Ukugquma: Uluhlu oluyimfihlo lukaRhulumente wase-Australia lweZiseko zase-US

nguRichard Tanter, Iiparele kunye nezicaphukiso, Julayi 25, 2023

Yintoni oorhulumente bamanye amahlakani ase-US, kubandakanya iHungary, iNorway, iiPhilippines, kunye norhulumente wangaphambili woonopopi wase-Afghanistan, abanayo oorhulumente baseOstreliya? Impendulo ngumbono wolongamo lokwenyani, kunye nezibophelelo zokungafihli izinto ezingaphandle koorhulumente baseOstreliya, ngakumbi urhulumente wase-Albanese obambeleyo.

NgoNovemba ka-2011, iNkulumbuso uJulia Gillard kunye noMongameli uBarack Obama babhengeze izicwangciso zokuthunyelwa ngonyaka kwe-US. Amandla okujikeleza eLwandle ukuya eDarwin kunye nenqwelomoya yoMkhosi woMoya wase-US ukuya kwiziseko zase-Australia kuMmandla oMntla, ukuqala ngo-Epreli ka-2012.

The I-United States-i-Australia Force Force Posture Agreement yatyikitywa ngomhla we-12 kweyeThupha yowama-2014 yamisela ngokusesikweni uphuculo olukhulu ngakumbi lwesicwangciso somdibaniselwano olwaqalwa ziinkokeli ezimbini. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo bobabini oorhulumente benze izibophelelo ezinkulu kakhulu zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo kwiindawo zokhuselo zase-Australia kumantla e-Australia phantsi kwezihloko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa neSebe lezoKhuselo lase-Australia. eqhubekayo evelisa i-United States Force Force Posture Initiative.

Uphawu oluphambili lweMvumelwano yeForce Posture yingqikelelo 'yeZibonelelo eziVunyiweyo kunye neeNdawo', ezichazwe kwiSiqendu I seSivumelwano ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

'“IiNdawo ekuvunyelwene ngazo kunye neeNdawo” zithetha amaziko kunye nemimandla ekwindawo yase-Australia ebonelelwe yi-Australia enokuthi idweliswe kwiSihlomelo A esihlonyelwe kwesi siVumelwano, kunye namanye amaziko kunye neendawo ezikummandla wase-Australia njengoko zinokubonelelwa yi-Australia kwixesha elizayo, apho iMikhosi yase-United States, iiKontraka zase-United States, abaxhomekeke kubo, kunye nabanye abasebenzi bakaRhulumente wase-United States njengoko kuvunyelwene ngayo, baya kuba nelungelo lokufikelela nokusebenzisa ngokungqinelana nesi siVumelwano.'

Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka elithoba emva kokutyikitywa kweMvumelwano yeForce Posture ngo-2014 akukho luguqulelo lweSihlomelo A seSivumelwano lwenziwe esidlangalaleni, kwaye akukho ziteyitimenti zisemthethweni zibonakala zichonge ngokuphandle nasiphi na isibonelelo se-ADF njengeSibonelelo esiVunyiweyo okanye uMmandla phantsi koMthetho. ngokwemiqathango yeFPA yowama-2014. Iwebhusayithi yeSebe lezoKhuselo 'i-United States Force Posture Initiatives' ibonelela ngenani lezixhobo zomthombo malunga nemiba eyahlukeneyo yamaNyathelo. Kodwa akukho nalinye kula maxwebhu aqulathe okanye akhomba kulo naluphi na ulwazi malunga nokuba zeziphi izibonelelo zokhuselo zase-Australia ziZibonelelo eziVunyiweyo kunye neeNdawo apho, phantsi kwe-FPA, imikhosi yase-US inelungelo lokufikelela.

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo waziwa kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku wempembelelo yeSivumelwano seForce Posture ibe luphuculo olukhulu lwe-RAAF Base Tindal kufutshane neKatherine, ebandakanya ulwandiso olungaphezulu kwe-A$1.5 yebhiliyoni exhaswa yi-Australia kunye ne-US$360 yezigidi zotyalo-mali ukuququzelela ukusasazwa okujikelezayo kwe-USAF. I-B-52H yeqhinga lokuqhubhisa iibhombu, kunye neziseko zoncedo ukulungiselela iinqwelo ze-US kunye ne-Australia yokubonelela ngeenqwelo-moya, iitanki zokugcwalisa i-refueling, iinqwelo zokulwa ezikhuselayo, kunye neenqwelomoya zokulumkisa kwangethuba kunye nolawulo lwenqwelomoya- kunye nabasebenzi babo abasebenzayo ngokusisigxina-ukukhapha i-B-52s kwimishini ehlaselayo. eTshayina.

Umbuzo olula ufanele ukuba: zeziphi iziseko zokhuselo zase-Australia apho i-United States Forces kunye neekontraka zinokufikelela phantsi kweSivumelwano soBume be-Force?

Ukusuka kwizibhengezo zokwakha ezenziwa ngurhulumente waseOstreliya, uMntla waseMantla kunye noorhulumente baseMelika kunokwenzeka ukuba kwakhiwe uluhlu lokuqala olurhabaxa lweProjekthi yeziseko ezingundoqo zeForce Posture Initiative, ubuncinci kumantla eOstreliya, kwiindidi ezintathu:

IiNdawo zoQeqesho lwaseMntla kunye neProjekthi yoPhuculo lweeRanges

I-Robertson Barracks iVala uMmandla woQeqesho,

Indawo yoQeqesho yeeKangaroo Flats,

Indawo yoQeqesho yeNtaba yeBundey

Indawo yoQeqesho lweNdawo yaseBradshaw

I-RAAF isekela ukwandiswa

Isiseko seRAAF saseDarwin

RAAF Base Tindal

Iziko lokuGcina uLwanzi oluNinzi lwase-US, i-East Arm, eDarwin
I-Arhente yoLungiselelo lwezoKhuselo / izisombululo zeCrowley

Kufuneka igxininiswe into yokuba olu luluhlu oluninzi kakhulu, kunye nezibhengezo ngo-2021 ezibonisa ukwandiswa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nophuculo lwe-t.ezinye iiseti ezintathu 'zeNtsebenziswano eYomeleziweyo' ngaphaya koMbutho wokujikeleza waseLwandle kunye noMkhosi woMoya wase-US, ukubandakanya imikhosi yasemhlabeni, imikhosi yaselwandle, kunye nezixhobo, ukugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kwezibonelelo. Ngamnye ubonisa inoveli okanye ukufikelela okwandisiweyo yimikhosi yase-US kunye neekontraka kumaziko e-ADF.

NgoDisemba ka-2022 iqela labaphathiswa bezokhuselo kunye ne-United States e-Australia-United States ubhengeze izicwangciso zokuphucula i-RAAF kunye nezinye 'iziseko ezingenanto' ze-ADF kumantla eOstreliya njengegalelo kucwangciso loMkhosi woMoya wase-US ulwahlulo lwezelizwe lolungiselelo kunye nezibonelelo zamafutha ukwenza nzima isicwangciso sogwayimbo lwaseTshayina.

'Izixhobo zokusebenzisana'

Lo msinga mkhulu wesicwangciso seziseko ezingundoqo esibonakala kakhulu, esibiza kakhulu, kunye nesicwangciso esibalulekileyo sibonakalisa uluhlu olwandisiweyo lwezakhiwo zokhuselo zase-Australia ezinamazinga amakhulu okufikelela e-US kunanini na ngaphambili ukususela ngo-1945. ezaziwayo 'izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo' - ngakumbi isiseko sobuntlola esikhulu esaziwa ngokuba 'yiNdlela yoKhuselo oluHlangeneyo lwePine Gap ngaphandle kwe-Alice Springs, isikhululo se-USAF sokuqhushumba kweenyikima zenyukliya eAlice Springs, kunye nencinci kodwa ebalulekileyo kwezomkhosi i-USAF/BOM-eqhutywa yiLearmonth Solar Observatory kwi-Exmouth Peninsula kumazantsi oMntla Ntshona Koloni. Ngasinye kwezi zingumxholo wokuhlala ixesha elide (ukususela koo-1950 noo-1960) izivumelwano zomntu ngamnye eziphikisana ne-FPI.

Nangona kunjalo, kwingxelo yomphathiswa ngomhla we-9 kuFebruwari kulo nyaka, uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo uRichard Marles ubhengeze udidi olutsha lweziseko apho imikhosi yase-US inokufikelela kuzo, phantsi kwesihloko esinokuthi ngelishwa sibizwe ngokuba 'zizibonelelo zentsebenziswano'.

Ngokutsho kukaMarles

'Siphinde sisebenzisane ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zase-Australia eziphethwe kunye nezilawulwayo, ezifana neSikhululo soNxibelelwano lwe-Harold E Holt Naval kunye ne-Australian Defense Satellite Communication Station.'

Nokuba yintoni enye into eyayithethwa nguMarles apha, imbekiselo yoMntla Ntshona Koloni yayingacacanga. EOstreliya uninzi lwenethiwekhi exineneyo yezibonelelo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwi-Exmouth Peninsula ngoku alilokhaya lesikhululo sonxibelelwano ngeenkwili eziphantsi kakhulu kuMntla Ntshona Koloni esasekwa ngeminyaka yoo-1960, kodwa nakwi-Space Surveillance Telescope kunye ne-Space Surveillance Radar, eneneni eqhutywa ngokudibeneyo yimikhosi yomibini, isondla idatha yabo kwiisathelayithi zeentshaba ezijikelezayo ukuze I-Space Command edibeneyo e-US ukulungiselela umzabalazo womkhosi 'wokuqala' esithubeni.

Nganye kwezi ndawo 'zokudityaniswa' kuSingasiqithi we-Exmouth, njengamaziko onxibelelwano ase-US akhiwe ngexesha elinye adityaniswa neSikhululo soNxibelelwano seSatellite sase-Australia esibonisa isiseko esisezantsi emazantsi e-Kojarena kufutshane naseGeraldton, baneseti zabo zezivumelwano zamazwe amabini - mhlawumbi. yahlulwe kwiSivumelwano soBume beMmandla sowama-2014 esaphuhliswa kamva.

Uluhlu olungekhoyo lweziseko apho amandla ase-US anofikelelo

Zonke ezi zinto zixhalabisayo, kunye nombono omtsha wobudlelwane boluntu 'yezixhobo zentsebenziswano', zenza umbuzo wokuba zeziphi izibonelelo ze-ADF iSivumelwano se-Force Posture Agreement inika i-United States imikhosi yokufikelela kuzo zombini iqhinga kunye noxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Kutheni iyimfihlo kangaka?

Ngomhla we-10 kuMatshi ka-2023, isicelo phantsi koMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi safakwa kwiSebe lezoKhuselo lifuna 'ikopi ye'Annex A' kwiSivumelwano soMmandla phakathi koRhulumente waseOstreliya noRhulumente waseUnited States.'

Ngomhla wama-28 kuTshazimpuzi ka-2023, igosa elinoxanduva lasiphendula isicelo (i-Defence FOI 576/22/23), liqaphela ukuba bachonge 'uxwebhu olunye njengoluwela kumhlaba wesicelo', kodwa lwala ukufikelela kuxwebhu phantsi kwecandelo 33(a). )(iii) woMthetho we-FOI, kuba ukukhutshwa koxwebhu 'kunokubangela, okanye ngokufanelekileyo kulindeleke ukuba kubangele, umonakalo kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe boManyano lwaManyano. Ukukhutshwa kwale nkcazelo kunokulindelwa ngokusengqiqweni ukujongela phantsi ubudlelwane obuhle beOstreliya bokusebenza nomnye urhulumente. Ngokukodwa, ukubhengezwa koxwebhu ngaphakathi kwendawo kunokubangela ukulahlekelwa yintembelo kunye nokuthembela kuRhulumente wase-Australia, kwaye ngenxa yoko, amagosa angaphandle asenokungabi namdla wokuthetha namagosa kaRhulumente wase-Australia kwixesha elizayo.'

Ngomhla we-10 kuMeyi 2023 umenzi-sicelo ucele ukuphononongwa kwesi sigqibo njengoko kubonelelwe phantsi koMthetho we-FOI. Ukusukela ngexesha lokubhalwa, akukho siphumo sokuphononongwa sele siza.

Nangona kunjalo, ngo-7 Juni 2023, ngokwahlukileyo kwisicelo esiqhubekayo se-FOIA, usihlalo weNethiwekhi ye-Ostreliya eZimeleyo kunye noXolo, u-Annette Brownlie, wabhalela uNobhala weSebe lezoKhuselo, uGreg Moriarty, ecela ukufikelela kwiSihlomelo A seSivumelwano se-Force Posture okanye. kuluhlu lweZibonelelo ekuvunyelwene ngazo kunye neeNdawo eziphantsi kwesi siVumelwano.

Ngomhla wama-27 kuJuni, uMoriarty waphendula uBrownlie ngendlela emangalisayo, xa kujongwa inkqubela phambili yesicelo seFOIA, ukuchongwa kwayo koxwebhu olufanelekileyo, ukwaliwa kokufikelela, kunye nophononongo olusalindelweyo loko kwaliwa kweFOIA:

'Ngelixa iSivumelwano soBume beMmandla sibhekisa 'kwiSihlomelo A' esinokubakho esibandakanya iZibonelelo kunye neMimandla ekuvunyelwene ngayo, iSihlomelo A asizange siphuhliswe… Endaweni yoko iMemorandam yokuQonda kwiZibonelelo ekuVunyelwene ngazo yaphuhliswa kamva yaza yasayinwa nguNobhala wezoKhuselo wase-US kunye noMphathiswa waseOstreliya. kuKhuseleko, uKevin Andrews nge-30 kaMeyi 2015.'

UMoriarty uqhubeke wathi:

'Le Memorandum yokuQondana ayifumaneki esidlangalaleni ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwayo.'

Ngomhla we-13 Julayi 2023 isicelo se-FOIA sokufikelela kwiMemorandam yokuQonda kwiZibonelelo ekuVunyweni ngazo kunye neeNdawo zafakwa, kwaye impendulo isalindelwe.

Kutheni kuthe cwaka nje?

Kukho inani lemiba edidayo kukwala kukarhulumente wase-Albhanon ukukhulula uluhlu lweZibonelelo ekuVunyelwene ngazo kunye neeNdawo apho imikhosi yase-US inokufikelela kuzo phantsi kweSivumelwano sokuSebenza sokuSebenza sowama-2014 okanye i-MOU kwiZibonelelo eziVunyiweyo kunye neMimandla emva konyaka.

Akunjalo ukuba le mfihlelo luxanduva lwaBasebenzi kuphela: ngaphambi kokubhengezwa kwangaphambili kukaMoriarty kwinyanga ephelileyo, kubonakala ngathi akukho ngxelo karhulumente wase-Australia malunga nobukho be-MOU phakathi kukaMeyi 2015 kunye noJuni 2023. Irekhodi yoluntu kuphela ekhoyo yobukho be-MOU ibonakala ngathi yi-US. Ifoto yasesidlangalaleni yeSebe lezoKhuselo yalowo wayesakuba nguMphathiswa wezoKhuselo uKevin Andrews etyikitya i-MOU nge-30 May 2015.

Kwakhona akumangalisi ngokupheleleyo ukuba iSihlomelo sidwelisa iziseko ezichaphazelekayo ezikhankanywe njengento enokwenzeka kwiSivumelwano soBukhosi beSivumelwano asizange sivele kwisicatshulwa esipapashiweyo ngelo xesha. Nokuba zeziphi na iziseko ezicingelwayo okanye ezenzekileyo, izivumelwano ezisekelwe phantse kulo naluphi na uhlobo phantse zisoloko zifuna uthethathethwano oluthabatha ixesha elide, hayi kancinci kwimibuzo engeyiyo eyobuchule efana noxanduva lophuhliso lwepropathi, imiqathango yezemali, uxanduva lwerhafu, kunye ne-visa yabasebenzi bangaphandle kunye nobume berhafu.

Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukusebenzisa imfundiso karhulumente wase-Australia yoLwazi olupheleleyo kunye nokuNgqwalasela (Inqaku II (2)) ekuboneleleni ngeenkonzo ezininzi zase-US kunye nokufikelela kwiikontraka kwiindawo zomoya kunye nezinye iziseko apho imisebenzi yemfazwe inokusungulwa khona, ukuba kuthathwe ngokungqongqo. , yayifuna ingcinga enzulu yobuchule neyomthetho. Njengoko Iain Henry kwaye Cam Hawker walunyukiswa kumanqanaba okuqala ophuhliso lweSivumelwano soBume beSigqeba, ukuseka ulawulo lwase-Australia lwemisebenzi ye-US ekhubekisayo - kwaye, kwimeko ye-B-52 kunye ne-B-2 iziqhushumbisi, mhlawumbi i-nyukliya-exhobileyo - amaqonga obuchule asele eshukuma. isakhelo 'solwazi olupheleleyo kunye nokuvumelana' asivakali kangako kunakwimeko yezibonelelo zezobuntlola.

Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, akumangalisi ngokupheleleyo ukuba le nkqubo ithathe eyona nxalenye ilungileyo yonyaka, okubangele, ngokutsho kukaMoriarty, ngoMeyi 2015 MOU.

Kodwa umbuzo wokwenyani uhleli malunga nokuba kutheni oorhulumente base-Australia, kunye norhulumente wase-Albanese ngakumbi, bazimisele kakhulu ukugcina uluhlu lweziseko ziyimfihlo.

Ingqwalasela yokuqala inokuba yimiba yokhuseleko olunokuthi lube semngciphekweni ngokutyhilelwa ukuba imikhosi yase-US kunye neekontraka zinokufikelela kwindawo ethile yokhuselo. Ngokubanzi, xa kunikwa isixa solwazi olukhoyo esidlangalaleni - hayi kancinci oluvela kwimithombo yeendaba esemthethweni yase-US kunye ne-Australia - malunga nokufikelela kwe-US kubuncinci beshumi elinesibini kumaziko e-ADF, oku akunakwenzeka. Ngaphaya koko, ukufumanisa ubukho bomkhosi wase-US kunye nabasebenzi kwiidolophu ezikufutshane neendawo zokhuselo ezihlala ezilalini nakwiindawo ezikude zaseOstreliya akuzukuvavanya iintatheli ezininzi okanye oosomashishini bobuntlola bangaphandle ukuba bafikelele kuGoogle Earth okanye imivalo yendawo.

Ingqwalasela yesibini isenokuba, njengoko kwakucetyisiwe zizizathu ezinikiweyo zokwala ukufikelela kwe-FOIA kwiSihlomelo A, ukuba ukubhengeza 'kunokubangela ukuphulukana nokuthenjwa nokuzithemba kuRhulumente wase-Australia' kuze konakalise ubudlelwane bokusebenza ne-United States. Kwakhona, ngokomgaqo, umphumo onjalo unokucingelwa - ukuba i-United States yayikhathazeke kakhulu ngesityhilelo esinjalo.

Enyanisweni, kukho isizathu esilungileyo sokucinga ukuba oku akunjalo, kwaye ukuba ngokwenene, eyona meko inokuthi ibuyele umva - ngurhulumente wase-Australia, kungekhona owase-US, ogxininisekile kwinqanaba lokufikelela ekuboneleleni. Imikhosi yase-US kunye neekontraki akufuneki zityhilwe kuluntu lwase-Australia.

I-United States yenze amalungiselelo malunga nokufikelela kwimikhosi yasemkhosini yase-US kwiZibonelelo eziVunyiweyo kunye neeNdawo ezinenani elikhulu lamazwe kwihlabathi liphela, phantsi koluhlu lweSivumelwano seNtsebenziswano kwezoKhuselo, iSivumelwano soBume beMikhosi, iSivumelwano sokuBambisana kwezoKhuselo, kunye nezivumelwano ezinesihloko esifanayo. sebenzisa amabinzana acacileyo 'Amaziko neeNdawo ekuvunyelwene ngazo'.

Uphononongo olufutshane lwedatha yomthombo ovulekileyo lubonisa ukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje i-US yenze izivumelwano ngokucacileyo malunga nokufikelela 'kwiZibonelelo eziVunyiweyo kunye neeNdawo' kunye nenani elikhulu lamazwe adibeneyo kunye namazwe angadibaniyo kuquka, kodwa akuphelelanga apho, e-Afghanistan, e-Estonia, Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands (Curacao), Norway, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Senegal, Slovak Republic, kunye neSpain.

Ngelixa ezinye zezi zivumelwano zingaboneleli ngedatha yoluntu malunga nokuba zeziphi na izibonelelo ezibandakanyiweyo 'njengeZibonelelo eziVunyiweyo kunye neeNdawo', ezinye ziyakwenza oko, kubandakanywa ubuncinane abalingane abahlanu ababalulekileyo base-US apho iziseko zokusingatha ezichaphazelekayo zithiywe esidlangalaleni.

Itheyibhile yoku-1 ichonga izivumelwano zakutsha nje kunye namahlakani amahlanu ase-US achaza esidlangalaleni ukuba ngawaphi amaZiko ekuVunyweni ngawo kunye neeNdawo apho imikhosi yase-US iza kufikelela kuzo phantsi kwezivumelwano ezinjalo. Amahlakani amathathu anjalo - iHungary, iNorway, nePoland - ngamahlakani eNATO; enye, kwiiPhilippines, ibuyela ukuvala i-allied status emva kwe-interregnum; yaye eyesihlanu, iRiphabliki yamaSilamsi yaseAfghanistan, yayilihlakani elisondeleyo leUnited States de kwakutshanje. (Ukongezelela, iPapua New Guinea isandula kutyikitya iSivumelwano sokuBambisana kwezoKhuselo kunye ne-United States. Ngokwemithombo yeendaba engekaqinisekiswa nokufikelela kwi isicatshulwa esixeliweyo kwisivumelwano, izibonelelo PNG ezintlanu, kubandakanywa amazibuko amabini aselwandle kunye nezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezithathu, zibandakanyiwe njengeZibonelelo eziVunyiweyo kunye neeNdawo.)

ITheyibhile 1. Amazwe anezivumelwano zokhuselo ne-United States achaza ngokuphandle amaZiko ekuVunyweni ngawo kunye neeNdawo apho imikhosi yase-US inokufikelela kuzo [Qaphela: Ukukhutshwa kwePNG kumajelo eendaba ayiqinisekiswanga ngokusemthethweni]

Ukuchongwa koluntu kwisicatshulwa sezi zivumelwano zokhuselo zamazwe amabini malunga nokuba zeziphi iZibonelelo ekuVunyweni ngazo kunye neMimandla kula mazwe imikhosi yase-US ifanele ukufikelela kuyo bekuya kufuna imvume yabo bobabini oorhulumente abachaphazelekayo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba kwezi meko zintlanu zibaluleke kakhulu kwezozakuzo kunye nokubaluleka kobuchule e-United States, bobabini urhulumente wase-US kunye noorhulumente abasindlekayo baye bavuma ukubhengezwa koludwe lweZibonelelo ekuVunyweni kuzo kunye neeNdawo apho imikhosi yase-US inokufikelela kuzo.

Ngokolwazi lwam, akukhange kubekho nzame ngomnye woorhulumente abamanyeneyo ababandakanyekayo, kubandakanywa urhulumente wase-United States, ukuguqula isigqibo sokwazisa esidlangalaleni ezi ziXhobo ziVunyiweyo kunye neeNdawo apho imikhosi yase-US inokufikelela kumazwe achaphazelekayo.

Le mizekelo yoorhulumente bawo omabini amahlakani e-United States kunye ne-United States elwamkelayo upapasho lweZibonelelo ekuVunyelwene ngazo kunye neeNdawo apho imikhosi yase-US inokufikelela kuzo yenza kube sengqiqweni ukuthotywa kwebango ngurhulumente wase-Australia lokubhengezwa koluhlu lweZibonelelo kunye neeNdawo ekuvunyelwene ngazo. phantsi kwe-MOU kuya kuba yingozi kubudlelwane bokuthembana nomnye urhulumente.

Ngokusisiseko, umbuzo ke uba ngulo 'Yintoni abanayo okanye babenayo oorhulumente baseHungary, baseNorway, bakwiiPhilippines, nowayesakuba ngurhulumente ongoonodoli wase-Afghanistan, abangenayo oorhulumente baseOstreliya?' Impendulo iya kuba nento yokwenza nemibono yolongamo lokwenyani kunye nezibophelelo zokungafihli nto ngaphandle koorhulumente base-Australia, ngakumbi urhulumente wase-Albanese obambeleyo.

Inqaku lombhali: Ndibulela uKellie Tranter, uAnnette Brownlie kunye noVince Scappatura.