Iindleko zeMfazwe: Emva kohlaselo lwango-9/11, iiMfazwe zase-US zacinywa ubuncinci kwi-37 yezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Sekuyiminyaka eli-19 okokoko kwahlaselwa iZiko loRhwebo leHlabathi, iPentagon kunye ne-United Airlines Flight 93 yabulala abantu abamalunga ne-3,000. Ngo-8: 46 ekuseni ngexesha laseMpuma, inqwelomoya yokuqala yahlasela inqaba esemantla yeWorld Trade Center apha kwisiXeko saseNew York. Namhlanje, uMongameli uTrump kunye nomtyunjwa ongumongameli weDemokhrasi uJoe Biden bobabini bazokundwendwela iSikhumbuzo 93 seSizwe kufutshane naseShanksville, ePennsylvania, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. U-Biden uya kunika imbeko emva kokuzimasa umsitho wesikhumbuzo we-9/11 eNew York, oya kuba ngu-Sekela Mongameli u-Pence.

Namhlanje, i-United States ijongene noloyiko lohlobo olwahlukileyo, kuba abantu abangaphezu kwe-191,000 babulewe ngu Covid-19 ubhubhane, kunye new umbiko Iiprojekthi inani lokufa laseMelika linokunyuka liye kuma kuma-3,000 abantu ngemini ngoDisemba. Kwakukho ngaphezulu kwe-1,200 yokufa okutsha e-US kwiiyure ezingama-24 ezidlulileyo. ixesha liceba ukuphawula inyathelo elisondeleyo lama-200,000 Covid-ukufa okuhlobene e-US kunye nesembozo esifundeka "Ukusilela kweMelika" kwaye unomda omnyama okwesibini kuphela kwimbali yayo. Ixesha lokuqala lalisemva kwe-9/11.

Oku kuza njengokutsha umbiko Ufumana into ekhokelwa yi-US ebizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yehlabathi kubunqolobi eye yafudusa abantu abazizigidi ezingama-37 kumazwe asibhozo ukusukela ngo-2001. Iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown ziye zaqikelela nangaphezulu kwabantu abangama-800,000 [abaswelekileyo] kwiimfazwe ezazikhokelwa yi-US ukusukela ngo-2001. ngexabiso le- $ 6.4 trillion kubarhafi baseMelika. Ingxelo entsha inesihloko esithi "Ukudala ababaleki: Ukufuduswa kwabo kubangelwa yimfazwe yase-United States ye-Post-9/11."

Ngaphezulu, sidityaniswe ngumbhali-mbhali, uDavid Vine, unjingalwazi we-anthropology kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika. Incwadi yakhe entsha iphumile kwinyanga ezayo, ebizwa I-United States of War: Imbali yeHlabathi yeembambano ezingapheliyo zaseMelika, ukusuka eColumbus ukuya kwi-Islamic State. Ukwangumbhali we Isizwe soLwazi: Indlela i-US Bas Bas Military External Harm America and World.

UDavid Vine, wamkelekile ku Intando yeninzi Ngoku! Kumnandi ukuba ubuye nathi, nangona olu lusuku olubuhlungu kakhulu, kulo nyaka we-19 wokuhlaselwa kwe-9/11. Ngaba ungathetha ngeziphumo zengxelo yakho?

DAVID Umdiliya: Ngokuqinisekileyo. Enkosi, Amy, ukuba nam. Kumnandi ukubuya.

Iziphumo zengxelo yethu ziyabuza-i-United States ibisoloko isilwa iimfazwe ngokuqhubekayo, njengoko watshoyo, kangangeminyaka eli-19. Sijonge ukuba yeyiphi imiphumo yezi mfazwe. Iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe bezisenza oku kangangeshumi leminyaka. Sifuna ukujonga ngokukodwa ukuba bangaphi abantu abaye bafuduswa ngenxa yeemfazwe. Ngokusisiseko, safumanisa ukuba akukho mntu ukhathazekileyo ukuphanda ukuba bangaphi abantu abaye bafuduswa ziimfazwe ngoku, eneneni, ubuncinci amazwe angama-24 athe i-United States yathatha inxaxheba kuwo.

Kwaye safumanisa ukuba, bebonke, ubuncinci abantu abangama-37 ezigidi baye bafuduswa kwiindawo zabo ezisibhozo kwezona mfazwe zinobundlobongela ezathi zasungulwa okanye zabanjwa yi-United States ukusukela ngo-2001. YiAfghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, ISyria kunye neePhilippines. Kwaye olo luqikelelo olulondolozayo. Sifumanise ukuba inani lilonke linokufikelela kwi-48 ukuya kwi-59 yezigidi.

Kwaye ndicinga ukuba kufuneka sime kula manani, kuba si - ngeendlela ezininzi, ubomi bethu buyatshona ngamanani, malunga Covid, malunga nezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukulandela umkhondo wobungakanani, kodwa ukusonga ingqondo yomntu malunga nokuba yintoni - zizigidi ezingama-37 zabantu abafudukileyo, kunzima, enyanisweni, kwaye ndicinga ukuba ifuna umgudu othile, ngokuqinisekileyo undenzele wona.

Izigidi ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe, ukuyibeka kwimeko yezembali, baninzi abantu abafuduswa kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-20, ngaphandle kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Kwaye ukuba indlela yethu encinci yokuziqhelanisa ichanekile, uqikelelo lwama-48 ukuya kuma-59 ezigidi, oluya kuthelekiswa nokufuduswa kwabantu ababone kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Enye indlela yokuzama ukusongela ingqondo yakho kumanani nje angama-37 ezigidi, i-37 yezigidi imalunga nobukhulu belizwe laseCalifornia. Khawufane ucinge ilizwe liphela laseCalifornia liyanyamalala, kufuneka babaleke amakhaya abo. Imalunga nobungakanani bayo yonke iCanada, okanye iTexas neVirginia zidityanisiwe.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Kwaye abo banethamsanqa lokuba namakhaya ngeli xesha lobhubhani, ndicinga ukuba abantu baxabisa ngakumbi-ndiyathetha, igama elithi "iimbacu" liphoswa apho, kodwa kuthetha ntoni ukufuduswa. Ngaba ungathetha malunga nokuba kutheni loo mazwe asibhozo? Ngaba ungayidibanisa nemfazwe yase-US phesheya?

DAVID Umdiliya: Ngokuqinisekileyo. Kwakhona, sasifuna ukugxila kwezona mfazwe zinobundlobongela i-United States ebibandakanyeka kuzo, iimfazwe i-United States ethe yatyala imali ngokunzulu, kwaye, ewe, ligazi, ubomi babasebenzi basejoni base-US, kwaye, ngo ukongezwa, ubomi obuchaphazelekayo, amalungu osapho amajoni aseMelika kunye nabanye. Sasifuna ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo kwiimfazwe ezazisungulwe yi-United States, ke oko kungena emfazweni e-Afghanistan nase Pakistan, Imfazwe e-Iraq, kunjalo; iimfazwe eziye zanyuka kakhulu i-United States, iLibya neSyria, iLibya kunye ne-neSyria, kunye ne-European namanye amazwe; Kwaye ke iimfazwe i-United States ithathe inxaxheba kakhulu, ngeendlela ezibandakanya ukubonelela abacebisi bemfazwe, ukubonelela ngamafutha, iingalo nabanye, e-Yemen, eSomalia nase-Philippines.

Kwimfazwe nganye kwezi, sifumene ukufuduka kwabantu abafikelela kwizigidi. Kwaye ngenene, ndiyacinga, uyazi, kufuneka siyiqonde into yokuba ukufuduka, isidingo sokubaleka ikhaya lomntu, ukubalekela ubomi bakhe, ziindlela ezininzi, akukho ndlela yokubala ukuba kuthetha ntoni kumntu omnye, usapho, uluntu olunye, kodwa saziva ngathi kubalulekile ukujonga ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi okubangelwe zezi mfazwe.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele, asitsho ukuba i-United States inetyala kuphela kweli nqanaba lokufuduka. Ngokucacileyo, bakhona abanye abadlali, abanye oorhulumente, amanye amajoni, abalulekileyo kuxanduva abanalo lokufuduka kwezi mfazwe: i-Assad eSyria, iSunni kunye namaShia e-Iraq, iTaliban, ewe, i-al-Qaeda, i-Islamic Xela abanye. Amanyeneyo aseMelika, kubandakanya iBritane, nawo anoxanduva.

Kodwa i-United States idlale indima enkulu ekulweni, ekuqaliseni imfazwe nasekuqhubekeni kwemfazwe kule minyaka ili-19 idlulileyo. Kwaye njengoko ubonisile, oku kuxabise abarhafi base-US, abemi base-US, abahlali base-US ngezinye iindlela, kubandakanya i-6.4 trillion yeedola- yiyo trillion ene-T, i-6.4 yezigidi zeedola- ukuba Iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe ziqikelele ukuba iUnited States okanye ubophelelekile sele. Kwaye loo nto iyonke, ewe, iyanda ngemini.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Kwaye, uDavid Vine, inani leembacu elamkela i-US kwezi mfazwe, kukushenxiswa kwabo yi-US kubangela?

DAVID Umdiliya: Ewe, kwaye sinokujonga umlilo eLesbos obukhe wathetha ngawo ngaphambili, oshiye abantu abayi-13,000, inkampu yeembacu eLesbos itshatyalalisiwe. Kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba abantu abajonga imililo eCarlifonia nase-Oregon naseWashington banokuba novelwano ngokulula ngeembacu eLesbos kunye neembacu kulo lonke elase-Greater Middle East, ngakumbi apho imililo-umlilo omkhulu uvutha ukusukela ngo-Okthobha I-2001, xa i-US yasungula iMfazwe yayo e-Afghanistan.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Ndifuna ukujikela kuMongameli uTrump kwangoko kule veki ndixelela abezindaba amagosa aphezulu ePentagon ukuba awamthandi kuba ufuna ukukhupha i-US kwiimfazwe ezingapheliyo ezinceda abavelisi bezixhobo.

PRESIDENT HLALUTYA I-TRUMP: U-Biden wayithumela kude imisebenzi yethu, wavula imida yethu kwaye wathumela ulutsha lwethu ukuba lilwe kwezi mfazwe ziphambeneyo. Kwaye sesinye sezizathu zomkhosi-anditsho ukuba umkhosi uyathandana nam. Amajoni ayenjalo. Abona bantu baphambili kwiPentagon mhlawumbi abakho, kuba abafuni kwenza nto ngaphandle kokulwa iimfazwe ukuze zonke ezo nkampani zimangalisayo zenza iibhombu kwaye zenze iinqwelomoya kwaye zenze ukuba yonke enye into ihlale bonwabile. Kodwa siphuma kwiimfazwe ezingapheliyo.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Kuvakala ngathi, ewe, ukuba uHoward Zinn ebephila, ebezakuthini. Kodwa ukugxeka kukaTrump kubuchwephesha bezomkhosi kunye nemizi-mveliso kuyaphikisana nengxelo yakhe yokujonga ukwanda kwembali kwinkcitho yemfazwe, kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokhuselo, kwinkcitho kwizixhobo zomkhosi, ukuthengisa izixhobo phesheya kolwandle. Kutshanje iPolitico ibize uTrump "njengesixhokonxa-ntloko sekhontraktha kwezomkhosi." Kunyaka ophelileyo, uTrump wagqitha kwiCongress ukuze athengise izixhobo ezixabisa i-8 zeebhiliyoni zeedola e-Saudi Arabia nase-United Arab Emirates. Kwangoko kulo nyaka, ulawulo lwakhe lwayalela ukuba kutolikwe kwakhona isivumelwano sexesha lemfazwe ebandayo ukuze kuvuleke indlela yokuthengiswa kweedrone ukuya koorhulumente ababekade bengavunyelwanga ukuba bathenge. Ungaphendula kule nto ebeyithetha?

DAVID Umdiliya: Ngeendlela ezininzi, into eyathethwa nguTrump isityebi, ngokuthetha. Ewe uchanekile ukuba abavelisi bezixhobo baxhamle kakhulu, ukuya kuthi ga kumawaka ezigidi zeedola, ukongeza kwezinye iikhontrakthi zeziseko zophuhliso, iinkampani ezenza iziseko zomkhosi ngoku ezichaze uMbindi Mpuma. Kodwa, uyazi, uTrump, inene, njengoko uPolitico watshoyo, ngowona mkhulu unamandla. Wongamele kwaye watyhala uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi olugqitha olo luphakamileyo loMlo obandayo.

Kwaye ndicinga ukuba kufuneka sibuze: Zeziphi iintshaba ezijamelene neUnited States namhlanje ezifuna uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi kolu bukhulu? Ngaba iUnited States kufuneka ichithe ngaphezulu kwe- $ 740 yezigidigidi ngonyaka ukuzikhusela? Ngaba singayichitha le ndlela ngeendlela ezingcono zokuzikhusela? Kwaye zeziphi iimfuno, ezomeleleyo, ezothusayo, ezinyanzelayo, iimfuno zabantu, ziyatyeshelwa ngenxa yokuba sigalela amashumi ezigidi, amakhulu ezigidi zeedola kulo matshini wemfazwe minyaka le?

Kwaye ndiyacinga CovidEwe kunjalo, yalatha koku, ikrwelela ngaphezulu kunangaphambili. I-United States yayingazilungiselelanga ubhubhane. Kwaye oku akukho nxalenye incinci kuba i-United States ibithululela imali kulo matshini wemfazwe ngelixa ityeshela iimfuno zabantu e-United States nakwihlabathi liphela-iimfuno zokhathalelo lwempilo, ukulungela ubhubhane, izindlu ezifikelelekayo, okusingqongileyo. Le mali ebesiyithululela kumatshini wemfazwe, ewe, ngesele ijongile ukufudumala kwehlabathi okubonwa ngumntu, okudlala indima ethile kwimililo ubani ayibonayo kuNxweme oluseNtshona, phakathi kwezinye iimfuno ezininzi ezixineneyo ezenziwa lihlabathi. ubuso namhlanje.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Le yinyani emangalisayo oyikhombileyo, UDavid Vine: Umkhosi wase-US wenze imfazwe, wenza umlo okanye wahlasela amazwe angaphandle kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-11 ikhona.

DAVID Umdiliya: Ilungile lo nto. Iminyaka eli-19 edlulileyo yemfazwe, abantu abaninzi bahlala beyibona ikhethekile, iyamangalisa ukuba abantu abangena kwiikholeji namhlanje okanye uninzi lwabantu ababhalise emkhosini wase-US namhlanje ngekhe babone usuku lobomi babo okanye abayi kuba nalo-inkumbulo yosuku yobomi babo xa iUnited States yayingekho emfazweni.

Ngapha koko, le yinto eqhelekileyo kwimbali yase-US. Kwaye i-Congressional Service Service ibonisa oku ngonyaka kwi umbiko onokuyifumana kwi-intanethi. Ayindim ndedwa, nangona ndinoluhlu lweemfazwe, ezandayo kuluhlu lweNkonzo yoPhando ye-DRM. Ezi ziimfazwe kunye nezinye iindlela zokulwa eziye zenziwa yi-United States ukusukela kwinkululeko. Kwaye, kwi-95% yeminyaka kwimbali yase-US, yonke iminyaka eyi-11 kwimbali yase-US, i-United States ibibandakanyeka kuhlobo oluthile lwemfazwe okanye kolunye ulwa.

Kwaye umntu kufuneka ajonge kule meko yexesha elide, le pateni yexesha elide edlulela ngaphaya kwemfazwe, ebizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yoloyikiso eyasungulwa nguGeorge W. Bush ngo-2001, ukuze aqonde ukuba kutheni i-United States ithulule kakhulu imali kwezi mfazwe kwaye kutheni iimpembelelo zeemfazwe zisoyikeka kubantu ababandakanyekayo.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: UDavid Vine, uxela kwincwadi yakho ezayo, I-United States of War: Imbali yeHlabathi yeembambano ezingapheliyo zaseMelika, ukusuka eColumbus ukuya kwi-Islamic State, ukuba iziseko zase-US phesheya zenza ukuba kuliwe kumazwe angama-24: caphula, “Amawakawaka emikhosi yase-US phantse i-100 yamazwe angaphandle kunye nemimandla- ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sazo ezakhiwe ukusukela ngo-2001-zenze ukuba ukubandakanyeka kwemikhosi yase-US emfazweni nakwezinye izinto zokulwa kumazwe angama-24 ubuncinci ukusukela oko urhulumente waseGeorge W. Bush waqalisa umlo wakhe wokoyikisa, ”oko kwabizwa njalo, emva kohlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11, 2001.

DAVID Umdiliya: Kanjalo. I-United States okwangoku ineziseko zomkhosi ezimalunga nama-800 kumazwe angama-80 angaphandle nakwimimandla. Ezi ziziseko ezingaphezulu kulo naliphi na ilizwe kwimbali yehlabathi. I-United States iye, njengoko ukhankanyile, inamanani amakhulu eziseko. Ekuphakameni kweemfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, bekukho ngaphezulu kwe-2,000 iziseko phesheya.

Inxalenye yencwadi yam, I-United States yeMfazwe, bonisa ukuba le ikwayipatheni yexesha elide. I-United States ibisakha iziseko zomkhosi phesheya ukusukela kwinkululeko, ekuqaleni kwimihlaba yabantu baseMelika yaseMelika, emva koko inyuka ingaphandle kweNyakatho Melika, kwaye ekugqibeleni ijikeleze umhlaba, ngakumbi emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.

Kwaye into endiyibonisayo kukuba ezi ziseko azenzelanga kuphela imfazwe, azenzanga kuphela ukuba kube yimfazwe, kodwa bayenzile imfazwe. Yenziwe imfazwe isigqibo-somgaqo-nkqubo-esilula kakhulu sokwenza izigqibo ezinamandla, iinkokheli, abezopolitiko, iinkokheli zeshishini kunye nabanye.

Kwaye kufuneka siliqhawule eli ziko lemfazwe elakhiwe yiMelika. Kutheni le nto i-United States ineziseko ezininzi zomkhosi eMiddle East, phantse kuwo onke amazwe angaphandle kweYemen neIran? Ezi ziseko, ewe, zikumazwe akhokelwa ngurhulumente ongenademokhrasi, engasasazeli idemokhrasi-kude nayo - kwiimeko ezininzi, eneneni isithintela ukusasazeka kwedemokhrasi, kwaye isenza ezi mfazwe ukuba zibekho, ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukukrwela umgca kwakhona -Ngaphaya kokufuduka kwabantu abazizigidi ezingama-37, ubuncinci, kwaye mhlawumbi ukuya kuthi ga kubantu abazizigidi ezingama-59, ezi mfazwe zithathe ubomi, njengoko iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe zibonisile, malunga nabantu abangama-800,000. Kwaye ezi ziimfazwe ezintlanu kuphela - iAfghanistan, iPakistan, iIraq, iLibya neYemen- iUnited States iye yalwa-iUS ithathe ubomi babantu abamalunga nama-800,000.

Kodwa kukwakho nokusweleka okungangqalanga, ukusweleka okubangelwe kukutshatyalaliswa kwezibonelelo zalapha, iinkonzo zokhathalelo lwempilo, izibhedlele, imithombo yokutya. Kwaye ukusweleka kwabo bonke kungangaphezulu kwesigidi se-3 sabantu. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba uninzi lwabantu e-United States, kwakhona, nam ngokwam ndibandakanyiwe, khange baqwalasele owona monakalo ubangelwe zezi mfazwe. Khange siqale nokusongela iingqondo zethu malunga nokuba kungathetha ntoni ukuba neli nqanaba lentshabalalo ebomini bethu.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: Kwaye unayo, umzekelo, iimpembelelo zamajoni kwiziseko, njengakwinto eyenzekileyo ePhilippines, apho inkokeli egunyazisayo, uMongameli Duterte, axolela nje ijoni lase-US elafunyanwa linetyala lokubulala umfazi ohamba ngesiseko.

DAVID Umdiliya: Ewe, le yenye indleko yemfazwe. Kufuneka sijonge iindleko zemfazwe ngokwemiqathango - indleko zomntu malunga nokufa ngokuthe ngqo ukulwa, ukwenzakala kwezi mfazwe, "iimfazwe zoloyiko," ezifikelela kumashumi ezigidi, kodwa kufuneka sijonge nokufa kunye nokulimala okubangelwa mihla le ngeenxa zonke kwiziseko zomkhosi wase-US kwihlabathi liphela. Ezi ziseko zine-ukongeza ekwenzeni iimfazwe ezazisilwa e-United States, zineengozi ezenzakalisayo ezikhawulezileyo ezibangelwa ngabantu basekuhlaleni, kubandakanya neePhilippines kwaye, njengoko benditshilo, kumazwe angama-80 kunye nemimandla kwihlabathi liphela, umonakalo kwimekobume yabo, kuluntu lwabo lwasekhaya, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

NGABA INDAODA ELUNGILE: UDavid Vine, ndifuna ukubulela kakhulu ngokuba nathi, uprofesa we-anthropology kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika, umbhali-mbhali wentsha umbiko kwiProjekthi yeNdleko yeMfazwe enesihloko esithi "Ukudala ababaleki: Ukufuduswa kwabo kubangelwa yimfazwe yase-United States ye-Post-9/11." Incwadi yakho entsha, iyaphuma, I-United States yeMfazwe.