziweyo ziye zaphuhliswa okoko kwafunyanwa okokuqala. I-PFAS ngumboniso wale mihla webhokisi kaPandora, elinye ibali lesiGrike.
Kuyabonakala ukuba, uZeus usaqhubeka nokuziphindezela ku-Prometheus nakubo bonke ubuntu bokuba umlilo ezulwini. UZeus wazisa uPandora kumntakwabo ka-Prometheus uEpimetheus. U-Pandora wayephethe ibhokisi ethi oothixo babenezipho ezizodwa kubo, kodwa akazange avunyelwe ukuyivula. Ngaphandle kwesilumkiso, uPandora wavula ibhokisi equlethe ukugula, ukufa kunye nenqwaba yezinto ezimbi ezathi zakhutshwa emhlabeni. U-Pandora wayesoyika, kuba wabona zonke imimoya emdaka iphuma kwaye wazama ukuyivala ibhokisi ngokukhawuleza, evala iThemba ngaphakathi!
Zonke izinto ze-5,000 PFAS zikholelwa ukuba zinetyhefu.
Imiphumo yempilo yokubhengezwa kwezi khemikhali ziquka ukulahleka kwamathambo kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinzima zokukhulelwa. Bahlambela ubisi lwebele lomntu kunye nokugulisa abantwana abancancisayo. I-Per and poly fluoroalkyls inegalelo kumonakalo wesibindi, umhlaza wezintso, i-cholesterol ephezulu, umngcipheko wesifo se-thyroid, kunye nomhlaza wamatyhalarha, i-micro-penis, kunye nesibalo esiphantsi sembewu kwindoda.
Okwangoku, i-EPA yenqaba ukulawula izinto. Kuyinto yasendle yasentshona kwaye ummeli akafumanekanga. I-arhente engenakudlula ikhethi ikhethe ukuseka i-70 ppt Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) yamanzi okusela. Iingcebiso azinyanzelekanga.
I-LHA kukugxininiswa kwekhemikhali emanzini okusela ekungalindelwanga ukuba ibangele naziphi na iimpembelelo ezimbi ze-noncarcinogenic kubomi bonke bokuvezwa. I-LHA isekwe ekuvezweni komntu omdala ongama-70-kg esebenzisa i-2 yeelitha zamanzi ngosuku.
Ukungabikho kwe-EPA esebenzayo, eNew Jersey, indawo yokuzalwa nganye yezinto kunye ne-poly fluoroalkyl izinto, sele iphumelele ukusela kunye nemigangatho yamanzi yomhlaba ye-10 ppt ye-PFAS kunye ne-10 ppt ye-PFOA. Amaqela ezendalo abize umda we-5 ppt kwikhemikhali nganye. UPhilippe Grandjean kunye noogxa bakhe eHarvard TH Chan School of Health Public bathi ukubonakaliswa kwe-1 ppt emanzini okusela kuyingozi kwimpilo yabantu.
Imigangatho emitsha yaseNew Jersey ayizukusebenza kufakelo lweDoD njengeTrenton Naval Air Warfare Centre eyavalwa ngo1997. Uvavanyo lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba uMkhosi wamanzi ungcolise amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba nge-27,800 ppt ye-PFAS ngelixa i-Joint Base McGuireDix-Lakehurst ityhefu amanzi aphantsi komhlaba nge-1,688. ppt yezinto. Zininzi iindawo zokuzikhusela kurhulumente ezingafakwanga kwi Ingxelo yeDD kwi-PFAS yefuthe, nangona baziwa ukusebenzisa izinto.
I-England Air Force Base e-Alexandria Louisiana, indawo evaliweyo ngo-1992, kutshanje kwafunyanwa ukuba ne-10,900,000 ppt yemichiza kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Abanye babahlali kufutshane nesiseko banikezelwa ngamanzi emithombo. Ngokungafaniyo neNew Jersey, iLouisana ayikhange isebenze ekukhuseleni abemi bayo. ILouisiana ngokucacileyo inelisekile ngokungasebenzi komanyano kwi-PFAS.
I-EPA yakhululwa kutshanje I-Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Isicwangciso sokwenza isilela ekufezekiseni imida yokulawula i-PFAS kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo enokubakho kwimpilo yabantu yeekhemikhali ezibulalayo. Imibutho yezomkhosi kunye nongcolisayo ingaphefumla isiqabu ngelixa iqhubeka nokutyhefa uluntu.
Kubuhlungu. PFAS ingatshintsha ukuba abantu bayakwazi njani ukuphendula kwizifo ezithathelwanayo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zibonise ukuba ukungena kwi-PFAS kunokuguqula iimpendulo zomzimba kunye nokwandisa ukukhuselwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zibonise ukuba ukuchithwa kwe-PFAS kuhambelana nezinguqu kwiindlela ze-52 ezithintekayo kwimisebenzi ye-immunological kunye nophuhliso. Ngamafutshane, i-PFAS inakho ukukhusela isistim somzimba. Kuphantse kubantu bonke bephethe ezi zifo, kufuneka sikhathazeke ngakumbi.
Nangona i-EPA ingayicwangcisi, izazinzulu ziye zadibanisa ngokucacileyo amanqanaba e-PFAS egazini labasetyhini abakhulelweyo kule mpendulo kubantwana babo:
- Ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-antibody okubangelwa yimigomo kunye nokuguqulwa kweempembelelo ezichaphazelekayo kwimpilo kwasebuncinaneni.
- Amagciwane amaninzi amelana ne-rubella kubantwana abagonywe.
- Inani leendiza eziqhelekileyo kubantwana,
- Gastroenteritis kubantwana.
- Inani elongeziweyo lezonyango zokuphefumula kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-10 yobomi.
U-Icarus wawa ekufeni kwakhe, engabuqondi ubungozi betekhnoloji kayise. Sibe yi-Icarus. Inkqubela phambili enkulu yoluntu kufuneka ibekwe esweni ngabo baneenjongo ezintle zokukhusela impilo kunye nokhuseleko. Okulusizi kukuba, ayisiyonyani le yethu.
"Ukuba siza kuhlala ngokusondeleyo nale michiza, siyitya kwaye siyisela, siyise kumongo wamathambo ethu - kungcono sazi okuthile ngobunjani bawo namandla awo."
- Rachel Carson, uSilly Spring
